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2003

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1 8
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1. 13
2. 14

2 21
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. 23

3 29
. 29
1. 30
2. 34
3. 41
4. 45
1) 46
2) 50
5. 53
. 57
1. 59
1) (Satz) 59
2) 61
3) ( ) 67
iii

4) 71
2. 77
3. 80
4. 83
1) 84
2) 89
. 95
1. 96
1) 96
2) 100
3) 104
2. 109
1) 109
2) 112
3) 115
4) 120
5) 123
. 128
1. 131
1) 131
2) 135
2. 141
1) 141
2) 144
3) 149
3. 152
4. 156
5. 161
6. 165
iv

7. 170
. 174
1. 175
2. 179
3. 184

188
191


/
.
.
,
.
/
Wittgenstein,

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,
German- English, English trans. by C. K. Ogden
and F. P. Ramsey, London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1922; corrected reprint, 1933; reprint (with
index) by Max Black, 1955.
L.,

(TLP),

, -, , , 1991.

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,
German- English, English trans. by C. K. Ogden
and F. P. Ramsey, London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1922; corrected reprint, 1933; reprint (with
index) by Max Black, 1955.
___________, (NB), Notebooks 1914-1916, ed. by G. H. von
Wright and G. E. M. Anscombe with an English
trans. by G. E. M. Anscombe, Harper Torchbooks,
New York and Evanston, 1961.
___________, (NL), Notes on Logic: September 1913, in NB,
pp.93-106.

Wittgenstein,

L.,

(TLP),

vi

___________, (PI), Philosophische Untersuchungen, The Macmillan

Company, New York, 1953.
___________, (RFM), Bemerkungen ber die Grundlagen der

Mathematik, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1956.

___________, (PG), Philosophical Grammar, ed. Rush Rhees, Basil
Blackwell, 1974.
___________, (PR), Philosophical Remarks, ed. R. Rhees, trans., R.
Hargreaves and R. White, Basil Blackwell, 1975.
___________, (LFM), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations
of Mathematics Cambridge, 1939, ed. by Cora
Diamond, Cornell University Press, 1976.
___________, (WVC), Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, ed. by
Brian McGuinness, Basil Blackwell, 1979.
___________, (RPP), Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology,
vol. , ed. G. E. M. Anscombe & G. H. von
Wright, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe, The University
of Chicago Press.
, (), -, , , 1991.
___________, (), , , , 1994.

vii


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2 14

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(: 6.54).

2 14

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1929 :
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10 .
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, 20
.
(Ludwig Josef Johan Wittgenstein) 1889
4 26 .
.
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1)
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1983, 7-34; , , 127-152; ,
: 1, 2 , , , 1998;
, , , ,
, , 1991, 11-23; ,
: , , , , 73-88;
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4; , , ,
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12

2 14

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(TLP) .
(PR), (PG), (WVC)

. 1933-4
(BBB),
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(PI)
.
1929 1947
. 2 . 1
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1937 .
1947 ,
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1951 4 29 .
.
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, (Good, Tell
them I've had a wonderful life).

13

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( .)
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, N( ) ].

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7 ,
. 1 1.1, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13,
1.2, 1.21.
:
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n ; n.m1, n.m2 n.m
; .(35
)

14

2 14

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, 4.1212). ,

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15

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1-1.21
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(2.0232).
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() (2.0251).
(2.026).
(2.027). , ;
, (2.0271).

16

2 14

(2.0272). 2.0211-2.0212
.
() 2.03-2.063: .

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2.1-2.225
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(3.4-3.5).

17

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- (4.05-4.0641).
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18

2 14

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19

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(5.15-5.156).
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20

2 14

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21

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: (2.033)
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(2.15)
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(= ):
(2.18),
(4.12)
: (2.181)
: (2.221)
: (3), , (3.5)
: (3.12)
: (3.12), (4.01),
(4.01), (4.023),
(5)
:

22

2 14

,
(3.201).
:
,
(3.201).
: (3.202)
: (3.251)
(=): (3.31)
: (3.32)
: (3.41)
: (4.001)
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:
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(4.2)
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(4.46)
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(5.101).
: Tr r , Trs r
s ,
Trs : Tr r s (5.15).

23

:
(5.22)
:
, (5.234).
: (6.021)
-: ,
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(6.121).
:
(6.343)
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: (6.53)

= =

24

2 14

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26

2 14

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27

28

2 14

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29

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30

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31

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1.2 .
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.

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32

2 14

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33

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34

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36

2 14

:
,
.(NB, p.129)
(atomic fact) ,
.

.
2.06 .
( ,
.)

, .
, :
(A) .
(A) ,
. .
(B) .
(C) .
(D) .
?
(2.06, 4.063,
5.5151). 2.06 ,
.
1913 (NL)
.

37

:
, (signifies) .
(
) (not)
(indicate) .
,
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variables)
. .)
,
.(NL, p.94)

,
. ,
. ,
(B) (D) (C). (B) (D)
(C) . (C) , (C)
.3)
4.063 . 4.063
, ( )
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4.063 :
;
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3)
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.

38

2 14

. .

NL
(2.06) ? (C)
, 2.06 (C)
. (C) . (C)
?
,
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, (B), (C), (D) 2.06
.
. 4.063
, (C) .
(C) .
.
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(C)
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:
,
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,
. (C)
(D)
, (D) (C)
.

. (2)
.
? 2 2.06b

39

.
2. , .
2.06b ,
.

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2 , 2.06b
.
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. , 2
.

.
.
. p1, p2, ,
pn . (A) p1 & p2 & & pn . pi
. p1 & p2 & &
pn . p1 & p2 &
& pn . ,
pi , pi
? . pi .
, p1 & p2 & & pn
, p1 & p2 & & pn p1 & p2 & & pn,
p1 & p2 & & pn .
.

40

2 14

, (C) (A)
. (D)
, (D)
.
(A) (D) .
.

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4.0312
.
,
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, (not), (and) ,

. , (C)
. .4)
4) (1997) .
, .
? ,
. , 5 + 7 = 13

41

2.06 ,
.

.
.

. ,

.
: .

3.
(2), (,
) (2.01). ,
.

? .
, . 5 + 7 = 12
5 + 7 13, 5 + 7 13 , 5 +
7 = 13 . 5 + 7 13
5 + 7 = 13 .
5 + 7 = 13 . .
,
.((1997), 54)
(1997)
.
5 + 7 = 13 .
. 5 + 7 13
(1997)
4.0312
. (1983) ,
(: (1983), 12).

42

2 14

. ,
:
,
.(NB, p.129).
.
. (, ) (2.01).
.
? ,
(2.0272),
(2.03),
(2.031).
2.0272 .
2.03 .
2.031 .

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:
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3 .
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2.0271 , ; ,
.

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43

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.

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2.031 .
2.032 .
2.033 .
2.034 .

,
(2.032). (2.033),

. (2.034),
.

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 2 14

44

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.

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2.062
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45

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:
.(NB, p.130)

4.
.
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,
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(2.0271).
(3 ).

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46

2 14

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1)

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2.0232 : .

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47

2.02 ,
. ?
,
?
2.01231.
.
2.0123 ,
.
2.01231
. .
2.0124 ,
.

, 2.01231
, .

(, 4.123, 5.5541, 5.542).
5) (1998) , ,

: ,
[ : I. M. Copi, Objects, Properties
and Relations in the Tractatus, Essays on Wittgenstein's Tractatus,
ed. by Copi and Beard, pp.181-4]. ,
. [ : E. D. Klemke,
The Ontology of Wittgenstein's Tractatus, Essays on
Wittgenstein, ed. by E. D. Klemke, pp.112-3]. ,
.[ : E.
Stenius, Wittgenstein's Tractatus, New York: Cornell University
Press, 1964, pp.61-3].((1998), 98)

48

2 14

, 2.0123 2.0124
. 2.01231

.
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
?
,
. (2.02).
(2.01231). , 2.0232( :
.) ,
.6)

, .
?
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,
(4.123) . (, 4.122)
,
(2.0231) .
4.123
, .
(
.

6) Griffin(1964) .

49

.)
(,
.)
2.0231 ,
.
,
.

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, .
,
.
, ,
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,
.
,
,
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, ,
:
a-b-c-d-e
a, b, c, d, e . P(a),
Q(b), R(e) .7) P
a , R e . a
. , a
7) fx, (x, y)
.(: 4.24).

50

2 14

, (4.123) a
.
, 2.01231 ,
.
,
.
.
. 5 .

2)

. ,
. ,
.

.
2.0121 () ,
,
.
,
.

,
. ,
,
.
.
2.0123 ,
.

51

2.013 .
,
.
2.014 .

(2.02),
,
(2.0123).
(2.014). ,
(2.013).

.
2.0141 .

: ,
,
.
. (3) ,
.
. ,
.
,
. , (2.0141)
,
. (2.0141)

.
.

52

2 14

,
(2.032, 2.033, 3 )8).
, 2.032 2.033
. ,
,

. ,
.
.
.
, .9)

8) 2.031 .
2.032 .
2.033 .
2.034 .
9)
. (
)
.

,
.
. (1998) .
,
() .
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
.(2.0231)

.
.(2.0272)

53

,
,
,
. (2.0141)

.
, .
2.0251 () .

5.

.
.
2.024 .
2.025 .

.
2.021 .

,
.
, .
,
.((1998), 98-99)
(1998) ,
.
.

54

2 14

,
, . .


. 2.025
.
?

. , ,
, , ()
. ,
, , .
(
) ,
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.

.
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,
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,
. (2.026)
(2.18, 4.121) ,

55

. ,
(3.13)
.
2.025 .
.
, , , ,
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.
2.0251 () .
2.026
.

2.025 ?
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, . ,

.
2.027 .
2.0271 , ; ,
.
2.0272 .

, , ,
,
.
,
.

56

2 14

(2.0231) .
.
2.027 .
2.027
. ?
:
2.022
.
2.023 .

, ()
. ,
() . ,
.
. 2.027
. 2.027
2.0271, ,
.
(2.024).
(2.025).
?
.
2.0211 ,
.
2.0212
.

57

.
(2.1).
.

. .10)
.

,
.
,

. NB :
, (NL,
p.93). .
,
, ()
.

10) :
: p
: q
: r
2.0211 p q, 2.0212 q r, 2.1 r
. , p
.
p q
q r
r
------------p

58

2 14

.
. ,
, , .
, ,
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()(
?) .
() ,
.
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.
,
(4.001).
(1.1) , .
, ,
, .
,
()
,
, .
() () . (),
.
()
, .

. ,

59

,
,
.
( 5
).
.
?
?
.
4 .

1.

1) (Satz)
,
. .

,
. , (4.001).

. , Satz

.

(sentence) (proposition) (statement) .
(sentence token) (sentence type) .
,
.
,
. ,

60

2 14

, .
Snow is white .
,
Snow is white ,
.
,
,
.
Satz , ,
. ,
Satz ,
, Satz
. Satz (proposition)
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
.
,
(6.11) ,
.
.11)
.12)

11) 4.464a , ,
.
5.156d .
.
6.42b .

61

, (Scheinsatz, : 4.1272, 5.534, 5.535,
6.2), -(Nicht-Satz: : 5.5351) .
.
, ,
,
,
. ,
(4.001).
?

.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
, 4.001
. ,
.

,
. , 4.001
.
12) 4.011a .
4.023c . .

62

2 14

2)
, , Satz
.
( , )
. Satz
,
,
. ,
.
, .

.
:
3.31 () .
( .)
,
.
.
3.32 .

3.31 ,
.
,
.
(3.32).
(, ),
,
.
,

63

()
. ,
.
3.321 (
) .
.
3.322a ,

. .

.

ist[ be ]
(3.322b). be , ,
. ,
. [ Grn ist
grn] ,
, ,
, .(3.323c)
,
(3.322a).
.
, .13)
13) 3.321 .
,
(, ) .
?
,
.
.

64

2 14

,
. 3.32
. ,
?
? .
3.262 .
, .
3.326 ,
.
3.327
.

, .
,
, .

, .
, .
.
, .

.
. ,
(3.322)
.
. ,

.

65

. ,
(3.31d) .
( ) ,
.

. ,
.
.
,
.
, .

.
3.328 ,
. (Occam) .
(
, .)

, .
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
3.325 ,
,

66

2 14

. ,
.
(
, .)

,
,
.

.
, .
3.33 ;

. .
3.334
.

,
,
,
,
.

.
.
3.331 :

.

67

.
.14)

3) ( )
Satz
, , ,
. ,
.15) (3.32)

.
.
3.1 .
3.11 (
) .
.
3.12
. .

,
. . ,
(3.12).
,
14) 3.333
, .
15) .
A A
(3.203).

68

2 14

. , ,
(3.11a).
.
,

. ,
3.14 ,
.
.

,
p, q, r
,
. ,
,
. . ,
3.141 . (
.)
.

,
, .
3.142 ,
.

( .
, ),
, .

69

,
(Sinn) ( (Bedeutung) .)

,
(3.13e) .
3.13 ;
.
,
.

, .
( , .)
,
.

(3.13d)
(3.13c) ? ?
. ,
.
( )
. ( )
, .
.
, .
(3.13)
.
.
,
. , ,
.
, .

70

2 14

4.022 .
, .
.

,
. .
?
,
.(3.143)
.

,
. ,

.
(3.1431) .
3.143
.

.
( .)
3.1431
(, , , )
.

.

,
,
:

71

3.1432 aRb a b R
, a b
aRb .

aRb . aRb
, .
, aRb
. , aRb
.
. . aRb
.
. , ,
,
. ,
,
(3.1431).
a b aRb
. a b
, ,
, , aRb
(: 4.022)

4)
,
(3.31a) . ,
()(3.31b), ()
.(3.31d) ,
.

, ()

72

2 14

.
(3.318).
3.318
.
5.2341 p p .
, , .
( .)

, .
,
.
.
, &, &
,
(5.2341). ,
.
5.2341 p p .
, , .
( .)

(, ) ,
. ,
?
. , ,
.
. () .16)
() .
16) Anscombe(1959), p.93.

73

3.311 .
.
3.312
.

, .

3.311b
, .
() ,
, .
, ()
.
3.313
.
( , .)
.

. ()
, (3.313c).
.
, ,
.
,
, p , ( )
.
.
3.313
, (3.313b) , ( )

74

2 14

.
.
(
) .
,
( ) . ,
. ,
. .
x + 1 = 1 + x x
. x
. ?
,
. x .
x + 1 = 1 + x .
,
.
p, q, r
, x x , f()( )
.
:
3.314 .
.
( .)

,
. (3.314a) ?
?
x x p
? p ,

75

.
. f()
. f p p()
, p
.
?

. ,
.
x x x
. x
, x
. , ()
.
,
. f() f
f() .
.
. ,
3.316 .
.

.
, .
. ,

(3.317a). (3.317b).
, x
, .

76

2 14

,
(3.317c). , x

, ()
x
.
3.317
.
.
,
.
, ,

.
.

.
3..315 ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
.

,
x x
. ,

77

. ,
, , .
f , f(x)
.
. , .
, , ,

.

2.
, ,
. ,
, ,
, , .
.
,
:
,
.(NB, p.129) ,
.
.

.
(4.22)
(4.23).
4.22 .
, .
4.23 .

78

2 14

,
(4.0311).
4.0311 ,
. ,
.

, (x, y, z)
, fx, (x, y)
, p, q, r
(: 4.24).
, .
? ,
(4.21)
4.21 ,
.
4.25 , ; ,
.

,
. 17)
, .
4.211
.

17) p & q p r p .
p, q, r, .
, .
[]
(: 5.152).

79

5.134 .
6.3751c
. 2
.

, ,
. ,

(4.26).

.
(5.5561a) .
5.556 .
.
5.5561 .
.
, .

?
?
?

. ,
.
.
?
.
, NL

80

2 14

, (NL, p.93)
. .

? . .

.

(5.5562), .
4.221
.
,
.
5.555 ,
.
5.5562
,
.

?
. ,

(: 5.5571),
(: 5.55).
5.55
.
.
,

81

.
5.5571 []
,
.

3.
.
,
.
, ,
. .
.
:
3.2
.
3.201 ,
.
3.202 .

,
(
, ), ,
,
. , ;
(3.3). ,
(3.314).

, (3.3411)

82

2 14

(3.22). .
(3.203).
3.203 . . (A A
.)
3.21
.
3.22 .

,
(3.13) .
,
.
. ,
.
, .
.
.
,
. .
3.144 .
( ; , .)

,
. .
, . .
.
, .
.18) ,

83

. .
, .
, .(3.221)
,
. ,
(3.26).
3.26 .
.
3.261 ;
.
,
. . (
, .)

.
?
:
3.23 .

,
. ,
.( )

4.
18) , Sinn()
.

84

2 14

,
.
.
. (
) ,
( )
.
.
,
.
,
, ,
.(: Griffin(1964), p.42) ,
(4.0031),

.
, ,
.
,
.

1)

.
, .
( )
.
. 1903
. , ,

85

, , , 4 (Russell(1937), p.449)
. 1905 (On Denoting)

.
,
. , :
(A)
(A) .
.
? ,
?
, (A)

. ,
(possible entities) .
,
.
.
(1) ,
(A) .
(2) , (A)
.
(3) .
(2) . (A)
, (3)
.

86

2 14

(A)
? ,
. (
, ) .
(a so-and-so)
, ,
(the so-and-so) .
, a the ,
.
.
.
. -
.
, .
, ,
, .
. ,
.
. . ,
.

?
.
.
,
.
,
.
, .
. ,

87

, .
,
(referential theory of meaning)
. ,
.

. :
(B)
(A) .
.
(A) (B) ?
(B)
, (A) .
.
(A) (B)
.

,
,
. (A) (B)
.
? ,
, (A) (B)
?
, (B)
: .
(4)

88

2 14

(5)
(6) .
( K,
B ): (x)
(4)' Kx
(5)' (y)(Ky y = x)
(6)' Bx
(5)' x .
, B :
(B)' (x)(Kx & (y)(Ky y = x) & Bx)19)
(A) ( G
):
(A)' (x)(Gx & (y)(Gy y = x))
, (4)'-(6)'
, (B) , (A) .
, (A)' (B)'
, ,
. ,

. , (A)
19) (B) :
, ,
.

89

(B)
. (1)-(3)
,
.
(1905)
.
, 20
. ,

. ,

- ,
,
.
:
4.0031 . (
.)
.

2)
,
,
,

.
.

.
:

90

2 14

2.0201

.

. , ,

.
((B)' )
, ,

.
.
, ?

. ,
60. ,
?

.
.
? , ,
, .
,
.
, ,
? ,
,
.
.
. ()

91

.
.
(1)
.
(2) , .
, 2.0201
. (1) 2.0201
, (2)
.
NB .
a.b. aRb Def [aRb]
aRb . aRb
, . aRb
.
:
, aRb
, a b .
,
, ,
.
,
.
?
(3.24b) .

92

2 14

3.24
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
(, .)

.

NB , [aRb]
, a, b, aRb
. .
, aRb , [aRb] a.b. aRb
, aRb . ,
,
, ,
.
.
,

,
. ,
, .


(2.0201)
.
.

93

, ,
.
.
3.2
.
3.201 ,
.
3.202 .
3.26 .
.

3.2 .

.
, .
?
,
:
(Gedanke) (Tatsache):
(constitutions) (components) ,
?

(that) .

.
.(NB, p.129)

94

2 14

. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,

.
.

,
.
,
.
.
.
?
,
. .

.
3.25 .

, , ,
?
.
,
?

95

, ,
.
(5.557) .
5.557 .
.
.
.
.

.
, ,
.
.
.

?
.
. ?
? .
. .
,
,
.
. ,
.
,
?
.

96

2 14

.
?
.
,

. ,

.

.
(1) .
. .
? ?
()
.(, )
(2) .
?
.
?
. () .
.
.
.(, )

97

(3) , .

.
, .
?
.()

1.

1)
1914 ,
.
,
. , , , .
()
.
, . ,
.

. .
.

.

.
.
? .20)
.
20) (1983) ,
. : (1983), 91.

98

2 14

,
. , . ( )
(2.12, 4.01), (4.01).
2.1 .
2.11 ,
.
2.12 .
4.01 .
.

, .
.
, () .
, .
2.13 .
2.131 .
2.14
.

, .

, .
2.141 .

99

.
? ,
? , ( )
[ ] .
. ( , )
( ) [ ]
.
. , ,
(2.1515).
2.1511 ; .
2.1512 .
,
,
(2.1515).
2.15121 .
2.1514
.
2.1515 ;
.

. (4.011, 4.013), (
)(4.011), (4.0311), (4.016) .21)
21) 4.011
.
, ( )
.

100 2 14

,
( , ) .
.
, .
.
.
.
.
4.021 : ,
.
, .

2)
(4.021).
, . ,

.
4.012 aRb .
, ().
4.013 ,
( # b )
.)

; .
4.0311 ,
. ,
.
4.016 , .
.

.

 101

.(4.021 )
?

?
.
?
. ,
[
] ,
.
2.16 ,
.
2.161 ,
.
2.17
.

.
, , .

. . ,
, ,
(2.16),
(2.17).
, ?
,
, (2.033). ,

.

102 2 14

.

.
2.15
.
,
.
2.151
.

,
.
, ,
.
2.18
,
.

. ,
, , .
,
, (
) .22)
[ ]
,
22)
. ( )
, (, 2.181).

 103

. , , ,
.
. ,
( ),
.
.
4.014 , , ,
.
.
(
, .)
4.0141
,
,
,
.
. .

. .
() , (2.21).
(4.06).
, (2.223, 4.05).
, (2.224).
.

.
2.22 ,
.

104 2 14
2.221 .
2.222
.

.
, (2.202)
. ,
.
, .
4.12 ,

.

, .
4.121 .
.
.
.
.
.

, .
,
,
, .23)
23) (die Form der
Abbildung) , (die Form der Darstellung)
.
2.173 (
), .

 105

3)
, ,
(2.171)( ).
,
, (2.181).
2.171
.
,
, .
2.181
.

. ?
2.182 .( ,
.)

, ,
.
. , ,
.

,
.
, ,
.

. - ,
.(Griffin(1964), 95-98)
.

106 2 14

. , 2.181
.
,
.
2.182 .
, 2.182 ( )
. .
(, 3 4)
.
3 .
3.5 , .
4. .

, .

, .
, . (
) .
(2.225).
2.225 [, a priori] .

. .
?
.
? .

 107

.
.
.
.
?
?
?

, .
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.

. ,

.
,
, . ,

.

,
,
.
.
.

108 2 14

.
.
,

.
.24)
?
? ?
(, 2.1).
,
.
, () ( )
.
.
?
24) (1983) .
()
. ,
?
. ,
,
.
.
.
, ,
.
, , .
,
.((1984), 15)
,
. ,
. .

 109

. (4.21),

? [] (4.023c),
? []
(4.1),
? ,
?

. .
.
,
. ,
. .
.
. ,
; , .(4.25)
, ,
.
.
?
.
.
. .
, ?
.
.
(2.0121).
, .

, .

110 2 14

2.

1)
() .
,
.
?
?
:
.
(
) .
.
.

.
.
.
(T), (F), T
F .

,
. ,
. .
.
,
(4.211).

 111

, ; ,
(4.25). .
p, q, r
. .
p
T
F

T F
(4.3).
:
p

TT, FT, TF, FF p q

. 8 :
p
T
F
T
T
F
F
T
F

q
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
F

r
T
T
T
F
T
F
F
F

112 2 14

TTT, FTT, TFT, TTF, FFT, FTF, TFF, FFF .

1 1, 2
2
3
4(=2 ), 3 8(=2 ), n

2n.
p, q(p q) .
p

p q

p q TTFT p q
. ,
(4.431).
. p q
(TTFT)(p, q), TTFT .
(4.431) .
F ,
(TT_T)(p, q) .
(4.442).
p

 113

p q
, p q
.

2)
, TTFT, (TTFT)(p, q) p q
. , .
T , F
. ,
T , F
.
.
, 2
4
16(=2 ) .

(5.101):
(TTTT)(p, q) (pp.qq)
(FTTT)(p, q) p q . ((p.q))
(TFTT)(p, q) q p. (qp)
(TTFT)(p, q) p q. (pq)
(TTTF)(p, q) p q. (p q)
(FFTT)(p, q) q . (q)
(FTFT)(p, q) p . (p)
(FTTF)(p, q) p q, . (p.q: q.p)
(TFFT)(p, q) p q, q p. (p q)
(TFTF)(p, q) p.
(TTFF)(p, q) q.
(FFFT)(p, q) p q . (p.q) (pq)
(FFTF)(p, q) p, q . (p.q)
(FTFF)(p, q) q, p . (q.p)

114 2 14

(TFFF)(p, q) p q. (p.q)
(FFFF)(p, q) (p.p.q.q)
3
8

256(=2 ) , n ,
2

2 . Ln . ,
4.45 n Ln
.

.

(5.101).
2 . (TTTT)(p, q) (FFFF)(p, q)
. ,
.
4.46 2
.

. .
.
.
,
.

.
, 16 2
. 256 2
.
. .

 115

?
. ,
, (4.462).

(4.461). (4.461).
, 0
(4.4611).
4.461 ,
.
.
;
.
.
(, .)
( , ,
.)
4.4611 ;
0 , .
4.462 .
.
, .

, ,
, (4.464).
4.464 , ,
.

, ,
.
(4.466, 4.4661).

116 2 14

, (4.466d).

3)

(
) . ,
,
( ) ,
. p q p q
, p q ,
p q p q
. , ,
,
.

,
.
, ,
.
.

.
.
5.2 .
5.21 ,
( ) ,
.
5.22

 117

p p
. p p
. .

( , ).
p
:
p, p, p, p, p, p,

. ,
(5.2523).

.
(4.1252a),
.
O .
[p, x, O'x] , x
.
5.2521
(O'O'O' O'
a 3 ).

.
5.2522 a, O', O'O'a, [a, x,
O'x] . .
, x

118 2 14
, x .

, , ( )
(5.232).
,
,
.
(5.233) .
5.232
.

(5.25).
? ,
[, Argument] ,
(5.251).
5.25 .
,
, .
( .)
5.251 [] .
.

:
3.333 [] .
[]
.
, F(fx)
. F(F(fx)) .

 119

F F
. (fx) , (
(fx)) . F
, .
F(F(u)) (): F(u).u
Fu .
.

. F(fx)
, F(F(fx))
. F(fx) ,
F F .
(fx) , ((fx))
. F ,
. F(fx)
.25)

,
25) .
:
R . ,
R = {x x x}
. R R ? R R
R R , R R R R
.
x x fx . fx x
(, fx ) F(fx)
. , F(fx) R .
R R ? F(fx) F(fx) ?
, F(F(fx) ? .
R R
? R R
.

120 2 14

. , F(F(fx)) F
. . (p)
. .
.
5.241 ,
.

?
.
, p p .
. p
. (5.25a)
(5.253), (5.254).
5.253 .
.
5.254 ( p : p = p).

4)

. ,
.

. (5.44a).
(, , )
. ,
5.234
. ( .)

 121

5.3 .
.
,
,
.
, .
,
.
.
5.32
.

p & q p q , &
. p p ,
.
(5.3a),
. , []
(5.01). (5).


. , p p ,
. p
. (5.25a)
(5.253), (5.254).

(4.0312)
. ,
5.44 .
,
? p p
, p ; ?

122 2 14
p ;
.
, p
p .
.

. p p
.
,
, . ,
,
?
. ,
.
p q p q p q
.
, ,
(5.41). ,
(5.4).
5.4 , ( )
.
5.41 : ,
,
.

, ,
, .
p q p q , p q
p q

 123

.
.
.
5.42 , ,
.

,
.

,
.
5.461
,
.
,
.

.

,
, ,
,
.
:
(5.4611).

5)
( 4)
. ,
,

124 2 14

.
,
.
p q p .
.
(: 5.1311).
,
.
.
( )
.
(2.0141).
, .

? . ,
.
. p q p .
p q p q ?
. ?
.
. (5.41)

. p p, p, p,
. .
. ,
(5.47). ,
p p p, p & (p p), p (p p)
, , , &
. fa
, (x)(fx) & (x = a) . (x)(fx)

 125

& (x = a), {(x)(fx) (x = a) .

,
fa , , & .
5.47
.
, .
, fa (x).fx.x = a .
,
.
:
.
[ ].

, ,
,
. ,
, , &
.
[ ] .
,
.

, , , &
.
5.472
.

, , , &
,
.

126 2 14

, [ ]
(5.471),
(5.4711).
5.471 .
5.4711
, .

? .
5.5 ( _ _ _ _ _ T)(, )
.
,
.

( _ _ _ _ _ T)(, )26) N( )
. , (FT)(p), (FFFT)(p, q), (FFFFFFFT)(p, q, r)
N( ) . ,
(5.501),

(5.501). , P, Q, R 3 ,
( ) = (P, Q, R).(5.501)
5.502 ( _ _ _ _ _ T)(, ) N( )
.
N( ) .

26) .

 127

5,5 N ,
. ,
, N
. N (
, joint denial) ( , alternative denial, Sheffer
stroke) .27) 2 , N
n .28)
N , W-
.29)
N, W-
:
5.51 , N( ) = p(p )
, , N( ) = p.q(p q
).

, N( ) = p & q &
r, , N( ) = p & q & r & s
27) (: Marciszewski(1981),
pp.187-188). 5.101, 5.1311
.
p
q
p q
p q
--------------------------------------------------T
T
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
T
28) : (2002), 191-193.
29) N .
(: Marciszewski(1981),
pp.187-188), .

128 2 14

.
W- ,
. , N( ) = p & q(p
q ), pq = p & q .
()
. p pp, p q (pq)(p
q) . p N(p), p q N(N(p, q))
. N
. .30)
,
:
6 [ p ,
.

, N( ) ].

,
,
.
: , N'( )
(6.001).

.

. ()
() () .
, ,
, ,
30) Kenny(1973), pp.86-89; (2002),
33-37 .

 129

. ,
,
. 0
.

? . ,

.
(Anscombe(1959), p.81).
(2002) , ,

((2002), 61).
.
, ,
.31)
31) (2002)
.
.
(61),
(179) .
,

.
.
.


.
.
.(294, : 26-51, 178-179)
(2002) (1981) ,

(: Mounce(1981). pp.33-34)

130 2 14

() () .
. ,
,
. :
?

? ?
?( )

,
.
.32)
.
(,
, 3.13, 4.11, 4.464, RFM, , 14 ).
.(: (2003))
32) :
, ,

---,
--- , - -
, a b .
a b .
, , , .
.
p , p , p A p
A p
; .
.
.
.
.

 131

. ,
(6.1),
.(1) .
,
. ,
.(2)
.
.(3)
. .(7)
, .
, .(5
) , (4) (6)
.

.

1.

1)
(6.1).
,
, .
(6.11).

(transcendental).
6.1 .
6.11 .(

(egocentric) .
,
.(Anscombe(1959), p.79-80)

132 2 14
.)
6.13 , .
[, transcendental].

, , [
, Spiegelbild](6.13).

. ? ,

,
(6.12a). ,
(6.124).
6.12a ,
, -- .
6.124 ; ,
. .
, :
.

.
. ,
.
: ,
,
:
,
.

.
, (,

 133

) -.
( ) ?

. .
.
, -
.
, .
, .

(: 6.111),

(6.112) .
6.111
.
2 . ,

. ,
,
. ,
, .

.
,
. .
() (
) .
.
6.113 ,
.

134 2 14
. -
.

. ,
, .
6.1222

.
, .

6.124 .
,
.
, , ,
,
(6.123).
,
.

(6.1231, 6,1232).

.
6.123
.
(
, .
.)

 135

6.1231 .
,
. ,
.
6.1232 ,
,
.
. :
,
.

. ,
, (4.466d).
.

.
.
- .
6.121 ,
, .
- .
,
.

, .
,
(6.122).
6.122

136 2 14
.
.

. (6.1221):
q (p q) & p
.
{(p q) & p} q .

2)
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
,
. ,
(6.127a).
6.127 ;
.

.

.
?
.
(6.126c).

 137

(6.126d) .
6.126
.

. ,
, .


. (,
.)
,
.
.

,
(, () )
(, )
. ,
,
.
,

.
,
,
.
(6.1262) .
6.1262 ,
.

138 2 14

?
.
(6.1263).
6.1263
, ,
.
.

,
, .
()
. ,
.
.
,
.
. , ,
, .
,
, .
,
(6.1264).
6.1264 ,
;
.
. (
.)

6.1264 .
? p p

 139

.
?
p, p q, q .
?
p p ? ,
{p & (p q)} q .
?
, .

(6.127a).
, .
(6.127b). ,
.


.
.
.
A, B, C ,
p p A & B & C, (A & B & C) (p
p), p p . 6.1264

. ,

. 6.1264a
,
.
:
6.1261 . (

140 2 14
.)
6.1265 :
.

. 6.1264
[]
.
: Und den modus ponens kann man nicht durch einen Satz
ausdrcken.(And the modus ponens can not be expressed by a
proposition.)
(einen Satz, a proposition) ,
(
) .
(modus ponens) ,
.

 141

p
p q
q
( , )
. .
.
:
{p & (p q)} q.
,
.
.
6.1271 .
,

. ( ,
.
.)

.
.
.

.

. ,

142 2 14

.
. ,
(6.1264b)
.

2.

1)

. , ,
.

. ,
,
.
?
,
(6.021).
(4.0312),
. 1 + 5 = 6 .
,
.

. ,
, (6.2b).
(6.22).
6.2b , .
6.22

 143

,
(6.2).
,
,
.
( ).
6.21 .
6.211
. ,

.
( ,
? .)
6.2321
,
.

.
.
.
6.233 ,

.
6.2331 .
.

144 2 14

,
(6.2341),
(6.24).
6.2341 ,
.
.
6.24 .
,

.

6.2341 , ,
.
? ,
, ,
.
6.23 2 ,
.
.

.

.
,
(6.2323).
6.2323 ,
.

 145

.
. ,
.
,

,
, (6.2322).
(6.232).
6.232 , ,
.
,

.
.
6.2322 .
,
; ,
.

2)
.

,
.
6 [ p ,
.

, N( ) ].

6.001 , N'( )
.

146 2 14
6.002 ,

.
6.01 ( ) [ , N( )]'( )(=
[ , , N( )]).

.
6.02 :
.
x = 0x Def

x = +1x Def
x, x, x,
x, .
0x, 0+1x, 0+1+1x, 0+1+1+1x,
[x, , ] : [0x, x, +1x] .
:
0 + 1 = 1 Def
0 + 1 + 1 = 2 Def
0 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 Def
(.)
6.021 .

, .

 147

.
:
(1) p, p, p, p, p, p,
.
0
p def p

v + 1

' 'p def

'p.

(1) :
(2)

0'p,

0+1'p,

0+1+1'p,

0+1+1+1'p,

0+1+1+1+1'p,

0+1+1+1+1+1

'p,

(2) :
(3) 0p, 1p, 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, 6p,
(2) (3) 6.02
.33)
?
? ?
?
,
.
. ,
33)
.

148 2 14

(6.021).
.
.

.
( , ) ,
.
.
W-, N .
N n- . N
N .
?
.
.
5.5541 27

[, a priori] .

. ,
N ,
.
,
,
(6.022).
6.022 ,
.
.

.

 149

6.03 [, ganze Zahl, cardinal number]

: [0, , + 1]

.
,
.
.
.
, ,
, (, ) (6.022).

:
6.031 .

.

?
: ,

,
. ,
, . , ,

, .
.

. (, )
, .
. I ,
C .

150 2 14

I C I C
. , ,
.
.
.
,
.

(6.021) .
? ,
,
? ,

.
,
,
.
.

3)

:
6.234 .

.
?
? , ,
? ,
?

 151

.
,
, , ,
.
.
,
.
?
:
.

.34) .
.
,
,
.

: ,
, .
. : 1 100
.
. 1 100
,
.
,
.
.

34) Carnap(1931), p.41.

152 2 14

.
.
?
,
.

. ?
,
.
, .
,
.
.
, ,
,
.
. ,
.

? . ,
.
, (6.021)
.
6.241 2 2 = 4 .
()x = x Def.
22

2 2

2 1+1

1+1

1+1

x = ( ) x = ( ) x = x = x
= ()()x = x = 1+1+1+1x = 4x

, N ,

 153

.
. ,
(well-formed formula) .
N .
,
.
.

3.
,
(5.152c). ,
(5.156). ,
,
(5.156). ,
(5.1511),
, (5.153).
5.1511 .
5.153 .
, .

.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
(5.156), .

154 2 14

. ( 2) p & q
(T, F, F, F)(p, q), p q (T, T, T, F)(p, q)
. ,
p

p & q

p q

, p & q TFFF
p & q , p q TTTF
p q . , p & q p
q ,
. p q
, p q , .
5.101 ()
.

p & q , p q p q
. , p & q p q
. .
5.11
,
.
5.12 , q p
, p q .

 155

p & q ,
(, p & q T ) 1, p q
, (, p q T
) 3. p q p & q
, p q p & q 1/3.
5.15 Tr r , Trs r
s ,
Trs : Tr r s .
5.151 5.101 , Tr r T
, Trs r T , s
T . r s Trs : Tr
.

,
1. p & q p q ,
1. p & q (p & p) & (q &
q) , 0.
2
1/2 .
5.152
.
2 1/2 .
p q , q p 1
. .
( .)

? ,
(5.156c).

156 2 14

.
(5.154).
( ) .
.

.
,
, :
(
)
.
1/2 .(5.154c)

,
:
5.155 :

.

.
,
(: 5.154d).

.
, ,
.
.

 157

5.156 .
.
.
,
.
( .
.)
.

4.
( )
( )
. , ( ) (x)Mx
( M ),
(x) . ( )
(x)Mx , (x) .

,
. , ,
. .
(1) .
(2) , , .
.
(3) .
(4) , , .
(x)Mx (x)Mx , (1) (2)
. A (1) . A

158 2 14

.
B , A (2)
. ,
, . B
.
. , ? A
, B .

. , (1)
(2) , .
(5) , , ,
.
,
(1) (2) . (5)
() .
( )
(, ) , (5)
. ,
.
.
:
5.52 x fx , N( ) = (
x).fx .

x fx
. 5.52 .
5.52 . f

 159

. x a(), b(), c()

. , fa a ,
. fx fa, fb, fc,
. , {fa, fb, fc} . x
a, b, c ,
:
N( ) N(fa, fb, fc) fa & fb & fc (x)fx (
x).fx
,
.
, .
,
.
(5.521).
5.521 .

. (x).fx (x).fx

.

(x).fx (x).fx

. , (x).fx
() () . p &
q (p q) , ()
, () .
?
?

160 2 14

(PG) :
(x).x
, ( )
.

.(, ). (PG,
p.268)

. , , (,
) ,
.
,
, . ,

. .
.
5.524 ,
.
,
.

.
, .
,
,
,
.
()

 161

().
?
(H. O. Mounce) ,
.
, .35)
.
.
. ?

. ,
.
.
:
5.526 ,
,
.
,
x
: x a.

, (5.522).
a
.
. (x).fx (x).fx,
(x) (x) ,
.
.
(x).fx (x).fx , fx x
. fx , fa, fb, fc,
35) : Mounce(1981), pp.71-72.

162 2 14

.36)
5.522 ,
, , .
5.523 .

5.

. ,
. .
.
,
.
6.3 .
.
6.375 ,
.

, .
,
.
(6.31).

(6.31).

(6.36311). (6.37).

36) : Mounce(1981), p.68.

 163

6.31 .
. .
.
6.36311 ;
, .
6.37
. .

, (Hume) .
?

.
(6.3631).
6.363
.
6.3631
.

.

,
.
(6.32),
(6.34).
6.32 , .
6.33 [] ,

164 2 14
[]
.
6.34 , ,
,
.

, .
, (6.36).
6.36 ,
: .
; .

, ,
? ,
(6.341).
:
.

, .
, ,
.
.
, ,
(6.341). ,
. ,

(6.341).
,

 165

.
.

. ,
;

.

(6.342).
:
6.343
.

:
.

. ?
?
,
. ,
.
(6.3431).
(6.3432).
.
,
(6.35). ,
.
.

166 2 14
6.3431
.
6.3432
.
,
.
6.35 ,

. ,
[] .
,
.

,

.37)
(6.53)
.

6.
,

.
,
.
.
.

37) :
(Mounce(1981), p.79).

 167

. ,
.
(
) ,
( )
.

?
,
, . ,
, ,
, .
. ?
?!
:
5.541 ,
.
, A p , A p
.
p A
.
( (, )
.)
5.542 , A p , A p , A p
p p ;
,
.

5.541 5.542 .
.
,

168 2 14

.
?
, A p , A p ,
A p p p (5.542).
.
: p p
?
?
, . .
, p p
, A p , A p
.
. , 5.542 ,
.
p p
.
.
p p p
. ,
,
. .
p p A p
.
.
. p p ?
?
5.542 A p p p
. A
p ?
. A p ,

 169

. A p
Q . A p
p p p & Q
p , p & Q
A p .

.
5.542 ,
,
.
p ,
, A
. 5.541c, p
A
.
p & Q .
A
. . p &
Q p .
,
. A p
p & Q p
.
A p Q ,
. A
, .
5.5421
() .
, .

170 2 14

A p p p
( p & Q p p & Q
A p ) ?
.
:
3.03 .
.
3.031 ,
.
.
3.032 ,
,
.

.

.
(5.5422).
5.5422 A p ,
. (
.)

,
(the percipient) . aRb a
b R, 4 .
R a b
. a-b--R-
(a-in-the-relation-R-to-b) .

 171

,
. a b R
. , , 4
, a b R .38)

,
. ,

,
.
3
. A p & Q
, .
, ,
? ,
.
. :
,
.
.
, .
.

. .

.
.
.(: 4)

38) B. Russell, Principia Mathematica, 2nd ed., vol., p.43. 1910-1913.

172 2 14
3.2
.

7.

(6.421).
. .
.
6.42 .
.
6.421 ,
[, transcendental].
( .)

6.421 .

.
,
.
(6.42b) . .
,
, ( ) .
(6.42a).
?
?
.
, .
. .
,

 173

, (6.375).
.
,
, . ,
, (6.373),
, (6.374).
6.373 .
6.374 ,
.
,
.

, ,
, (6.41).
? ,
.
, .
, .
.
(6.41).
6.41 .
, ;
. ,
.
,
.
.
.

.

174 2 14
.

, .
:
6.4 .

,
(3.12), (3.14).
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
.
?
, 6.4
. .
? . .
, ,
,
.
. .
( ), .
, ,
, .
. , ,
.

 175

(6.423a).
(6.373) , , ,
,
.
6.423 .
.

,
.
6.43 ,
, .
.
,
.
.
.

,
(6.43a).
(6.43b) .
? ,
?
,
. , ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,

176 2 14

. , ,
(6.431).

.
()

.
. (1)
(2) .
.

. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.

.
. , , , ,
.
. .
, .

1.
(6.124).
(6.22).
(6.343).

 177

(4.1).
? ?

(4.0031).
4.0031 . ( (F.
Mauthner) .)

.

.
( 5 ).

. ,
.(60, )
.
(60,
).39)
?
(4.112).
4.112 .
.
.
, .

.

, ,
, .
? ,
39) : (1983), 202-203.

178 2 14

.
.
.

.
4.002

.
.
, .

.
. ,
;

.
.
4.003
, .
, .

.
( .)

.

,
.
(4.1121), .
,

.

 179

4.11 ( )
.
4.111 .
(
, .)

,
.
(4.113),
(4.114).
4.113 .
4.114 ,
.
, ,
.

,

. ,
(4.115).
4.115 ,
.
4.116 .
.

? ,
,
, (4.112). ,

180 2 14

. ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, . 7
.
6.54 :
, - -
,
. (
.)
. .

2.
.
.
.
.
. .40)
,
.41)

.
.
.
,

40) : Mounce(1981), p.91.

41) : (1998), 110.

 181

? .
.
5.6 .
5.61 ;
.
;
, .
,
, .

.
;
.
5.62
.
.
, .
, ( )
.

5.62 ,
. ,
.
?
?
5.61 . ,
, .
, (
) ,
.

182 2 14

(5.6, 5.62c),
(5.61a).

, .
,
.
, .
.
.
.
, .

. .
? ?
?42)
5,561 5.562

. ,
( )
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
, (5.62b).

.
, .

42) : 4.464, 5.525.

 183

, ,
.
5.621 .
5.63 . ()

,
,
. ,
(5.632).
5.632 . .

?
(5.631, 5.633, 5.6331).
, .
.
,
(5.631).
.
(5.631).

(5.633, 5.6331).
5.633 ?
,
. .
,
.

184 2 14

.
, ,
,
.

. ,
.
:
(6.4311c). ,
.
? ?
. ,
, ,
. , ,
. (, )
.
, .
.
5.634 []
.
.

.
[] .

, , .
, ,
(5.641).
(5.64)
. .

 185

5.64
. ,
.
5.641
.
.
, ,
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