Microwave Filter Design

By
Professor Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Sch of Elect. & Electron Eng
Engineering Campus USM
Nibong Tebal 14300
SPS Penang

Contents
1. Composite filter
2. LC ladder filter
3. Microwave filter

Composite filter
Matching
section

High-f
cutoff

m=0.6
Zo

1
2

constant
k
T

ZiT

Matching
section

Sharp
cutoff

m=0.6

mderived
m<0.6

ZiT

1
2

Zo

ZiT

m<0.6 for m-derived section is to place the pole near the cutoff frequency(wc)
For 1/2 matching network , we choose the Z1 and Z2 of the circuit so that

Z '1 Z '2 1 Z '1 / 4Z '2 Zo

Z '1 Z '2 / 1 Z '1 / 4Z '2 ZiT

Image method
I1

I2

+
Zi1

A B
C D

V1

Zin1

+
V2

Zi2

Zin2

Lets say we have image impedance for the network Zi1 and Zi2
Where
Zi1= input impedance at port 1 when port 2 is terminated with Zi2
Zi2= input impedance at port 2 when port 1 is terminated with Zi1
Then

V1 AV2 BI2
I1 CV2 DI 2

Where Zi2= V2 / I2
and V1 = - Zi1 I1

ABCD for T and network

Z1/2

Z1/2
Z2

T-network

Z1
1
2Z 2
1
Z
2

Z12
Z1

4Z 2
Z
1 1
2Z 2

Z1
2Z2

2Z2
-network

Z1

1 2Z
2

1 Z1
Z 2 4Z 2 2

Z
1 1
2Z 2
Z1

Image impedance in T and network

Z1/2

Z1/2
Z2

T-network

Z1
2Z2

2Z2
-network

Substitute ABCD in terms of Z1 and Z2 Substitute ABCD in terms of Z1 and Z2

Image impedance

Image impedance

ZiT Z1Z2 1 Z1 / 4Z2

Zi Z1Z2 / 1 Z1 / 4Z2 Z1Z2 / ZiT

Propagation constant
e 1 Z1 / 2Z 2

Z1 / Z2 Z12 / 4Z22

Propagation constant

e 1 Z1 / 2Z 2

Z1 / Z2 Z12 / 4Z22
6

Composite filter
Matching
section

High-f
cutoff

m=0.6
Zo

1
2

constant
k
T

ZiT

Matching
section

Sharp
cutoff

m=0.6

mderived
m<0.6

ZiT

1
2

Zo

ZiT

Constant-k section for Low-pass filter

using T-network
L/2

L/2

Z1 jw L
Z 2 1 / jw C

L
w 2 LC
ZiT Z1Z 2 1 Z1 / 4Z 2
1
C
4
2
w

c
If we define a cutoff frequency
LC
L
And nominal characteristic impedance Z o
C
Then

Z iT Z o

w2
1 2
w c

Zi T= Zo when w=0

continue
Propagation constant (from page 11), we have

e 1 Z1 / 2Z 2

Z1 / Z 2

Z12

/ 4Z 22

1 w

2w 2
2
c

2w w 2

wc

w c2

Two regions can be considered

w<wc : passband of filter --> Zit become real and is imaginary (= jb )

since w2/wc2-1<1
w>wc : stopband of filter_--> Zit become imaginary and is real (= a )
since w2/wc2-1<1
Mag

a,b

wc

passband

wc

stopband

w 9

Constant-k section for Low-pass filter

using -network
L

Z1 jw L
C/2

Z i Z1Z 2 / Z iT

e 1 Z1 / 2Z 2

C/2
Z o2
2

w
Z 1

o
2

w c

Z1 / Z 2

Z12

Z 2 1 / jw C
Zo

w
1

w c

/ 4Z 22

1 w

Zi = Zo when w=0

2w 2
2
c

2w w 2

wc

w c2

Propagation constant is the same as T-network

10

Constant-k section for high-pass filter

using T-network
2C

2C

Z1 1 / jw C
L

Z 2 jw L

L
1
1 2
C
4w LC
1
w

c
If we define a cutoff frequency
2 LC
L
And nominal characteristic impedance Z o
C
ZiT Z1Z 2 1 Z1 / 4Z 2

Then

Z iT Z o

wc 2
1 2
w

Zi T= Zo when w =

11

Constant-k section for high-pass filter

using -network
C

Z1 1 / jw C
2L

2L

Z 2 jw L
Z i Z1Z 2 / Z iT

e 1 Z1 / 2Z 2

Z o2
2

w
Z 1 c
2
o
w

Z1 / Z 2

Z12

Zo
2

w
1 c
2

w
c

/ 4Z 22

2wc

Zi = Zo when w=

2w c

wc 2
1
2
w

Propagation constant is the same for both T and -network

12

Composite filter

Matching
section

High-f
cutoff

m=0.6
Zo

1
2

constant
k
T

ZiT

Matching
section

Sharp
cutoff

m=0.6

mderived
m<0.6

ZiT

1
2

Zo

ZiT

13

m-derived filter T-section

mZ1/2
Z1/2

Z1/2

Z'1/2

mZ 1/2

Z'1/2
Z2 /m

Z2

Z'2

1 m2
Z1
4m

Constant-k section suffers from very slow attenuation rate and non-constant
image impedance . Thus we replace Z1 and Z2 to Z1 and Z2 respectively.
Lets Z1 = m Z1 and Z2 to obtain the same ZiT as in constant-k section.
2

Z iT

Z1
Z1 '2
m 2 Z1
Z1Z 2
Z1 ' Z 2 '
mZ1Z '2
4
4
4

Solving for Z2, we have

Z12
m 2 Z12
Z1Z 2
mZ 1Z '2
4
4

Z 2 1 m 2 Z12
Z '2

m
4m

14

Low -pass m-derived T-section

mL/2

mL/2

For constant-k
section

mC

Z1 jw L

1 m2
L
4m

Z '1 jw Lm
Propagation constant

and

Z 2 1 / jw C

1
1 m2
Z '2

jw L
jw Cm
4m

Z '1 / Z '2 Z '12 / 4Z '22

2w m / w c 2
Z '1
jw Lm

2
Z '2 1 / jw Cm jw L1 m / 4m 1 1 m2 w / w c 2
1 w / w c 2
Z '1
1
1

where
w

c
4Z '2 1 1 m 2 w / w c 2
2 LC
e 1 Z '1 / 2Z '2

15

continue
If we restrict 0 < m < 1 and
Thus, both equation reduces to

Z '1 2w m / w c

Z '2 1 w / w op 2

Then

e 1

2w m / w c 2

1 w / w op

w op

wc
1 m2

1 w / w c 2
Z '1
1

4Z '2 1 w / w op 2

2w m / w 2 1 w / w 2
c
c

1 w / w op 2 1 w / w op 2

When w < wc, e is imaginary. Then the wave is propagated in the

network. When wc<w <wop, e is positive and the wave will be attenuated.
When w = wop, e becomes infinity which implies infinity attenuation.
When w>wop, then e become positif but decreasing.,which meant
16
decreasing in attenuation.

Comparison between m-derived section

and constant-k section

attenuation

Typical attenuation
15

m-derived

10

const-k

composite

0
0

w c wop 2

M-derived section attenuates rapidly but after w>wop , the attenuation

reduces back . By combining the m-derived section and the constant-k will
form so called composite filter.This is because the image impedances are
nonconstant.

17

High -pass m-derived T-section

2C/m

2C/m

Z '1 m / jw C
L/m

4m
C
2
1 m

and

jw L 1 m2
Z '2

m
j 4mw C

Propagation constant

Z '1 / Z '2 Z '12 / 4Z '22

2w c m / w 2
Z '1
m / jw C

2
Z '2 jw L / m 1 m / j 4mw C 1 1 m2 w c / w 2
1 w c / w 2
Z '1
1
1

2
2
where
w

c
4Z '2 1 1 m w c / w
2 LC
e 1 Z '1 / 2Z '2

18

continue
If we restrict 0 < m < 1 and
Thus, both equation reduces to

Z '1 2w c m / w

Z '2 1 w op / w 2

Then

e 1

2w c m / w 2

1 w op / w

Thus wop< wc

w op 1 m 2 w c

1 w c / w 2
Z '1
1

4Z '2 1 w op / w 2

2w m / w 2 1 w / w 2
c
c

1 w op / w 2 1 w op / w 2

When w < wop , e is positive. Then the wave is gradually attenuated in

the networ as function of frequency. When w = wop, e becomes infinity
which implies infinity attenuation. When wc>w >wop, e is becoming
19
negative and the wave will be propagted.

continue
a

wop

wc

M-derived section seem to be resonated at w=wop due to serial LC circuit.

By combining the m-derived section and the constant-k will form composite
filter which will act as proper highpass filter.

20

m-derived filter -section

mZ1

Note that
2Z 2
m

2 1 m Z1
4m
2

2Z 2
m

Z '1 mZ 1

Z 2 1 m 2 Z12
Z '2

m
4m

2 1 m Z1
4m
2

The image impedance is

Z i Z1 ' Z 2 ' / Z iT

Z1Z 2 Z12 1 m 2 / 4
Z o 1 w / w c 2

21

Low -pass m-derived -section

mL

2 1 m L
4m
2

For constant-k
section

mC
2

mC
2

2 1 m L
4m

Then

Z1Z2 L / C Zo2

and

Z1 jw L
Z 2 1 / jw C

Z1 w 2 L2 4Zo2 w / wc
2

Therefore, the image impedance reduces to

Z i

1 1 m 2 w / w c 2
1 w / w c

Zo

The best result for m is 0.6which give a good constant Zi . This type of
m-derived section can be used at input and output of the filter to provide
constant impedance matching to or from Zo .

22

Composite filter

Matching
section

High-f
cutoff

m=0.6
Zo

1
2

constant
k
T

ZiT

Matching
section

Sharp
cutoff

m=0.6

mderived
m<0.6

ZiT

1
2

Zo

ZiT

23

Matching between constant-k and m-derived

Z iT Z i
The image impedance ZiT does not match Zi,
I.e matching can be done by using half- section as shown below and the
The
image impedance should be Zi1= ZiT and Zi2=Zi
Z' 1 / 2

It can be shown that

Z '1

1 4Z '
2

1
2Z '2

Z '1
2

Zi1=ZiT

ZiT Z '1 Z '2 1 Z '1 / 4Z '2 Zi1

Zi Z '1 Z '2 / 1 Z '1 / 4Z '2 Zi 2

Zi2=Zi

2Z'2

Note that

Z '1 mZ 1

Z 2 1 m 2 Z12
Z '2

m
4m

24

Example #1
Design a low-pass composite filter with cutoff frequency of 2GHz and
impedance of 75W . Place the infinite attenuation pole at 2.05GHz, and plot
the frequency response from 0 to 4GHz.
L/2

L/2

Solution
For high f- cutoff constant -k T - section

L
Zo
C

Zo

or

Rearrange for wc and substituting, we have

2

2 1
L
wc C

L CZ o

wc

2
LC

L 2Zo / wc (2 75) /(2 2 109 ) 11.94nH

2 1
C
wc L

C 2 / Zowc 2 /(75 2 109 ) 2.122 pF

25

continue

mL/2
mC

For m-derived T section sharp cutoff

1 m2
L
4m

w op 1 m 2 w c

m 1 w c / w op

mL/2

1 2 10 / 2.05 10
9

9 2

0.2195

mL 0.219511.94nH

1.31nH
2
2
mC 0.2195 2.122 pF 0.4658 pF

1 m2
1 0.21952
L
11.94nH 12.94nH
4m
4 0.2195

26

continue
mL/2

mL/2

For matching section

mC/2
Zo

mC/2

1 m L

Zo

1 m L

2m

2m

m=0.6

mL 0.6 11.94nH

3.582nH
2
2

ZiT

mC 0.6 2.122 pF

0.6365 pF
2
2
1 m2
1 0.6 2
L
11 .94 nH 6.368 nH
2m
2 0.6

27

continue
A full circuit of the filter
Can be added
together

3.582nH

5.97nH

Can be added
together

5.97nH

6.368nH

1.31nH

12.94nH

Can be added
together

1.31nH

3.582nH

6.368nH

2.122pF
0.6365pF

0.4658pF

0.6365pF

28

Simplified circuit
9.552nH
6.368nH

7.28nH

4.892nH
12.94nH

6.368nH

2.122pF
0.6365pF

0.4658pF

0.6365pF

continue
Freq response of low-pass filter

Pole due to
m=0.2195
section

0
S11

-20
-40
-60
Frequency (GHz)

Pole due to
m=0.6
section
30

N-section LC ladder circuit

(low-pass filter prototypes)
Prototype beginning with serial element
go=Ro

g2

g4

g1

g3

gn+1

Prototype beginning with shunt element

g2
g4
go=Go

g1

g3

gn+1

31

Type of responses for n-section prototype filter

Maximally flat or Butterworth
Equal ripple or Chebyshev
Elliptic function
Linear phase

Maximally flat

Equal ripple

Elliptic

Linear phase

32

Maximally flat or Butterworth filter

For low -pass power ratio response
2n

2 w

H w 1 C

wc

where
C=1 for -3dB cutoff point
n= order of filter
wc= cutoff frequency
No of order (or no of elements)

log10 10
1
n
2 log10 w1 / w c
A / 10

Prototype elements
g0 = gn+1 = 1

Series R=Zo
Shunt G=1/Zo

2k 1
g k 2 sin
2n

Lk

Zo gk

wc

gk
Ck
Z ow c

Where A is the attenuation at w1 point and w1>wc

Series element

Shunt element
k= 1,2,3.n

33

Example #2
Calculate the inductance and capacitance values for a maximally-flat lowpass filter that has a 3dB bandwidth of 400MHz. The filter is to be
connected to 50 ohm source and load impedance.The filter must has a high
attenuation of 20 dB at 1 GHz.

Solution

Prototype values

First , determine the number of elements

log10 10 A / 10 1
n
2 log10 w1 / w c

log10 1020 / 10 1

> 2.51
2 log10 1000 / 400c
Thus choose an integer value , I.e n=3

g0 = g 3+1 = 1

2 1
g1 2 sin
1

23
2 2 1
g 2 2 sin
2

23
2 3 1
g 3 2 sin
1

23

34

continue
L3 L1

Z o g1

wc

50 1

19 .9nH
6
2 400 10

g2

2
C2

15 .9 pF
6
Z ow c 50 2 400 10

50 ohm 19.9nH 19.9nH

15.9pF

50 ohm
35

or
g1

1
C3 C1

7.95 pF
6
Z ow c 50 2 400 10

L2

Zo g2

wc

50 2

39 .8nH
6
2 400 10
50 ohm

39.8nH
7.95pF

7.95pF

50 ohm

36

Equi-ripple filter
For low -pass power ratio response

2 w

H w 1 FoCn
wc

where

Cn(x)=Chebyshev polinomial for n order

and argument of x
n= order of filter
wc= cutoff frequency
Fo=constant related to passband ripple

Chebyshev polinomial

Co(x) 1
Cn( 1 ) 1

i.e w w c

C1(x) x
Cn(x) 2 x Cn-1(x)-Cn-2(x)

Fo 10Lr / 10 1
Where Lr is the ripple attenuation in pass-band

37

Continue
Prototype elements

a1
g1
F2

1
Lr
F1 ln coth

4
17.372

ak 1ak
gk
bk 1bk c

for n odd
1
g n1
2
F1 for n even
coth

Lk

Zo gk

wc

gk
Ck
Z ow c

where

Series element

2 F1
F2 sinh

n
k 1
ak 2 sin

2
n

k 1,2,.... n

k
sin

2n

k 1,2,.... n

bk

F22

Shunt element

38

Example #3
Design a 3 section Chebyshev low-pass filter that has a ripple of 0.05dB
and cutoff frequency of 1 GHz.
From the formula given we have
F1=1.4626

F2= 1.1371

a1=1.0

a2=2.0

b1=2.043

50 0.8794
L1 L3
7 nH
9
2 10
1.1132
C2
3.543 pF
9
50 2 10

50 ohm

7nH

7nH

g1 = g3 = 0.8794
g2= 1.1132

3.543pF

50 ohm

39

Transformation from low-pass to high-pass

wc
w

wc
w
Series inductor Lk must be replaced by capacitor Ck
Shunts capacitor Ck must be replaced by inductor Lk

Zo
Lk
g kw c

1
Ck
Z o g kw c
go=Ro

g2
g1

g4
g3

gn+1

40

Transformation from low-pass to band-pass

w
1 w wo

wc
W wo w

where

w 2 w1
W
wo

and

wo w1 w2

Now we consider the series inductor

1 w wo
1 w
1 wo
j

jX j

Lk j
Lk j
Lk jwL'sk

W wo w
W wo
W w
w C 'sk
normalized
Lk
W
Lsk
C sk
Lk Z o g k
Ww o
w o Lk
Thus , series inductor Lk must be replaced by serial Lsk and Csk

Impedance= series

41

continue
Now we consider the shunt capacitor

1 w wo
1 w
1 wo
j
Ck j
jBk j

Ck j
Ck jwC ' pk
W wo w
W wo
W w
w L' pk

L pk

w oCk

C pk

Ck

Ww o

gk
Ck
Zo

Shunts capacitor Ck must be replaced by parallel Lpk and Cpk

Admittance= parallel

42

Transformation from low-pass to band-stop

w
1 w wo

wc
W wo w

where

w 2 w1
W
wo

and

wo w1 w2

Now we consider the series inductor --convert to admittance

w wo
1 w
1 wo
j

j
jwC ' pk
W w o Lk
W wLk
w L' pk
wo w
1
WLk
C pk

Lk Z o g k
w o WLk
wo

1
1
j
j
Xk
WLk

L pk

Thus , series inductor Lk must be replaced by parallel Lpk and Cskp

admittance = parallel

43

Continue
Now we consider the shunt capacitor --> convert to impedance

1
1
j
j
Bk
WCk

Lsk

w wo
1 w
1 wo
j

j
jwL'sk
W w o Ck
W wCk
w C 'sk
wo w

1
Ww o C k

C pk

WC k

wo

gk
Ck
Zo

Shunts capacitor Ck must be replaced by parallel Lpk and Cpk

44

Example #4
Design a band-pass filter having a 0.5 dB ripple response, with N=3. The
center frequency is 1GHz, the bandwidth is 10%, and the impedance is 50W.

Solution
From table 8.4 Pozar pg 452.
go=1 , g1=1.5963, g2=1.0967, g3= 1.5963, g4= 1.000
Lets first and third elements are equivalent to series inductance and g1=g3, thus

Z o g1
50 1.5963
Ls1 Ls 3

127 nH
9
Ww o 0.1 2 10

Lk Z o g k

W
0.1
Cs1 Cs 3

0.199 pF
9
w o Z o g1 2 10 50 1.5963

45

continue
Second element is equivalent to parallel capacitance, thus

Lp2

WZ o
0.1 50

0.726 nH
9
w o g 2 2 10 1.0967

C p2

g2
1.0967

34 .91 pF
9
Z o Ww o 50 0.1 2 10
50W

127nH

0.199pF

0.726nH

127nH

gk
Ck
Zo

0.199pF

34.91pF

50W

46

Implementation in microstripline
Equivalent circuit
A short transmission line can be equated to T and circuit of lumped circuit.
Thus from ABCD parameter( refer to Fooks and Zakareviius Microwave
Engineering using microstrip circuits pg 31-34), we have
jwL=jZ osin(bd)

Model for series inductor

with fringing capacitors

jwC/2=jY otan(bd)/2

jwL/2=jZ otan(bd/2)

Model for shunt capacitor

with fringing inductors

jwC/2=jY otan(bd/2)

jwL/2=jZ otan(bd/2)

jwC=jY osin(bd)

47

Zo

ZoL

Zo

Zo

ZoC

-model with C as fringing

capacitance

T-model with L as fringing

inductance

d
1 w L

d
sin
2
Z oL

d
d
sin 1 w CZ oC
2

d
C fL
tan
Z oLw
d
1

ZoL should be high impedance

L fC

Zo

tan
w
d
Z oC

ZoC should be low

impedance

48

Example #5
From example #3, we have the solution for low-pass Chebyshev of ripple
0.5dB at 1GHz, Design a filter using in microstrip on FR4 (er=4.5 h=1.5mm)

L1 L3 7 nH

C2 3.543 pF

Lets choose ZoL=100W and ZoC =20 W.

3 108
d
9
14.14cm
f e r 10 4.5
c

Note: For more accurate

calculate for difference Zo

d
0.1414 1 2 109 7 109
1 w L
10.25mm

d1,3
sin
sin

2
2
100
Z oL

C fL

d
1
0.01025

tan
tan

0.369 pF
9
Z oLw
0.1414
d 100 2 10
1

49

continue
d2

L fC

C2 3.543 pF

d
0.1414 1
sin 1 w CZ oC
sin 2 109 3.5431012 20 10.38mm
2
2

d
20
.01038

tan
tan

0.75nH
9
w
0.1414
d 2 10
Z oC

The new values for L1=L3= 7nH-0.75nH= 6.25nH and C2=3.543pF-0.369pF=3.174pF

Thus the corrected value for d1,d2 and d3 are

d1,3

0.1414 1 2 109 6.25 109

9.08mm

sin

2
100

d2

0.1414 1
sin 2 109 3.17 1012 20 9.22mm
2

More may be needed to obtain sufficiently stable solutions

50

Now we calculate the microstrip width using this formula

377
(approximation)
Zo
w

1.57
h

er

377

377

w100
1.57 h
1.57 1.5mm 0.31mm
Z

e
100 4.5

oL
r

377

377

w20
1.57 h
1.57 1.5mm 10 .97 mm
Z

e
20 4.5

oL
r

377

377

w50
1.57 h
1.57 1.5mm 2.97 mm
Z

50 4.5

oL e r

9.22mm

10.97mm

0.31mm
0.31mm
2.97mm

2.97mm

9.08mm

9.08mm

51

Implementation using stub

Richards transformation

jX L j L jL tan b

jBc j C jC tan b

At cutoff unity frequency,we have =1. Then

tan b 1

The length of the stub will be

the same with length equal to
/8. The Zo will be difference
with short circuit for L and
open circuit for C.These lines
are called commensurate lines.

/8

jX L

jX L

S.C
Zo=L
/8

jB c

jB c

O.C
Zo=1/C

52

Kuroda identity
It is difficult to implement a series stub in microstripline.
Using Kuroda identity, we would be able to transform S.C
series stub to O.C shunt stub

O.C shunt
stub
d
d

Z1

S.C series
stub
d

Z1/n2

Z2/n2

Z2
n2=1+Z2/Z1

d=/8
53

Example #6
Design a low-pass filter for fabrication using micro strip lines .The
specification: cutoff frequency of 4GHz , third order, impedance 50 W, and a
3 dB equal-ripple characteristic.
Protype Chebyshev low-pass filter element values are
g1=g3= 3.3487 = L1= L3 , g2 = 0.7117 = C2 , g4=1=RL
1

3.3487
0.7117

ZoL=3.3487

3.3487
1

ZoL=3.3487
8

Zo

Zo

Using Richards transform we have

Zoc=1.405

ZoL= L=3.3487 and

Zoc=1/ C=1/0.7117=1.405

54

Using Kuroda identity to convert S.C series stub to O.C shunt stub.
We have
2
2
and
Z
/
n
Zo 1
2
Z1 / n ZoL 3.3487

n2 1

thus

Z2
1

Z1 3.3487

Z2
1
1
1.299
Z1
3.3487

Substitute again, we have

Z1 n ZoL 1.299 3.3487 4.35

2

O.C shunt
stub
d
Z1

and Z2 Zo n2 11.299 1.299

S.C series
stub
d

Z1/n2=ZoL d

Z2/n2=Zo

Z2
n2=1+Z2/Z1

55

Z1=1.299x50
=64.9W

Zoc=1.405x50
=70.3W

Z1=1.299x50
=64.9W

Zo=50W
/8
/8

Z2=4.35x50
=217.5W

/8
Z2=4.35x50
ZL=50W
/8 =217.5W /8

50W

50W
217.5W
/8
/8

64.9W

217.5W
/8
70.3W

64.9W

56

Band-pass filter from /2 parallel coupled lines

Output
/2 resonator
/2 resonator

Microstrip
layout

Input
/4

/4

/4

J' 01
+/2
rad

J' 12
+/2
rad

J' 23
+/2
rad

Equivalent
admittance
inverter

Equivalent
LC resonator

57

Required admittance inverter parameters

The normalized admittance inverter is given by
1
2

W
J '01

2
g
g
0 1

where W w 2 w1

for k 1,2,...n 1

wo

1
J 'k ,k 1

2
g k g k 1
1
2

W
J 'n,n1

2
g
g
n n1

n no. of sec tions

Zoe ,k ,k 1 Zo 1 J 'k ,k 1 J 'k ,k 12

Zoo,k ,k 1 Zo 1 J k ,k 1 ' J 'k ,k 12

D
where J 'k ,k 1 J k ,k 1Z o
E

58

Example #7
Design a coupled line bandpass filter with n=3 and a 0.5dB equi-ripple
response on substrate er=10 and h=1mm. The center frequency is 2 GHz, the
bandwidth is 10% and Zo=50W.
We have g0=1 , g1=1.5963, g2=1.0967, g3=1.5963, g4= 1 and W=0.1

1
2

1
2

W
0.1
J '01

0.3137
2 11.5963
2 g 0 g1
1
2

1
2

W
0.1
J '3, 4

0.3137
2 1.59631
2 g3 g 4

Zoe ,0,1 Zoe ,3,4 50 1 0.3137 0.31372 70.61W

Zoo,0,1 Zoo,3,4 50 1 0.3137 0.31372 39.24W

59

1
0.1
1
J '1,2

0.1187
2
2
g1g 2
1.59631.0967

J ' 2, 3

Zoe ,1,2 Zoe ,2,3 50 1 0.1187 0.11872 56.64W

Zoo,1,2 Zoo,2,3 50 1 0.1187 0.11872 44.77W

The required resonator

1
0.1
1

0.1187
2
g 2 g3
1.0967 1.5963

3 108
3 108
r / 4

0.01767m
9
2 f e r 4 2 10 10

Using the graph Fig 7.30 in Pozar pg388 we would be able to determine the
required s/h and w/h of microstripline with er=10. For others use other means. 60

Thus we have
For sections 1 and 4 s/h=0.45 --> s=0.45mm and w/h=0.7--> w=0.7mm
For sections 2 and 3 s/h=1.3 --> s=1.3mm and w/h=0.95--> w=0.95mm
0.45mm

0.95mm

50W

0.95mm
0.7mm

0.7mm
1.3mm

50W

1.3mm
0.45mm
17.67mm

17.67mm

17.67mm

17.67mm

61

Band-pass and band-stop filter using quarter-wave stubs

/4

Zo

Zo

Band-pass
Z01

/4

Z02

/4

....

Zo

Zo

/4

Zo

Zo

Z on
Z01

/4

Z02

4gn

/4
Zo

Band-stop

Zo W

/4

/4

....

Zo

Z on

Zon

Zon-1

/4

Zo

Zo

Zon-1
/4

Zon
/4

4 Zo
Wg n

/4

62

Example #8
Design a band-stop filter using three quarter-wave open-circuit stubs . The
center frequency is 2GHz , the bandwidth is 15%, and the impedance is 50W.
Use an equi-ripple response, with a 0.5dB ripple level.
We have g0=1 , g1=1.5963, g2=1.0967, g3=1.5963, g4= 1 and W=0.1

4 50
265 .9W
0.15 1.5963
4 50

387 W
0.15 1.0967

Z o1 Z 03

/4

265.9W

/4

/4

/4

387W

50 W

265.9W
/4

Zo2

note : Z on

4 Zo
Wg n

Note that: It is difficult to

impliment on microstripline
or stripline for characteristic
> 150W.

63

Capacitive coupled resonator band-pass filter

Zo
1
2

Zo

Zo

B1

Zo

Zo
Bn+1

B2

W
J '01

2
g
g
0 1
W
1
J 'k ,k 1

2
g k g k 1

where W

w 2 w1
wo

for k 1,2,...n 1

1
2

W
J 'n,n1

2
g
g
n n1
Ji
Bi
1 Z o J i 2

....

n no. of sec tions

i=1,2,3.n

1
1
1
i tan 2Z o Bi tan 1 2Z o Bi 1
2
2

64

Example #9
Design a band-pass filter using capacitive coupled resonators , with a
0.5dB equal-ripple pass-band characteristic . The center frequency is 2GHz,
the bandwidth is 10%, and the impedance 50W. At least 20dB attenuation is
required at 2.2GHz.
First , determine the order of filter, thus calculate
prototype w
1 w w o 1 2.2 2

1 1.91 1 0.91

1.91
W w o w 0.1 2 2.2
wc

From Pozar ,Fig 8.27 pg 453 , we have N=3

n
1
2
3
4

gn
1.5963
1.0967
1.0967
1.0000

ZoJn
0.3137
0.1187
0.1187
0.3137

Bn
6.96x10-3
2.41x10-3
2.41x10-3
6.96x10-3

Cn
0.554pF
0.192pF
0.192pF
0.554pF

n
155.8o
166.5o
155.8o
-

65

Other shapes of microstripline filter

Rectangular resonator filter
/2

Interdigital filter

in

out

U type filter

/4
Out

In

Out

/4

In

66

Wiggly coupled line

The design is similar to conventional edge coupled line but the layout is
modified to reduce space.
1

Modified Wiggly coupled line to improve 2nd and 3rd harmonic rejection. /8
stubs are added.
1

1= /2
2= /4

67