S GIO DC V O TO NG NAI

n v:Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh

M s: ................................
(Do HKH S GD&T ghi)

SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

MT S PHNG PHP GII

M NNG CAO

Ngi thc hin: NGUYN TT THU

Lnh vc nghin cu:
- Qun l gio dc

- Phng php dy hc b mn: Ton hc

- Lnh vc khc: .......................................................

C nh km: Cc sn phm khng th hin trong bn in SKKN

M hnh
Phn mm
Phim nh
Hin vt khc

Nm hc: 2013 2014

S LC L LCH KHOA HC
I. THNG TIN CHUNG V C NHN
1. H v tn: Nguyn Tt Thu
2. Ngy thng nm sinh: 13-09-1980
3. Nam, n: Nam
4. a ch: T 10 KP5 - Trng Di Bin Ho - ng Nai
5. in thoi:
(CQ)/
(NR); TD:0942444556
6. Fax:
E-mail: nguyentatthudn@gmail.com
7. Chc v: Gio vin
8. n v cng tc: Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh
II. TRNH O TO
- Hc v (hoc trnh chuyn mn, nghip v) cao nht: Thc s
- Nm nhn bng: 2013
- Chuyn ngnh o to: L lun v phng php dy hc b mn Ton
III.KINH NGHIM KHOA HC
- Lnh vc chuyn mn c kinh nghim: Ging dy mn Ton
S nm c kinh nghim: 11 nm
- Cc sng kin kinh nghim c trong 5 nm gn y:
1. Mt s phng php xc nh CTTQ ca dy s - nm 2008
2. S dng hm li trong chng minh bt ng thc nm 2009
3. S dng php m chng minh ng thc t hp nm 2010
4. Mt s phng php gii bi ton cc tr t hp nm 2012
5. Mt s phng php gii bi ton tn ti trong t hp nm 2013

MT S PHNG PHP
M NNG CAO
I. L DO CHN TI
Ch t hp thng xuyn xut hin trong cc k thi chn hc sinh gii v y l ch
c nh gi l kh nht trong thi. V ton t hp ta thng gp bi ton dng
yu cu chng ta i m s cch thc hin mt cng vic no . y l mt dng ton
kh v c nhiu phng php gii. gip hc sinh chuyn ton c c nhng nn
tng vng chc v cc bi ton m, chng ti h thng v minh ha mt s phng
php m nng cao. l l do m ti chn ti: Mt s phng php m nng
cao lm ti nghin cu ca mnh.
II. T CHC THC HIN TI
1. C s l lun
2. Tin trnh thc hin ti
2.1. Phng php song nh
Tnh cht: Cho A, B l hai tp hp hu hn v nh x f : A B . Khi :
Nu f l n nh th A B

Nu f l ton nh th A B
Nu f l song nh th A B

Do thay v m s phn t ca A , ta i m s phn t ca B .

V d 1. Cho X a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n vi n l s t nhin dng, k l s t nhin tha
kn.

t S (a i ,a i ,...,a i ) a i ,a i ,...,a i X ;1 i1 i 2 ... i k n . Tnh s phn t

1
2
k
1
2
k
ca tp S.
Li gii.
Ta c: (a i ,a i ,...,a i ) i1 ,i 2 ,...,i k l mt song nh t tp S vo tp S1 gm cc
1
2
k

b i1 ,i 2 ,...,i k vi 1 i1 i 2 ... i k n nn S S1 .
Kh khn gp phi khi m cc b ca tp S1 l cc s i1 ,...,i k c th bng nhau.
Do , ta tm cc ph b cc du = trong bt ng thc 1 i1 i 2 ... i k n .
Tc l, ta a v m cc b j1 , j2 ,..., jk vi 1 j1 j2 ... jk n . thc hin

c iu , ta tnh tin cc ch s i1 ,i 2 ,...,i k mi ch s tng thm mt n v

so vi ch s trc n. Dn ti, ta i xt tng ng sau
Xt tng ng i1 ,i 2 ,...,i k S1 i1 ,i 2 1,...,i k k 1 . R rng, y l mt
song nh t S1 v tp S 2 l tp gm cc b j1 , j2 ,..., jk sao cho
j1 , j2 ,..., jk 1,2,...,n k 1 v j1 j2 ... jk

Suy ra S1 S 2 C nk k 1 .
H qu: S nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh : x1 x 2 ... x k n l
Ckn k 1 .

H qu: S nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh: x1 x 2 ... x k n l

C kn11 .

V d 2. Trong mt gii bng c 10 trn u v c din ra trong vng 30

ngy. Hi ban t chc c bao nhiu cch sp xp cc trn bng sao cho hai
trn u k nhau phi cch nhau t nht mt ngy.
Li gii.
Cch 1:
Gi s trn u th i c xp vo ngy xi . Khi , mi cch xp cc trn u
tng ng vi mt b 10 s x1 ,x 2 ,...,x10 tha cc iu kin sau
1 x1 x 2 x 3 ... x10 30

xi 1 xi 2 vi mi i 1,29 .
Nu cc b x1 ,x 2 ,...,x10 ch tha mn iu kin th nht th vic m tr nn
n gin. Kh khn y l iu kin th 2. iu kin ny bt buc cc s
x1 ,x 2 ,...,x10 khng c hai s no l hai s t nhin lin tip, do ta tm cch

chuyn v hai s k nhau c th l hai s t nhin lin tip m.

Ta c x 2 x1 2 x 2 x1 1 x 2 1 x1 nn hai s x 2 1 v x1 c th l hai
s t nhin lin tip. Tng t nh vy, ta c xi 1 1 v xi c th l hai s t
nhin lin tip.
Dn n, ta s chuyn b x1 ,x 2 ,...,x10 v b x1 ,x 2 1,x 3 2...,x10 9 .
Gi A l tp cc b x1 ,x 2 ,...,x10 tha mn cc iu kin trn
B

y1 ,...,y10 1 y1 y2 ... y10 21

Xt nh x f : A B c xc nh nh sau
f x1 ,...,x10 x1 ,x 2 1,x 3 2,...,x10 9
Ta chng minh c f l mt song nh
Do A B C10
21 352716 .

Cch 2: Gi s gia ngy th nht n ngy trn u th nht c x1 ngy, gia

trn u th nht v trn u th 2 c x 2 ngy,..., gia trn u th 10 n
ngy th 30 c x11 ngy.

Khi , mi cch xp 10 trn u tng ng vi mt b x1 ,x 2 ,...,x11 tha cc

iu kin sau
x1 ,x11 0; x 2 ,x 3 ,...,x10 1
x1 x 2 ... x11 30 10 20

t y1 x1 ,y11 x11 ,yi xi 1, i 2,10

Khi , mi b x1 ,x 2 ,...,x11 tng ng vi mt b y1 ,y 2 ,...,y11 tha
y1 ,y 2 ,...,y11 0 v y1 y 2 ... y11 11 (*).

S cc b y1 ,y 2 ,...,y11 chnh l s nghim khng m ca phng trnh (*) v

11
bng C11
11111 C 21 .

Vy c C11
21 352716 cch xp 10 trn u tha cc yu cu bi ton.
V d 3. Cho a gic u 2013 nh. Ngi ta t 100 nh ca a gic bi mu
. Hi c bao nhiu cch t sao cho gia hai nh c t mu k nhau c t
nht 3 nh khng c t mu.
Li gii.
Gi cc nh ca a gic l A1 ,A 2 ,...,A 2013
Gi s ta t mu cc nh Ai ,A i ,...,A i . Khi , mi cch t mu tha yu
1
2
100
cu bi ton ng vi b i1 ,i 2 ,...,i100 tha cc iu kin sau
1 i1 i 2 ... i100 2013

i k 1 i k 4 vi k 1,2012 v 2013 i1 i 2013 4 .

Ta thy i k 1 i k 4 i k 1 i k 3 i k 1 3 i k , do ta s thay th cc i k
bi i k 3(k 1) .
Gi S l tp cc b i1 ,i 2 ,...,i100 tha cc iu kin ni trn, S1 l tp cc b
(a1 ,a 2 ,...,a100 ) tha
1 a1 a 2 ... a100 1716

a100 a1 1712 .
Khi , nh x f : S S1 c xc nh

f(i1 ,i 2 ,...,i100 ) a1 ,a 2 ,...,a100 vi a k i k 3(k 1), k 1,100

D dng kim chng c f l mt song nh.
Ta xt cc trng hp sau

 a1 1,2,3 , t bi a i a1 . Khi , nh x g i t S1 v tp S 2 l tp cc
b b1 ,b 2 ,...,b100 tha 1 b2 b3 ... b100 1712 l mt song nh. Ta c
99
.
S 2 3.C1712

a1 4 . t ci a i 3 . Khi , nh x h i t S1 vo S 3 gm cc b
c1 ,c2 ,...,c100 tha 1 c1 c 2 ... c100 1713 l mt song nh v
100
.
S 3 C1713

99
100
Vy S S 2 S 3 3.C1712
.
C1713

V d 4. C bao nhiu chnh hp chp k (a1 ,a 2 ,...,a k ) ca n s t nhin u

tin tha t nht mt trong hai iu kin sau
i) Tn ti i, j 1,2,...,k tha a i a j v i j
ii) Tn ti i 1,2,...,k sao cho a i i l s l.
Li gii.
Gi S l tp cc chnh hp chp k ca n s t nhin u tin. Ta c
n!
.
S A kn
(n k)!
Gi A l tp cc chnh hp tha yu cu bi ton.
B a (a1 ,a 2 ,...,a k ) S v cc a i tha mn ng thi hai iu kin sau
(a) a i 1 a i vi mi i 1,k 1
(b) a i i lun l s chn vi mi i 1,k .

Ta c A S B .
Ta i tnh B ?

Vi mi b (a1 ,a 2 ,...,a k ) 1,2,3,...,n th tn ti duy nht mt chnh hp chp

k (a1 ,a 2 ,...,a k ) tha iu kin (a). Do , ta ch cn i phn tch iu kin (b)
V a i i l s chn khi v ch khi a i i l s chn. Hn na gi tr ca a i i ta
kh kim sot cn cc gi tr ca a i i ch thuc vo tp 1,2,3,...,k n nn ta

xt nh x f t tp B v tp C c xc nh bi f(a1 ,a 2 ,...,a k ) b1 ,b 2 ,...,b k

vi bi a i i v C l tp gm cc b b1 ,b 2 ,...,b k tha bi l s chn i 1,k
v bi 1,2,...,n k .
Ta chng minh c f l song nh.
V vy B C C k

nk
2

Vy A C kn C k
.
nk
2

V d 5. Cho mt tam gic u cnh bng n . Chia tam gic ny thnh n 2 tam
gic u cnh bng 1 bi cc ng thng song song vi cc cnh ca tam gic
. Tnh s hnh bnh hnh nm trong tam gic v c to bi cc ng thng
trn.
Li gii.
A

B'

C'

K hiu cc nh ca tam gic u cnh n l ABC v S l tp cc hnh bnh

hnh cn tnh.
Tp hp cc hnh bnh hnh cn tnh c phn hoch thnh ba nhm ri nhau
l S BC ,SCA ,S AB . Trong S BC l tp gm cc hnh bnh hnh c hai cp cnh
song song vi AB v AC ; SCA ,S AB c nh ngha tng t.
Ta thy S BC SCA S AB v S 3 S BC .

Ta i tnh S BC ? .
Trn cc tia AB,AC ko di ta ly cc im B',C' sao cho BB' CC' 1 .
Ta chia on B'C' thnh n 1 on bng nhau B'A1 ,A1A 2 ,...,A nC'

Vi mi hnh bnh hnh thuc S BC , ta ko di cc cnh ca hnh bnh hnh, ct

B'C' ti 4 im phn bit thuc vo tp cc im T B',A1 ,...,A n ,C' .

Khi mi hnh bnh hnh s tng ng vi 4 im thuc T v ngc li vi 4

im thuc T cho ta mt hnh bnh hnh thuc S BC .
Chng hn, trong hnh v: Hnh bnh hnh c t m min trong s tng
ng vi 4 im B',D,E,F , cn hnh bnh hnh c t m 4 cnh tng ng
vi 4 im C',H,F,D .

Do mi hnh bnh hnh thuc S BC tng ng vi b 4 im thuc T nn

S BC Cn4 2 .

Vy S 3C4n 2 .

V d 6. Cho A l tp hu hn cc s thc dng. Ta nh ngha B v C l cc

tp sau
x

B x,y A , C xy x,y A .
y

Chng minh rng A . B C .

x
x x
Gi s B 1 , 2 ,..., k
y k
y1 y 2

Li gii.
x
vi cc phn s i phn bit.
yi

x
Xt nh x f : A B C 2 c xc nh bi f z; i zxi ; zy i
yi
xj
x
Xt a z; i , b z'; m f(a) f(b) , ta c:
yj
yi

xi z x jz'
xi x j
xi x j

z z' a b .

y
z

y
z'
y

y
y
y
j
j
i
j
i
i
Vy f l n nh.
2

Suy ra A B C C A . B C .
2.2. m bng h thc truy hi
Ni dung ca phng php truy hi l m s phn t ca mt tp hp hu
hn X , ta phn hoch X thnh cc tp con ri nhau X1 ,X 2 ,...,X k . Khi
X X1 X 2 ... X k
Do , i m s phn t ca tp X ,ta i m s phn t ca cc tp c s
lng phn t nh hn l X1 ,X 2 ,...,X k .

V d 1. Cho tp hp A c n (n 1) phn t. Hy tnh s tp con ca tp A .

Li gii.
Gi S n l tp hp gm tp con ca tp A 1,2,3,...,n v a n S n . Ta phn

hoch tp S n thanh hai tp X gm cc tp con cha n v Y gm cc tp con

khng cha n . Khi a n X Y .
Tnh X

Vi mi tp con T X , ta c T T' n , trong T' l mt tp con ca tp

1,2,...,n 1 .

Khi , nh x f : X S n 1 , f T T' l mt song nh.

Do X S n 1 a n 1 .
Tnh Y
V mi tp con H thuc Y , ta c H khng cha n nn H l mt tp con ca tp
1,2,...,n 1 v ngc li. Do , Y S n 1 a n 1 .
Suy ra a n a n 1 a n 1 2a n 1 2 n 1.a1 2 n .
Nhn xt: Mu cht ca li gii trn l ta i phn hoch tp S n thnh 2 tp. Mt
tp gm cc tp con cha n v mt tp gm cc tp con khng cha n , ri i
tnh s phn t ca mi tp c phn hoch .
V d 2. Cho n l s nguyn dng. C bao nhiu xu k t di n : a1a 2 ...a n
vi k t a i ly trong cc s 0,1,2,...,9 m s ln xut hin ca s 0 trong xu
k t l s chn.
Li gii. t A n l s xu k t c di n m s ln xut hin ca s 0 l s
chn v a n A n
Ta thy a1 9

V c 10 n xu k t c di n nn s xu k t di n m trong s xut
hin ca ch s 0 l s l bng 10 n a n .

Ta phn hoch tp A n thnh hai tp ri nhau X,Y nh sau :

X x A n x 0a 2a 3 ...a n v Y x A n x a1a 2 ...a n , a1 0
Ta tnh X

Vi x X th xu k t a 2 ...a n c di n 1 v s xut hin ca ch s 0 trong

xu l s l. Do ta c X 10 n 1 a n 1 .
Ta tnh Y
Vi x a1a 2 ...a n Y th xu a 2a 3 ...a n c di n 1 v s ln xut hin ca s 0
l s chn. Do , c a n 1 xu a 2a 3 ...a n nh vy. Vi mi xu a 2a 3 ...a n A n 1
ta c 9 cch chn a1 .
Suy ra Y 9a n 1 .

Do a n 10 n 1 a n 1 9a n 1 8a n 1 10 n 1 .
T y, ta tm c a n 4.8 n 1 5.10 n 1 , n 1 .

V d 3. C bao nhiu hon v (a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n ) ca tp 1,2,3,...,n sao cho tn ti

duy nht mt ch s i sao cho a i a i 1 .

Li gii. Gi S n l tp cc hon v (a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n ) ca tp 1,2,3,...,n sao cho tn

ti duy nht mt ch s i sao cho a i a i 1 v t x n S n . R rng vi mi
x a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n S n th x ch c th xy ra ba dng sau

+) a n n , gi tp cc hon v thuc dng ny l tp X

+) a i n , a i 1 a i 1 cn a j a j1 , j i 1,i , gi tp cc hon v thuc dng
ny l Y
+) a i n v a j a j1 , j i , gi tp cc hon v thuc dng ny l Z .
Khi tp S n c phn hch thnh ba tp X,Y,Z nn S n X Y Z .
D thy X x n 1
Vi mi hon thuc tp Y , khi ta b a i th ta th c mt hon v thuc S n 1
v ngc li mi hon v thuc S n 1 ta chn thm n vo gia a i v a i 1 (vi

a i a i 1 ) ta c mt hon v thuc tp Y . Suy ra Y x n 1

Vi mi hon v thuc tp Z ta rt a i ra th ta thu c hon v 1,2,3,...,n 1

v vi mi hon v ny, ta c n 1 cch chn n vo. Do Z n 1 .

Do x n x n 1 x n 1 n 1 2x n 1 n 1 v x 2 1 .

T y ta tm c x n 2 n n 1, n 2 .
V d 4. Cho tp A , ta nh ngha A 1 a 1 a A . Hi c bao nhiu tp
con A ca tp 1,2,...,n

n ,n 1

s 400 bi T10).
Li gii.

sao cho A A 1 1,2,...,n (THTT

t X n A A A 1 1,2,...,n v a n A n
Ta c a1 0,a 2 1 .

V n A A 1 , n 1 A A 1 nn n A v n 1 A . Do , ta chia tp

X n thnh hai tp ri nhau Yn A X n n 2 A v Z n A X n n 2 A .

+) Tnh Yn

Vi A Yn , ta t B A\n 1 , khi B B 1 1,2,...,n 1 nn

Yn a n 1 .
+) Tnh Z n

Vi A Z n , ta t B A\n 1 , khi B B 1 1,2,...,n 2 . Suy ra

Zn a n 2 .

Do , ta c a n a n 1 a n 2 . T y ta tm c
n 1
n 1

1 5
1 1 5
.
an

5 2
2

V d 5. C n tm th c nh s t 1 n n . C bao nhiu cch chn ra mt

s th (t nht 1 tm) sao cho tt c cc s vit trn cc tm th ny u ln hn
hoc bng s tm th c chn.
Li gii.
Gi S n l tp cc th c chn tha yu cu bi ton v a n S n .
Ta phn hoch tp S n thnh hai tp ri nhau A v B nh sau
A l tp gm cc th c chn khng c th mang s n v B l tp gm cc
th c chn trong c th ghi s n . Khi a n A B .
Tnh A

Xt nh x f : A S n 1 , f(x) x l mt song nh. Do A S n 1

Tnh B
Ta phn hoch B thnh hai tp ri nhau B1 v B2
B1 gm cc cch ly 1 th v B2 gm cc cch ly t nht 2 th.
D thy B1 n B1 1

Xt mt cch ly th thuc B2 . Gi s
V s th ly ra khng t hn 2 nn th ghi s 1 khng c chn.
Gi a n l s cch chn mt s th t n th sao cho tt c cc s vit trn th u
khng nh hn s th c chn. Ta c cc trng hp sau
Th ghi s n khng c chn, khi cc th c chn t cc th c
ghi t s 1 n n 1 v tt c cc s vit trn cc tm th u khng nh
hn s th c chn. S cch chn trong trng hp ny l a n 1 .

Th ghi s n c chn
+) Nu ch chn 1 th ghi s n th c 1 cch chn
+) Nu chn t nht hai th th th ghi s 1 s khng c chn v cc th c
chn cn li (khc th ghi s n ) gm cc th ghi s t 2 n n 1 , ta tr i mi
s ghi trn cc th ny 1 n v th ta c cc th ghi t s 1 n n 2 . Do ,
trng hp ny c a n 2 1 cch chn.
T , ta suy ra a n a n 1 a n 2 1 v a1 1,a 2 3 .
Do ta tm c a n

1 5

n 1

1 5

2 5

n 1

1.

V d 6. Cho tp A {1;0;1} . Tm s b (a1 ,a1 ,...,a n ) tha:

1) a i thuc A vi mi i 1,2,...,n

2) a i a i 1 thuc A vi mi i 1,2,...,n 1 .
Li gii.
Gi S n l tp cc b (a1 ,a1 ,...,a n ) . Ta phn hoch tp S n thnh ba tp ri nhau
A n (a1 ,a1 ,...,a n ) S n a n 1

Bn (a1 ,a1 ,...,a n ) S n a n 0

Cn (a1 ,a1 ,...,a n ) S n a n 1 .

t u n S n , x n A n , y n Bn , z n C n .
Xt mt b (a1 ,a1 ,...,a n ) A n , khi a n 1 0 a n 1 1 . Do , khi b phn t
a n ta thu c mt b thuc A n 1 hoc Bn 1 . Ngc li vi mi b thuc
A n 1 hoc Bn 1 ta c th thm vo cui s 1 hoc s 0 thu c mt dy
thuc A n . Do , ta c x n x n 1 y n 1

Tng t, ta c y n x n 1 y n 1 z n 1 u n 1 v z n z n 1 y n 1
Do u n x n y n z n x n 1 y n 1 u n 1 z n 1 y n 1 2u n 1 u n 2 .
T , ta tm c u n

1 2

n 1

1 2

n 1

.
2
Ch : Trong mt s bi ton, chng ta cn xy dng thm i tng ph
gip gii quyt bi ton m.
V d 7. T cc ch s 3,4,5,6 lp c bao nhiu s c n ch s v s chia
ht cho 3 .
Li gii. Gi A l tp cc s t nhin c n ch s c lp t cc ch s

3,4,5,6 . Ta c A 4 n .
V mt s t nhin khi chi cho 3 ch c 3 s d l 0,1,2 nn ta chia tp A thnh 3
tp ri nhau A n ,Bn ,C n theo th t l gm cc x A m s d ca x khi chia
cho 3 l 0, 1, 2.

Ta cn tm x n A n , t y n Bn , z n C n , ta c x n y n z n 4 n .
Xt mt s x A n v x a1a 2 ...a n c n ch s.

+) Nu a n 3 hoc a n 6 , khi ta b a n ta thu c s c n 1 ch s v s ny

chia ht cho 3 , ngc li vi mi s c n 1 ch s chia ht cho 3 th khi ta thm
vo cui ch s 3 hoc 6 ta c mt s chia ht cho 3 v c n ch s. Nn
trng hp ny c x n 1 s.

+) Nu a n 5 , khi ta b a n , ta thu c mt s c n 1 ch s thuc tp Bn 1

v mi s thuc Bn 1 , ta thm vo cui ch s 5 ta thu c mt s thuc A n .
Trng hp ny c y n 1 s.
+) Nu a n 6 . Tng t nh trn ta c z n 1 s.

Do , ta c x n x n 1 y n 1 z n 1 3n 1 .
Trong bi ton trn, vic a thm hai tp Bn v C n vo gip chng ta tm
c quan h truy hi gia ba i lng a n ,bn ,c n . Trong mt s bi ton, vic
lm xut hin cc bi ton ph khng cn l vic n gin na.
V d 8 (VMO 2009). Cho s nguyn dng n . K hiu T l tp hp 2n s
nguyn dng u tin. Hi c tt c bao nhiu tp con S ca T c tnh cht:
Trong S khng tn ti cc s a,b m a b 1; n . ( Tp rng c coi l mt
tp c tnh cht trn).
Li gii.
...........
n
n 1
...........
2n 1 2n
(hnh 1)
Xt bng hnh ch nht 2 n v nh cc s t 1 n 2n nh hnh trn (hnh 1)
v ta gi hai cha n v n 1 l hai c bit.
S tp con tha yu cu bi ton chnh bng s cch chn mt s s t bng sao
cho hai k nhau khng c chn v c hai c bit khng cng c chn
v s cch chn ny ta k hiu l c n .

1
n1

2
n2

Gi a n l s cch chn mt s sao cho hai k nhau khng c chn (*)

bn l s cch chn mt s sao cho hai khng c chn v hai c bit
c chn
Khi c n a n b n .

Tnh a n
Gi x n l s cch chn mt s tha (*) t bng ch nht khuyt n 2 n (

hnh 2)

...........
...........
(Hnh 2)

Ta c cc cch chn tha (*) gm:

+) a n 1 cch chn m ct th nht khng c chn.
+) 2x n 1 cch chn m trong mi cch chn th thuc ct th nht c chn.
Do , ta c a n a n 1 2x n 1 (1)

Mt khc, tt c cc cch chn mt s tha (*) t bng ch nht khuyt n

2 n gm:
+) a n 1 cch chn m mi cch chn cha x khng c c hn
+) x n 1 cch chn m mi cch chn cha x c chn.
Do , ta c x n a n 1 x n 1 (2).
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra a n 2a n 1 a n 2 n 3 v ta c a1 3,a 2 7 nn
an

n 1
n 1
1
1

.
2

Tnh bn
Ta c b1 0,b 2 b 3 1

...........
...........
B
(hnh 3)
Gi y n l s cch chn mt s tha (*) t hnh ch nht khuyt kp (hnh 3)
A

Khi , ta c bn y n 2 . Nn ta c y1 1 v ta tnh c y 2 4
Ta thy tt c cc cch chn tha (*) t hnh ch nht kp gm
+) a n 2 cch chn m mi cch chn th c A v B u khng c chn.
+) 2x n 2 cch chn m mi cch chn th mt trong hai A, B c chn.
+) y n 2 cch chn m mi cch chn th ccar hai A v B u c chn.
Do y n a n 2 2x n 2 y n 2 a n 1 y n 2 2y n a n 2y n 2 a n 2
Suy ra 2y n a n 1
Do bn y n 2

a n 2 1
2

2a n a n 2 1

n 2

n 1

n 1
n 1
1
vi a n 1 2
1 2
.
2
2

2.3. m bng cng thc bao hm v loi tr

Vi n tp hu hn A1 ,A 2 ,...,A n ta c:

Vy c n

A1 A 2 ... A n

Ak

k 1

1i j n

Ai A j ... ( 1)n 1 A1 A 2 ... A n

V d 1. Ta gi A l tp hp y n nu A cha ng 5 s thc v bt k
phn t x no ca A th x 1 hoc x 1 cng thuc A. Tm s tp hp y n
l tp con ca 1; 2; 3;...; 2011; 2012.

Li gii.
Xt mt tp hp y n A a,b,c,d,e vi 1 a b c d e 2012 (*).
Theo gi thit, ta thy rng b a 1,e d 1 v c b 1 c d 1 .
Gi S l tp hp tt c cc tp hp y n tha mn bi.
Gi S1 l cc tp con ca S m cc tp hp y n ca n tha mn c b 1 ,
S 2 l tp con ca S m cc tp hp y n ca n tha mn c d 1.
Do S S1 S 2 nn S S1 S 2 S1 S 2 .
*Tnh s phn t ca tp hp S1.
Xt mt tp hp y n A a,b,c,d,e thuc S1 , d thy a,b,c l cc s lin
tip nn ta s m s gi tr a tha mn. Do iu kin (*) nn 1 a 2008 . Hn
na, ng vi mi cch chn ca a, s d nhn gi tr ty t a 3 n 2011 nn
c 2009 a cch chn d (r rng mi cch nh th tng ng vi mt cch chn
cp (d,e) ).
Suy ra, S1

2008

2009 a 2009 2008

a 1

2008 2009
.
2

*Tnh s phn t ca tp hp S 2 .
R rng tn ti mt song nh t S1 n S 2 v vi mi A1 a,b,c,d,e S1 th
hp
tng
ng
vi
n
s
tp
l A 2 2013 a,2013 b,2013 c,2013 d,2013 e S 2 .
Suy ra S 2 S1 .
*Tnh s phn t ca tp hp S1 S 2 .
D thy y l cc tp h p cha 5 phn t lin tip v nh th, vi mi cch
chn a s to thnh mt tp hp y n thuc S1 S 2 . S cch chn chnh
l 2008 do 1 a 2008.

2008 2009
Vy S 2 2009 2008
2008 2008 2 2009 2009 1 2008 2.

V d 2. C bao nhiu s nguyn dng khng vt qu 2014 chia ht cho 2

hoc 3 hoc 7 .

Li gii. t X 1,2,...,2014 ; A n X n 2 ; B n X n 3 ; C n X n7

Ta c: A B C A A B B C C A A B C
2014
2014
2014
M A
1007, B
671, C

287
2
3
7
2014
AB
335, B C 95, C A 143, A B C 47
2.3
Do A B C 1007 671 287 335 95 143 47 1439 .

V d 3. Trong mt th vin ngi ta quan st trong mt thng thy c

i) Mi ngy c 5 ngi n c sch
ii) Hai ngy bt k th s ngi n c sch l 9
Hy tnh xem trong 1 thng c bao nhiu ngi n c sch. Bit thng c
30 ngy.
Li gii. Bi ton tng ng vi bi ton sau:
Cho cc tp Ai , i 1,30 tha: Ai 5, Ai A j 9, i j . Tnh

30

Ai

i 1

Ta c: Ai A j Ai A j Ai A j 1 .
Do A1 Ai 1, i 2,3,...,30 nn tn ti mt phn t a ca tp A1 m a thuc
t nht 5 tp trong cc tp A 2 ,A 3 ,...,A 30 . Gi s a thuc k tp A1 ,A 2 ,...,A k vi

k6
Nu k 29 , suy ra tn ti A m sao cho a A m vi m k 1 .
Khi , tn ti b j A m Ai , i 1,2,...,k v b j bi vi mi i j
30

Suy ra A m k 5 tri vi gi thit. Do {a} Ai

i 1

30

Ai

1.

i 1

30
30
Bi 4
t Bi Ai \a , i 1,2,...,30 , ta c:
Bi Bi 4.30 120 .
B

i
j

i 1
i 1

Vy

30

Ai

121 .

i 1

V d 4. T cc s 1,2,3 lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s tha mn

ng thi hai iu kin sau:
1) Trong mi s, mi ch s c mt ng hai ln
2) Trong mi s, hai ch s ging nhau khng ng cnh nhau.
Li gii. Gi X l tp cc s c 6 ch s c lp t cc s ch 1,2,3 v mi ch
s xut hin ng 2 ln
A l tp cc s tho yu cu bi ton

A k l tp cc s thuc X l trong hai ch s k ng cnh nhau

(1 k 3) .
(A1 l tp cc s m hai ch s 1 ng cnh nhau).

Khi :

v A X A1 A 2 A 3
3

Ta c: A1 A 2 A 3 Ai
i 1

Ta c: A1 A 2 A 3

i,j1
i j

A i A j A1 A 2 A 3 .

5!

4!
30 ; A1 A 2 A 2 A 3 A 3 A1 12
2!
(2!)2

A1 A 2 A 3 3!

Suy ra : A1 A 2 A 3 3.30 3.12 6 60 .

Vy A 90 60 30 .

V d 5. C bao nhiu hon v a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n ca tp 1,2,3,...,n sao cho

a i i, i 1,2,...,n .
Li gii.
Gi S l tp hp cc hon v ca {1;2;;n} v Ai l tp hp cc hon v
a1 ;a 2 ;.....;a n ca {1;2;;n} tha iu kin ai i (i=1;2;.;n).
R rng ta c : S n!;

A i n 1!;

A i A j n 2 !,.......

Ai Ai ...... A i n k ! 1 i1 i 2 ...... i k n .
1
2
k

Ta c:
n

Dn A1 A 2 ..... A n n! C1n (n 1)! C n2 n 2 ! C n3 n 3 ! ...... 1 C nn 0!

n

1 1 1

.
n! 1 ........
1! 2! 3!
n!

Ch : Trong mt s bi ton, ta dng cng thc bao hm loi tr nh gi

cc bt ng thc.
V d 6. Khi iu tra mt lp hc, ngi ta thy:
2
Hn s hc sinh c im gii hai mn Ton v L;
3
2
Hn s hc sinh c im gii hai mn L v Vn;
3

2
s hc sinh c im gii hai mn Vn v S;
3
2
Hn s hc sinh c im gii hai mn S v Ton.
3
Chng minh rng c t nht 1 hc sinh t im gii c 4 mn Ton, L, Vn v
S.
Li gii.
K hiu T,L,V,S ln lt l tp cc hc sinh c im gii mn Ton, L, Vn,
S.
X T L, Y L V, Z V S
2
2
2
Theo bi, ta c: X T , Y L , Z V .
3
3
3
Ta cn chng minh T L V S 0 X Y Z 0 .

Hn

Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s T L V S

Theo nguyn l b tr, ta c:
X Y Z X Y Z (X Y) Z X Y Z X Y (X Y) Z
2
2
2
T L V L V 0.
3
3
3
Bi tp vn dng.
Bi 1. Cho 2012 ngi xp theo mt hng dc. Hi c bao nhiu cch ly ra 100
ngi sao cho hai ngi lin tip khng c chn.
Li gii.
nh s 2012 ngi ny t 1 n 2012.
Ta chn 100 ngi nh sau
n1n 2 ...n n 1 n 2 ....n ...
1
1
1
2

x1khong chon chon x 2 khong chon

Mi cch chn tha yu cu bi ton tng ng vi mt b x1 ,x 2 ,...,x101 tha

x1 x 2 ... x101 1912 vi x1 ,x101 0, xi 1, i 2,...,100 .
t x1 y1 ,y100 x100 ,xi 1 y i , i 2,3,...,99

Ta c phng trnh: y1 y 2 ... y101 1813, y i 0

Vy s cch chn tha yu cu bi ton l: C100
1913 .

Bi 2. C k hc sinh tham gia mt k thi, ban t chc mun xp k hc sinh ny

vo mt bn trn c n ch ngi (n 4k) sao cho gia hai hc sinh k nhau c t
nht 3 gh trng. Hi ban t chc c bao nhiu cch xp?
Li gii.
Bi ton quy v tm s tp con S a1 a 2 ... a k ca tp X 1,2,...,n tha

a i 1 a i 4

n a1 a k 4
bi 1 bi 1

t bi a i 3(i 1) ta c: bk b1 n 3k 1
b a 3(k 1) n 3k 3
k
k

D thy c mt song nh gia tp A v tp con B 1 b1 b2 ... bk ca tp

Y 1,2,...,n 3k 3 tha b k b1 n 3k 1 .
b1 1,2,3 ta t c i bi b1 ta c: 1 c 2 c 3 ... c k n 3k 1

v bi ,c i l tng ng 1-1. Do s tp con B chnh bng s tp con gm k 1

phn t ca tp

Z 1,2,3,...,n 3k 1 v bng 3Ckn13k 1 .

b1 4 , ta t c i bi 3 , ta c 1 c1 c 2 ... c k n 3k v bi ,c i l tng ng
1-1

Do s tp con B l Ckn 3k .

Vy p s ca bi ton l: 3C kn13k 1 Cnk 3k .

Bi 3. Cho tp A 1,2,3,...,2n . Tp con C ca A c gi l tp cn nu trong
C s cc s l bng s cc s chn (tp rng l mt tp cn). Chng minh rng s
tp cn ca tp X bng Cn2n .

Li gii.
Gi M l h tt c cc tp cn ca A, N l h cc tp con ca A c n phn t.
Xt X 2,4,2n l tp cc s chn ca A
Y 1,2,..2n 1 l tp cc s l ca A

Gi B l mt phn t thuc M th B l mt tp cn. Gi B1 v B2 th t l tp cc

s chn v s l ca B. Theo nh ngha t p cn ta c B1 B2 . Xt mt nh x f
t M vo N nh sau :

f B B1 Y\B2

Do B1 v Y\B2 l hai tp ri nhau nn ta c

f B B1 Y / B2 B1 Y B2 Y n
Vy f B N
Cng vic cn li ca ta ch l chng minh f l song nh.
+) f l n nh : Gi s tn ti B,C M m f(B) f(C) . Suy ra
B1 Y\B2 C1 Y\C 2

Mt khc do B1 ,C1 l tp cc s chn cn Y\B2 , Y\C 2 l tp cc s l nn

 B C1
B1 C1 v Y\B2 Y\C 2 hay 1
B2 C 2

Suy ra B C .
Vy f l n nh
+) f l ton nh : Vi D N l mt tp con ca A c n phn t, ta k hiu
M1 ,M 2 l tp cc s chn v cc s l ca M . Khi t
B1 M1 ,B2 Y\M 2 ,B B1 B 2 .

Ta c B1 M1 v B2 Y M 2 n M 2 M M 2 M1 suy ra B1 B2
Do B l mt tp cn v f(B) D . Vy f cng l ton nh
T y ta c th kt lun c rng f l song nh.
V c mt song nh gia M v N nn M N C n2n .

Vy A c Cn2n tp cn.
Bi 4. Cho m,n l cc s nguyn dng m,n 1 . Gi X l tp c n phn t v
A1 ,A 2 ,...,A m l m tp con ca X tha: vi mi x,y X m x y th tn ti tp

A k (1 k m) sao cho

Chng minh rng: n 2 m .

x A k
x A k
hoc
.

y A k
y A k

Li gii.

t A 0;1 , Y A m A A ... A , ta c Y 2 m

Xt nh x f : X Y sao cho vi mi x X cho ta y f(x) a1 ,a 2 ,...,a m vi

nu x A k th a k 1 v x A k th a k 0 .

Xt x,x' X v f(x) a1 ,a 2 ,...,a m ; f(x') a1' ,a'2 ,...,a'm

Nu f(x) f(x') th a i a'i , suy ra x A k x' A k v x A k x' A k . iu

ny xy ra khi x x' nn f l n nh. Do : X Y hay m 2 n .

Bi 5. Cho n l s nguyn dng. Mt hon v x1 ,x 2 ,...,x 2n ca tp

1,2,...,2n c gi l c tnh cht T nu tn ti i 1,2,...,2n 1 sao cho

x i 1 x i n .

Chng minh rng s cc hon v c tnh cht T ln hn s cc hon v khng c

tnh cht T.
Li gii.
Gi A l s cc hon v c tnh cht T, B l s cc hon v khng c tnh cht T.
Xt nh x f t B vo A c xc nh nh sau

Vi mi b b1 ,b2 ,...,bk ,...,b2n B m b2n bk n cho ta phn t

a b , i 1,k
i
i
a a1 ,a 2 ,...,a k ,...,a 2n A m
a j b2n j k 1 , j k 1,2n
Ta chng minh f l n nh.
Vi b,b' B; b b1 ,b 2 ,...,b 2n ,b' b'1 ,b'1 ,...,b'2n v
a a1 ,a 2 ,...,a 2n ,a' a'1 ,a'2 ,...,a'2n l nh ca b v b' .

a a' , i 1,k
i
i
Gi s f(b) f(b') a a'
a j a' j , j k 1,2n
b b' , i 1,k
i
i
hay b b' .

b2n j k 1 b'2n j k 1 , j k 1,2n

Ta chng minh f khng ton nh.
Xt a 1; n 1,2,n 2,3,...,n,n 3; n 4,...,2n A , khi , r rng a khng c

to nh
Do f khng l ton nh.
Vy ta c B A .

Bi 6. Mt dy a1a 2 ...a n vi a i 0,1 c gi l mt xu nh phn c di n .

Hi c bao nhiu xu nh phn di n ( n 4 ) cha ng hai ln xut hin ca
01.
Li gii.
K hiu A l xu nh phn gm ton s 1 v B l xu nh phn c ch gm ton
s 0, mi xu c di t nht l 1.
Mi xu ch cha ng 2 ln xut hin 01 s c cc dng sau
ABABA, ABABAB, BABA, BABAB
Xt xu ABABA, s xu loi ny chnh bng s nghim nguyn dng ca
phng trnh
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 n
Do , s xu dng ny l C 4n 1 .
Tng t, s xu cc dng ABABAB, BABA, BABAB ln lt l
Do , c tt c

C 5n 1 , C n3 1 , C n4 1
C3n 1 2C 4n 1 C 5n 1 C n5 1 .

Bi 7. Cho mt nhm gm 5 c gi, k hiu l G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 v 12 chng trai.
C 17 chic gh c xp thnh mt hng ngang. Ngi ta xp nhm ngi
cho ngi vo cc chic gh sao cho cc iu kin sau c ng thi tha

mn:
1) Mi gh c ng mt ngi ngi;
2) Th t ngi ca cc c gi, xt t tri qua phi, l G1, G2, G3, G4, G5;
3) Gia G1 v G2 c t nht 3 chng trai;
4) Gia G4 v G5 c t nht 1 chng trai v nhiu nht 4 chng trai.
Hi c tt c bao nhiu cch xp nh vy?
(Hai cch xp c coi l khc nhau nu tn ti mt chic gh m ngi ngi
chic gh trong hai cch xp l khc nhau).
Li gii.
nh s th t cc gh t tri sang phi l 1, 2, ,17.
Gi x1 l s chng trai c xp bn tri G1, x2 l s chng trai gia G1 v G2,
x3 l s chng trai gia G2 v G3, x4 l s chng trai gia G3 v G4, x5 l s
chng trai gia G4 v G5, x6 l s chng trai c xp bn phi G5. Khi b
s (x1, x2, , x6) hon ton xc nh v tr cc c gi v ta c
1) x1 x 2 x6 12
2) 3 x 2

3) 1 x 5 4

i bin y 2 x 2 3 v y 5 x 5 1 ta c x1 y 2 x 3 x 4 y 5 x6 8
Vi cc n khng m v c thm iu kin y 5 3 .
Tip theo, s dng bi ton chia ko ca Euler dng
x1 y 2 x 3 x 4 x6 8 y 5
ta c s cch phn gh cho cc c gi l

4
4
4
C12
C11
C10
C94 1161.

V cn c 12 chng trai c th hon i v tr 12 chic gh dnh cho h nn s

cch xp tha mn yu cu bi ton l 12! 1161.
Bi 8. Cho hai tp hp M gm cc s t nhin gm 2n ch s m trong biu din
thp phn c n ch s 1 v n ch s 2 v tp N gm n ch s m trong biu din
thp phn ch c cc ch s 1,2,3.4 v s ch s 1 bng s ch s 2. Chng minh
rng M N .
Li gii.
Vi mt phn t thuc M ta ct n ch s u v n ch s cui ri cng theo ct
vi quy tc:
1+1=1, 2+2=2, 1+2=3, 2+1=4, khi ta thu c mt s c n ch s m s ch s 1
bng s ch s 2 nn s ny thuc N, tc l mi phn t thuc M cho tng ng
mt phn t thuc N (*)
Ngc li mt phn t thuc N ta nhn i n ln v vit lin sau s va ly ta
c mt s gm 2n ch s, sau ta thc hin quy lut nh sau: r n ch s

u ta i 3 thnh 2, 4 thnh 1; n s sau ta i 3 thnh 1, 4 thnh 2, khi ta

thu c mt s c 2n ch s c n ch s 1 v n ch s 2, tc l mi phn t
thuc N cho tng ng mt phn t thuc M (**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra tn ti mt song nh t tp M vo tp N, nn M N .
Bi 9. Trong mt phng cho n ng thng phn bit, hai ng thng bt k
lun ct nhau v khng c 3 ng thng no ng quy. Hi n ng thng
trn chia mt phng thnh bao nhiu min.
Li gii.
Gi u n l s phn mt phng c chia bi n ng thng a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n

Khi u n 1 l s phn mt phng c chia bi n 1 ng thng

a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n ,a n 1 .
V ng thng a n 1 ct n ng thng a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n ti n im A1 ,A 2 ,...,A n

v n im ny chia ng thng a n 1 thnh n 1 phn gm 2 tia v n 1 on

thng.
Mi phn b chia s nm trong mt min ca mt phng b chia bi n ng
thng v phn ny chia min thnh hai min. Do , s phn mt phng
c chia bi n 1 ng thng nhiu hn s phn mt phng c chia bi n
ng thng l n 1 .
Chng hn, ta xt 3 ng thng a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 chia mt phng thnh 7 min, ng
thng a 4 b chia thnh 4 phn, phn A1A 3 nm trong min I v chia min ny
thnh 2 min
a1 III
IV
a3
V

a2

II
I

A2

IV A3

A1

a4
VII

Do , ta c u n 1 u n n 1 (*).
Suy ra
n(n 1) n 2 n 4
.

2
2
Bi 10. C bao nhiu xu nh phn di n trong khng c hai bit 1 ng
cnh nhau?
Li gii.
u n u n 1 n u n 1 n 1 n ... u1 1 2 ... n 2

Gi s c S n l tp hp cc xu nh phn c di n v trong khng c hai

bit 1 ng cnh nhau v a n S n . Ta phn hoch tp S n thnh hai tp ri nhau
A v B nh sau

A x S n x 1a 2 ...a n v B x S n x 0a 2 ...a n .

Khi S n A B .
Vi x A , ta c x 10a 3a 4 ...a n .

Do , nh x f : A S n 2 bin x 10a 3a 4 ...a n thnh y a 3a 4 ...a n S n 2 l mt

song nh
Nn A S n 2 a n 2 .
Xt nh x g : B S n 1 c xc nh bi g(x) a 2a 3 ...a n vi x 0a 2a 3 ...a n l
mt song nh.
Do B S n 1 a n 1
Do vy, ta c a n a n 1 a n 2 .

n 1

n 1

5 21 5
2 5 1 5
V a1 2, a 2 3 nn ta tm c a n
.

5 2
5 2
Bi 11. ( IMO-2011) Gi s n 0 l mt s nguyn. Cho mt ci cn a v n qu
cn c trng lng

20 ,21 ,...,2 n 1 . Ta mun t ln ci cn mi mt trong n qu cn, ln lt tng

qu mt, theo cch m bo a cn bn ph i khng bao gi nng hn a
cn bn tri . mi bc ta chn mt trong cc qu cn cha c t ln ri
t n ln a bn phi, hoc a bn tri, cho n khi tt c cc qu cn u
c t ln a. Hi c bao nhiu cch thc hin vic t cn theo ng
mc ch ra?
Li gii
Gi s n l s cch thc hin vic t n qu cn ln a tha mn yu cu ra.
Xt cch t n 1 qu cn c trng lng 20 ,21 ,...,2 n .

Do 20 21 ... 2 n 1 2 n 1 2 n nn trong mi cch t cn tha mn th qu

cn c trng lng 2 n lun c t a cn bn tri.
Nu qu cn 2 n c chn t cui cng ( ch c mt cch t, v qu 2 n ch
t ln a bn tri ) v s cch t n qu cn cn li l s n .
Nu qu cn 2 n c t bc th i ( i 1,2,..,n ). Do c n cch chn i , v

trong trng hp ny qu cn c trng lng 2 n 1 c 2 cch t ( t ln a

bn phi hay a bn tri u tha mn) , do s cch t n 1 qu cn trong

trng hp ny l 2ns n .
Vy ta c h thc truy hi s n 1 2ns n s n 2n 1 s n .
Ta c s1 1 nn s n 2n 1 2n 3 ....3.1 .

Bi 12. Cho s nguyn dng n . C bao nhiu s t nhin c n ch s c lp

t cc
s thuc tp 2; 3;7;9 v chia ht cho 3?.
Li gii
Gi A n ,Bn l tp tt c cc s t nhin c n ch s ln lt chia ht cho 3 v
khng chia ht cho 3 c lp t cc s 2; 3;7;9 .

Xt mt phn t thuc A n th c 2 cch thm vo ch s cui c mt phn

t ca A n 1 v c 2 cch thm vo ch s cui c mt phn t ca Bn 1 .

Xt mt phn t thuc Bn th c 1 cch thm vo ch s cui c mt phn

t ca A n 1 v c ng 3 cch thm vo ch s tn cng c mt phn t
ca Bn 1 .
A n 1 2 A n Bn 1
Vy
Bn 1 2 A n 3 Bn 2
t a n A n ,b n Bn th t 1 suy ra bn a n 1 2a n thay vo 2 ta c
a n 2 2a n 1 2a n 3 n 1 2a n
a n 2 5a n 1 4a n 0 a n 2 a n 1 4 a n 1 a n *

T * suy ra a n 2 a n 1 4 n a 2 a1 4 n 1 ( do a1 2,a 2 6 ).
a n 2 a n 1 4 n 1 a n 4 n 4 n 1 ... a1 4 ... 4 n 1

4 4 n 1 1
3

n2

4n 2
4n 2
s t nhin tha mn yu cu bi ton.
,n * . Vy c
3
3
Bi 13. T cc s thuc tp E 1; 2; 3; 4; 5;6;7;8;9 c th lp c bao nhiu s t
an

nhin c n ch s m trong mi s u cha mt s l ch s 1 v mt s

chn ch s 2 ( n l s nguyn dng cho trc).
Li gii
K hiu X n l tp tt c cc s t nhin c n ch s c lp t cc s ca tp E

v A n ,Bn ,C n ,D n ln lt l tp tt c cc s t nhin c n ch s c lp t
cc s ca tp E m trong mi s ln lt cha ( l cc ch s 1, chn cc ch

s 2);( l cc ch s 1, l cc ch s 2); ( chn cc ch s 1, l cc ch s 2);( chn

cc ch s 1, chn cc ch s 2).
D thy A n ,Bn ,C n ,D n i mt ri nhau v X n A n Bn C n D n do
X n A n Bn C n D n .

Ta c X n 9 n .D thy A n 1 7 A n Bn Dn * .
Xt mt phn t thuc A n , ta thc hin php bin i: gi nguyn cc ch s

khc 1 v 2, cc ch s 1( nu c) i thnh 2 v cc ch s 2( nu c) i thnh

1 ta c mt phn t ca C n , nu ly mt phn t thuc Cn v cng th c hin
php bin i trn ta c mt phn t ca A n . Php bin i ny l mt song
nh t tp A n vo tp Cn nn A n Cn , do t * suy ra

A n 1 5 A n A n B n C n D n 5 A n X n 5 A n 9 n
1

K hiu a n A n a n 1 5a n 9 n a n 1 .9 n 1 5 a n .9 n * *
4
4

1 n 1
1
5 n 1
n
T * * ta c c a n 1 .9
5 a1 .9
4
4
4

9 n 1 5 n 1
9 n 5n
( do a1 1 ).Vy a n
.
a n 1
4
4
Bi 14. .(BRVT-2010) Cho s nguyn dng n . C bao nhiu s t nhin c n
ch s, trong mi s cc ch s u ln hn 1 v khng c hai ch s khc
nhau cng nh hn 7 ng lin nhau.
Li gii
K hiu X n l tp tt c cc s t nhin c n ch s tha mn bi, A n , Bn l

cc tp con ca X n theo th t cc s c tn cng nh hn 7; cc s c tn cng

ln hn 6.
Ta c X n A n Bn ,A n Bn X n A n Bn .
Ly mt phn t thuc X n 1 b i ch s tn cng ta c mt phn t ca
X n , ngc li ly mt phn t ca X n .

Nu tn cng nh hn 7 ( thuc A n ) th ch c mt cch thm vo ch s cui

c mt phn t ca A n 1 v c ng 3 cch thm vo ch s cui c
mt phn t ca Bn 1 .

Nu tn cng ln hn 6 ( thuc Bn ) th c 5 cch thm vo ch s cui c

mt phn t ca A n 1 v ng 3 cch thm vo ch s cui c mt phn
t ca Bn 1 .

 A n 1 A n 5 Bn
T cc lp lun trn ta c
Bn 1 3 A n 3 Bn
T 1 v 2 suy ra

1
.
2

A n 1 B n 1 4 A n 8 B n 4 A n B n 4 B n

4 A n Bn 4 A n 1 Bn 1

n 2

K hiu x n X n ta c x n 2 4x n 1 12x n ,n * .
x n 2 6x n 1 2 x n 1 6x n
Ta c
x n 2 2x n 1 6 x n 1 2x n
n
x
1
n
n 2 6x n 1 2 x 2 6x1
x n 1 x 2 2x1 6 n x 2 6x1 2 .

x n 2 2x n 1 6 n x 2 2x1
D thy x1 8 , ta tm x 2 . Xt n X 2 n ab;a,b 2,6,4,5,6,7,8,9 .
Nu a 2; 3; 4; 5;6 th c 4 cch chn b .
Nu a 7;8;9 th c 8 cch chn b .

1
n 1
Vy x 2 5.4 3.8 44 ,do x n 15.6 n 1 2
.
2
Bi 15. C n ngi ngi thnh mt hng ngang vo n chic gh. Hi c bao
nhiu cch lp hng mi cho n ngi m trong mi cch lp hng mi: mi
ngi hoc gi nguyn v tr ca mnh, hoc i ch cho ngi lin bn tri,
hoc i ch cho ngi lin bn phi.
Li gii
nh s th t v tr cc gh t tri qua phi l 1,2,...,n
Gi s n l s cch lp hng mi cho n ngi tha mn bi.

D thy s1 1,s 2 2 .

Vi n 3
Xt mt cch lp hng mi tha mn i u kin. C hai loi hng c lp:
Loi 1: Ngi v tr s 1 gi nguyn v tr. R rng s hng c lp loi ny l
s n 1 cch.
Loi 2: Ngi v tr s 1 i ch, khi ngi v tr s 1 ch c th xp vo v
tr s 2 v ngi v tr 2 phi chuyn sang v tr 1. S hng loi ny l s n 2 .
T ta c s n s n 1 s n 2 ; n 3 .

Vy s1 1,s 2 2,s n 2 s n 1 s n ,n * .

n 1
n 1

1 5
1 1 5
.
T y d dng tm c s n

2
2
5

Bi 16. Cho s nguyn dng n 2 . Xt tp A 1; 2; 3; 4;...; 2 n . Tm s cc tp

con B ca tp A m
mi tp con c tnh cht: Nu x,y l hai phn t khc nhau ca A v c tng
l mt ly tha ca 2 th ng mt trong hai phn t x,y ny thuc B .
Li gii
Ta gi mt tp tha yu cu bi ton l mt tp tt.
Vi mi s nguyn n 2 , gi Fn l tp hp gm tt c cc tp tt tha mn yu
cu bi ton.
Chng hn vi n 2 ta c A 1; 2; 3; 4 , trong A ch c hai s 1 v 3 tha

1 3 2 2 nn F2 1 ,3 ,1; 2 ,1; 4 ; 1; 2; 4 ; 2; 3 ; 3; 4 ; 2; 3; 4 .
K hiu s n Fn , ta c s 2 8 .

Xt mt tp tt Bn 1 Fn 1 , khi Bn 1 Bn C n vi Bn l mt tp tt ca

Fn v Cn l mt tp con no ca tp 2 n 1; 2 n 2;...; 2 n 1 .

Ta m s tp tt khng cha phn t 2 n 1 ca Fn 1 bng cch m s kh

nng thm mi phn t ca tp 2 n 1; 2 n 2;...; 2 n 1 1 vo Bn . Ta vit cc

phn t ny di dng 2 n 1 a;a 1; 2;...2 n 1 .

Nu a Bn th khng th thm phn t 2 n 1 a vo Bn ( do Bn 1 l mt tp
tt).
Nu a Bn th chc chn phi thm phn t 2 n 1 a vo Bn ( do Bn 1 l mt
tp tt).

Do mi phn t ca 2 n 1; 2 n 2;...; 2 n 1 1 ch c mt kh nng duy nht

thm vo mt tp no ca Fn . T y suy ra s tp tt ca Fn 1 khng
cha 2 n 1 l s n .

D thy Bn 1 2 n 1 l mt tp tt thuc Fn 1 trong Bn 1 l mt tp tt

ca Fn 1 khng cha phn t 2 n 1 , do s tp tt c cha phn t 2 n 1 ca
Fn 1 cng l s n .
Vy s n 1 s n s n 2s n ; kt hp vi s 2 8 ta c s n 2 n 1

Bi 17. Tm s hon v a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n ca tp 1,2,3,...,n sao cho a1 1 v

a i a i 1 2 vi mi i 1,2,...,n 1 .
Li gii. K hiu X n l tp cc hon v tha yu cu bi ton v x n X n .
Ta c a 2 1 2 2 a 2 3 a 2 2 hoc a 2 3 .
Ta phn hoch tp X n thnh hai tp ri nhau

Yn a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n X n a 2 2 v Z n a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n X n a 2 3
a 2 2 , khi nh x f : Yn X n 1

bin a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n a 2 1,a 3 1,...,a n 1 l mt song nh. Nn

Yn X n 1 x n 1 .
a 2 3 , khi a 3 3 2 1 a 3 5,a 3 3 . Nn ta c cc trng hp sau

+) a 3 2 , ta c a 4 4 v khi nh x
g : a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n X n a1 1,a 2 3,a 3 2,a 4 4 X n 3
Bin b a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n a 4 3,a 5 3,...,a n 3 l mt song nh

Nn trng hp ny c x n 3 b

a i 1 a i 2
+) a i 2 vi 4 i n 1 , khi t
a i 1 a i 1 4 v l.
a

2
i
i 1
+) a n 2 , khi a n 1 4 v a 4 5 v trong trng hp ny ch c 1 hon v
tha bi ton.
Do vy, ta c x n x n 1 x n 3 1 . T y ta tm c x n .

Bi 18. Trong mt k thi hc sinh gii Ton, ton c 3 bi ton. Bit c 20 em

gii c bi ton 1, 14 em gii c bi ton 2, 10 em gii c bi ton 3, 6 em
gii c hai bi 1 v 2, 5 em gii c c hai bi 2 v 3, 2 em gii c c hai
bi 1 v 3 v c 1 em gii c c 3 bi ton. Hi k thi c bao nhiu em tham
gia.
Bi 19. Trong mt thi c 3 cu v 3 ch : S hc, Gii tch, Hnh hc. Trong
s
60 th sinh d thi c 48 th sinh gii c cu S hc, 40 th sinh gii c cu
Gii tch, 32 th sinh gii c cu Hnh hc. C 57 th sinh gii c cu S hc
hoc Gii tch, 50 th sinh gii c cu Gii tch hoc Hnh hc, 25 th sinh gii
c c hai cu S hc v Hnh hc, 15 th sinh gii c c 3 cu. Hi c bao
nhiu th sinh khng gii c cu no? S: 3 hc sinh.
Bi 20. Trong mt k thi Ton, ngi ta cho 3 bi 1,2,3. Trong : 25 th sinh gii
c t nht mt bi. Trong cc th sinh gii c 1 bi th s th sinh gii c
bi 2 gp i s th sinh gii c bi 3. S th sinh ch gii c bi 1 nhiu hn

s th sinh khc cng gii c bi 1 l 1 ngi. Hi s th sinh ch gii c bi

2 l bao nhiu nu trong s th sinh ch gii c 1 bi th mt na l khng gii
c bi 1?
S: 6 hc sinh.
Bi 21. Gi A l tp hp cc s nguyn dng khng vt qu 2008. Hi B l tp
hp con ca tp hp A v cha cc s khng chia ht cho 2, 3, 5, 7 c bao nhiu
phn t ?
S: 459.
Bi 22. T cc ch s 1,2,3,4,5 lp c bao nhiu s t nhin c 10 ch s tha
mn hai iu kin sau
1) Mi ch s xut hin ng 2 ln
2) Hai ch s ging nhau khng ng cnh nhau.
III. HIU QU TI
Qua vic s dng ti ging dy cho cc lp chuyn ton v i tuyn
Quc gia, thy c cc em t tin hn v cc em nhanh chng tm c phng
n gii quyt khi ng trc mt bi ton m. Qua thy c s hng th
hc ton cho cc em hc sinh tng ln.
IV. XUT, KHUYN NGH KH NNG P DNG
ti c th p dng khi dy cc lp chuyn hoc dng bi dng hc sinh
gii cc trng THPT.

V. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Phm Minh Phng (2010), Mt s chuyn Ton t hp, NXB GD
[2] V nh Ho (2008), L thuyt t hp v th, NXB GD
[3] Nguyn Qu Di (ch bin), 200 bi ton t hp, NXB GD
[4] Tp ch THTT, Gii thiu cc thi HSG Quc gia t nm 1990-2006, NXB GD
[5]Nguyn Vn Mu (ch bin), Chuyn chn lc t hp v ton ri rc, NXB
Gio dc 2008.
[6] Tp ch THTT cc nm 2011, 2012
[7] Titu Andreescu, A Path to Combinatorics for Undergraduates
[8] Chuyn m bng truy hi Trn Vn Thng, GV Trng THPT Ph
M - Tn Thnh B ra Vng Tu.
[9] Cc din n v Ton hc:
http://mathscope.org , http://math.net.vn , http://mathbox.com

....................................................................................

NGI THC HIN

(K tn v ghi r h tn)

S GD&T NG NAI
n v Trng Chuyn Lng Th Vinh

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA
VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
Bin ho, ngy 27 thng 04 nm 2013

PHIU NHN XT, NH GI SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

Nm hc: 2012 2013

Tn sng kin kinh nghim: MT S PHNG PHP GII BI TON TN TI

...............................................................................................................................................
H v tn tc gi: Nguyn Tt Thu. Chc v: Gio vin
n v: Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Bin Ho - ng Nai
Lnh v c: (nh du X vo cc tng ng, ghi r tn b mn hoc lnh v c khc)
- Qun l gio dc

- Phng php dy hc b mn: ...............................

- Phng php gio dc

- Lnh v c khc: ........................................................

Sng kin kinh nghim c trin khai p dng: Ti n v
Trong Ngnh
1. Tnh mi (nh du X vo 1 trong 2 di y)
- C gii php hon ton mi

- C gii php ci tin, i mi t gii php c

2. Hiu qu (nh du X vo 1 trong 4 di y)

- Hon ton mi v trin khai p dng trong ton ngnh c hiu qu cao
- C tnh ci tin hoc i mi t nhng gii php c v tri n khai p dng trong
ton ngnh c hiu qu cao
- Hon ton mi v trin khai p dng ti n v c hiu qu cao
- C tnh ci tin hoc i mi t nhng gii php c v tri n khai p dng ti n
v c hiu qu
3. Kh nng p dng (nh du X vo 1 trong 3 mi dng d i y)
- Cung cp c cc lun c khoa hc cho vic hoch nh ng li, chnh sch:
Tt
Kh
t
- a ra cc gii php khuyn ngh c kh nng ng dng thc tin, d thc hin v d i
vo cuc sng:
Tt
Kh
t
- c p dng trong thc t t hiu qu hoc c kh nng p dng t hiu qu trong
phm vi rng:
Tt
Kh
t
Phiu ny c nh du X y cc tng ng, c k tn xc nhn ca ngi c
thm quyn, ng du ca n v v ng km vo cui mi bn sng kin kinh nghim.
XC NHN CA T CHUYN MN
(K tn v ghi r h tn)

TH TRNG N V
(K tn, ghi r h tn v ng du)