LUNG CANCER

Erlina Marfianti
IPD FK UII

Lung Cancer: Defined

Uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in
one or both lungs and tracheo-bronchial
tree
A result of repeated carcinogenic irritation
causing increased rates of cell replication
Proliferation of abnormal cells leads to
hyperplasia, dysplasia or carcinoma in situ

What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

These cells develop into tumors and the tumors disrupt

the proper function of the lung.

Picture of the Lungs

Lung Cancer in the US

According to 2004 statistics,
there were
173,770 new cases and
160,440 deaths yearly
More deaths from lung
cancer than prostate, breast
and colorectal cancers
combined
Decreasing incidence and
deaths in men; continued
increase in women

Women & Lung Cancer

80,660 new cases were reported in 2004
- Account for 12 % of all new cases
68,510 deaths were reported in 2004
- An increase of 150% between 1974 and
1994
Women are more prone to tobacco effects 1.5 times more likely to develop lung cancer
than men with same smoking habits

Etiology
Radiation Exposure
Smoking
Environmental/ Occupational
Exposure
Asbestos
Radon
Passive smoke

Smoking Facts
Tobacco use is the
leading cause of lung
cancer
87% of lung cancers
are related to smoking
Risk related to:

age of smoking onset

amount smoked
gender
product smoked
depth of inhalation

Metastase
Lymph Nodes, Brain, Liver, Adrenal,
Gland, Bones
40% of metastasis occurs in the
Adrenal Gland

Screening
No approved screening test proven to improve survival
or detect localized disease
Clinical studies are under way

Diagnosis

Physical exam
Chest X-ray
CT Scan
PET Scan
MRI
Sputum sample
Bronchoscopy
Biopsy

PET Scan
CT Scan

Chest Xray

Primary Risk Factors

Tobacco use
&
Secondhand Smoke

Symptoms

Cough that does not go away

Breathing trouble, such as shortness of breath
Constant chest pain
Coughing up blood
A hoarse voice
Frequent lung infections
Feeling tired all the time
Weight loss with no known cause

Syndromes/Symptoms secondary
to regional metastases:
Esophageal compression dysphagia
Laryngeal nerve paralysis hoarseness
Symptomatic nerve paralysis Horners
syndrome
Cervical/thoracic nerve invasion Pancoast
syndrome
Lymphatic obstruction pleural effusion
Vascular obstruction SVC syndrome
Pericardial/cardiac extension effusion,
tamponade

Two Lung Cancer Cells,

Classified
Non Small Cell Lung
Cancer (NSCLC)

Small Cell Lung

Cancer (SCLC)

Adenocarcinoma

Oat Cell

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Intermediate

Large Cell Carcinoma

Combined

Treatment and Staging

NSCLC
Stage

Description

Treatment Options

Stage I a/b

Tumor of any size is found only in the

lung

Surgery

Stage II a/b

Tumor has spread to lymph nodes

associated with the lung

Surgery

Stage III a

Tumor has spread to the lymph nodes

in the tracheal area, including chest
wall and diaphragm

Chemotherapy followed
by radiation or surgery

Stage III b

Tumor has spread to the lymph nodes

on the opposite lung or in the neck

Combination of
chemotherapy and
radiation

Stage IV

Tumor has spread beyond the chest

Chemotherapy and/or
palliative (maintenance)
care

SCLC
Limited Stage
Defined as tumor involvement of one lung, the
mediastinum and ipsilateral and/or contralateral
supraclavicular lymph nodes or disease that can
be encompassed in a single radiotherapy port.

Extensive Stage
Defined as tumor that has spread beyond one
lung, mediastinum, and supraclavicular lymph
nodes. Common distant sites of metastases are
the adrenals, bone, liver, bone marrow, and brain.

Conclusion
Smoking cessation is essential for
prevention of lung cancer.
New screening tools under way.
Clinical trials under way.
New treatments under way.
Treatment can palliate symptoms and
improve quality of life.
Read first bullet again!!