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Chapter 10 Biaxial Stress Systems: Fig. 10.1 Element of A Structure Showing A Biaxial Stress System
Chapter 10 Biaxial Stress Systems: Fig. 10.1 Element of A Structure Showing A Biaxial Stress System
Until now we have only considered structures with individual direct stress constant (axial
stress) or varying (e.g. bending stress) across the section and/or shear stresses. A biaxial stress
system has a stress state in two directions and a shear stress typically showing in Fig. 10.1:
yy
xy
xx
xx
y
yx
x
yy
xx = xx v
+ T
E
E
yy
yy =
v xx + T
(10.1)
E
E
xy xy
yy =
=
G
G
If these equations are rearranged to compute the stresses for a set of given the strains, we get:
E
xx =
xx1 + v yy1
1 v2
E
yy =
yy1 + v xx1
(10.2)
1 v2
E
xy = G xy =
xy
2(1 + v )
where: xx1 = xx T and yy1 = yy T . When a Biaxial Stress state occurs in a thin
metal, all the stresses are in the plane of the material. Such a stress system is called PLANE
STRESS. We can see plane stress in pressure vessels, aircraft skins, car bodies, and many
other structures. Some of which we are able to analyze relatively easily.
)[
)[
Cut surface
xx
P
r
ie: Pr 2 = (2rt ) xx
which gives the equation for Axial Stress( or Longitudinal Stress):
Pr
xx =
2t
(10.3)
Hoop Stress
Look now at a FBD of the circumferential section as shown in Fig. 10.3:
xx = [ xx v ] + T =
v + T
E
tE 2
(10.5)
Pr v
1
= [ v xx ] + T =
+ T
1
E
tE 2
If there is no temperature change, the T term disappears.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 10
/2
M
T
r=
d
Look at a small element E from the vessel with dimensions ddx, the stresses are given in Fig. 10.5:
Hoop Stress
Pr
t
Torsional
Shear Stresses
x =
Tr
J
xx =
Pr My F
+
I
A
2t
Fig. 10.5 Element of pressure vessel with various possible stresses from various applied loads
9.1.2 SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS
They are commonly in use to store liquid gases as they provide the greatest storage volume
for the least volume of material. The FBD of hemisphere is shown in Fig. 10.6.
t
P
r
Pr
(10.6)
2t
Note that the value for the stress is not dependent on the orientation of our FBD, so this stress
acts on both surfaces of the element simultaneously.
(10.7)
And the strain is given by: = [1 v ] + T
E
which simplifies to:
Example 10.1: A cylindrical steel gas bottle L=2m long with a diameter of d = 250mm and a t
= 3mm wall thickness is pressurized to P = 3MPa as shown in Fig. 10.4. Determine the
stresses and the strains, Youngs modulus E = 210 GPa and Poissons ratio v = 0.3.
Pr 3 10 6 (0.125)
xx =
=
= 62.5MPa
2t
2 (0.003)
xx
Pr 3 10 6 (0.125)
=
=
= 130 MPa
(0.003)
t
)
(
)
(3 10 ) (0.125) 1 0.3 + 0 = 505 10
Pr v
=
1 + T =
tE 2
(0.003) (210 10 ) 2
Pr 1
3 10 6 (0.125) 1
=
v + T =
0.3 + 0 = 119 10 6 ms = 119s
9
tE 2
(0.003) 210 10 2
ms = 505s
Note: Other shaped thin walled pressure vessels can be analyzed by similarly taking
appropriate Free Body Diagrams and using the equilibrium equations.
+yy
xx
+xy
Upward in the
right hand face
+xx
+yx
x
Tensile or
outward direction
-xy
-yy
Compressive or
inward direction
xx
-xx
Downward in the
right hand face
-yx
To understand how a structure fails in Plane Stress status it is necessary to resolve stresses in
any direction (similar to resolving force vectors). Plane stress lies in the plane of thin
material such as the pressure vessels above. Consider a small element of sheet metal of
thickness t and under plane stress in a biaxial stress system as shown in Fig. 10.1.
Cut a triangular section, leaving the left and bottom sides and a third side inclined at an angle
from the vertical. Two of its surfaces have the normals in the x and y directions, the third
has a normal at an angle from the x axis, as shown in Fig. 10.8.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 10
yy
xy
xx
xy
yx
yy
nn
Acos
sn
xx
xx
A
Asin
yy
Fig. 10. 8 FBD of triangular element with all normal and shear stresses
It is now necessary to apply the equilibrium equations about the Normal n & Tangent s axes.
Fn = 0 = A nn yy A sin sin ( xx A cos )cos xy A cos sin xy A sin cos
(10.8)
2
+ 2xy
(10.11)
+ sn =
nn
2
2
) (
Mohr Circle
In fact, Eq. (10.11) has the same format as the equation for a circle of radius R and centre at x = c.
( x c )2 + y 2 = R 2
(10.12)
From Eq. (10.11), the radius and centre of the circle can be represented as:
xx + yy
c=
2
(10.13)
xx yy
+ 2xy
R =
(10.14)
Equation (10.12) represents a circle of stress, known as MOHR CIRCLE, where nn is the
horizontal axis positive to the right and sn is the vertical axis positive downwards.
The Mohr Circle for Stress looks like the left part of Fig. 10.9:
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 10
( xx + yy )
2
180
2p2
22
xx
yy
xy
sn
p2= p2+90
11
p1=
xx yy
+ 2xy
R =
2
max
22
11
nn
2=2p1
xy
max
max
xx= c
Principal Stresses
There are two points in this circle where the shear stress is zero, xy = 0. These are points of
the Maximum 11 and Minimum 22 normal stresses and are called PRINCIPAL STRESSES.
Thus the principle stresses can be computed as:
11 , 22 =
( xx + yy )
2
xx yy
2
+ 2xy
(10.15)
Note that 11 22 . As shown in Fig. 10.9, these principle stresses occur at angles of p1=
and p2=+/2. The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal stress at
the point. When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no shear stress will
act on the element.
Orientations of Principal Stresses
When equation (10.10) is set to equal zero, it gives the orientation of principal stresses:
yy xx
sn = 0 =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
2 xy
tan 2 =
(10.16)
xx yy
The solution of Eq. (10.16) has two roots, specifically p1 and p2 will be 90 apart as shown in the
infinitesimal element, and 2p1 and 2p2 will be 180 apart as shown in Mohr circle in Fig. 10.9.
To find the orientation of the principal stresses the line representing the current state of
stresses is rotated until it reaches the horizontal axis. In the real structure, the element is
then rotated in the same direction as in the Mohr Circle but by half that angle.
Maximum Shear Stress
2
xx yy
22
+ 2xy = 11
(10.17)
max =
2
2
The orientation of the maximum shear in infinitesimal element can be identified by rotating
the element by as in Fig. 10.9. Note that at the maximum shear stress, the normal stress may
not be zero (xx=yy=c).
Remarks: Principal stress 11, 22 are the two points in Mohr circle that cross the
horizontal axis, in which the shear stresses are zero.
The maximum shear stress max is the point in Mohr circle that intersect a vertical line
drawn through the centre of the circle.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 10
Example 10.2 Find 1, 2, max and their orientations for the following stress system: xx =
40 MPa, yy = -20 MPa, xy = 30 MPa.
( xx + yy )
c=
= 10 MPa
xx=40
C(10,0)
yy=-20
xx=40MPa
xy=30
R=42.43
yx
A
The first point drawn
yy= -20MPa
xx=40
Step 2: Draw the Mohr Circle It is necessary to first establish and axis. Since xx, yy ,
and xy are known, the center of the circle can then be plotted at C(10,0). To obtain the radius,
one can either plot point A (40,30) as shown above or compute the value as follows.
2
2
yy
40 ( 20 )
2
Radius of Mohr Circle: R = xx
+ 2xy =
+ (30 ) = 42.43MPa
22=-32.43MPa
2p2=225
yy=-20
11=52.43MPa
xx=40
2p1=45
R=42.43MPa
2
xy=30
max=42.43MPa
c=
40 + ( 20 )
= 10 MPa
2
( xx + yy )
2 xy
2 30
( xx yy ) = 40 ( 20) = 1.0
arctan(1.0 )
= 22.5 and
2
= 90 + p1 = 112.5
p1 =
max
p2
Step 4: Compute the principle stresses and the maximum shear stress
xx + yy
xx yy
11
=
22
2
2
max
xx yy
= R =
2
52.43MPa
+ 2xy = c R = 10 42.43 =
32.43MPa
40 ( 20)
2
+ 2xy =
+ (30) = 42.43MPa
Step 5: Draw infinitesimal elements indicating magnitude and orientations of both the Principal
Stresses (the left hand of the figure) and the Maximum Shear Stress (the right hand of the figure).
From the Mohr circle, 11 rotates from the bold line by 2p1 anticlockwise. So we rotate the oriented
element showing the principal stress by =p1 in the same direction as given on the left below.
Similarly, in the Mohr circle, max rotates by 2 clockwise; hence the oriented element showing the
maximum shear stress should be rotated by clockwise as given on the right figure below
Orientation of Principal Stresses
22= -32.43MPa
10MPa
max=42.43MPa
11=52.43MPa
= 22.5o
= 22.5o
10MPa
Example 10.3 When the torque of T=10kN/m is applied to a torsional shaft as shown, it produces
a state of pure shear stress in the material. Determine the detailed stress status at element A for: a)
the maximum shear stress and the principal stresses; b) the orientation of principal stresses.
Cross-section
Distribution of
shear stress
T=10kNm
A
xy
D=75mm
L=15m
2
xx yy
00
2
2
+ xy =
max =
+ ( 120.7 ) = 120.7 MPa
2
2
As expected, the maximum shear stress corresponds to a pure shear status. Through
experiment, it has been found that ductile will fail due to shear stress.
2
120.7 MPa
(
0 + 0)
00
2
2
+ xy =
+ ( 120.7 ) =
120.7 MPa
2
2
arctan( )
2 ( 120.7 )
= p1 =
Orientation of principle stress: tan 2 =
= 45
0 (0)
2
xx + yy
11
xx yy
=
22
2
2
xy= -120.7MPa
R=120.7
C=0
2=2p1
22=-120.7MPa
22 = -120.7MPa
11=120.7
A
p1= - 45
11 = 120.7MPa
max
Thus the first principal stress 1 = xy acts at p1=45 and the second principal stress 2=|xy| acts
at p2=90+p1=45. Brittle material fails due to normal stress. That is why when a brittle material
such as cast iron and chalk, is subjected to torsion (because usually its allowable tensile stress is
much smaller than its allowable compressive stress) it will fail in tension at a 45inclination.
Example 10.4 A single horizontal force P=900N is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing
that portion AB of lever has a diameter of 36mm. Determine a) the normal and shear stress
status at element at point H; b) the principal planes and principal stresses at H.
y
B
540m
m
yy=58.9
FBD at Section H
300mm
D
H
120mm
Mx=270Nm
T=486Nm
P=900N
V=P=900N
xx
xx=0
H
yx
x
xy=53.1
2
90.2MPa
(
0 + 58.9 )
0 58.9
2
2
+ xy =
+ (53.1) =
32.3MPa
2
2
2 53.1
Orientation of principle stress: tan 2 =
= 1.8
0 58.9
arctan( 1.8)
p2 = =
= 30.5
p1 = 90 + ( 30.5) = 59.5
2
Step 6: Draw Mohr Circle
xx + yy
11
xx yy
=
22
2
2
C = 29.45
Orientation of Principal Stresses
Rotate to 22
2=2p2
11=90.2
22=-32.3
xx=0
2p1
H
R=60.7
max=60.7
yy=58.9
2
xy=53.1
11=90.2
p2= = -30.5
22= -32.3
max
Deformed Element
x
x v
Original Element
dy
y
dx
y
x
Fig. 10. 10 Element of size dxdy at angle before and after the application of biaxial strains
(10.18)
A similar equation to stress transformation can be derived to give the equation for the Mohr
Circle of strain:
2
2
2
2
xx + yy
xy'
xx yy xy
=
+
(10.19)
xx'
+
2
2
2
This is similar to the Mohr circle of stress except that the vertically downward positive Shear
Strain Axis is xy'/2.
c=
xx
22
yy
( xx + yy )
11
nn
2
xy
xx yy xy
+
R =
2
xy
2
max
2
10
1
3
Based on these three sets of data, we want to determine the normal and shear strains about the
x and y axes. Because we have three unknown terms and we want to find, xx, yy xy, we can
use Eq. (10.18) three times, once for each angle. Then simultaneously solve for the three
unknown strain terms, xx, yy xy. The procedure is as follows.
Step 1: simultaneously solve for the three unknown strains, xx, yy, xy.
1 = xx cos 2 1 + yy sin 2 1 + xy cos 1 sin 1
2
2
(10.20)
2 = xx cos 2 + yy sin 2 + xy cos 2 sin 2
= cos 2 + sin 2 + cos sin
xx
3
yy
3
xy
3
3
3
Step 2: Compute stress components, xx, yy, xy
Once we find the strains xx, yy xy, then use the relationships between stress and strain to find
the stress components:
E
xx + v yy
xx =
2
1
v
yy + v xx
(10.21)
yy =
1 v2
xy = G xy = 2(1 + v ) xy
Step 3: Determine principal stresses, maximum shear stress and their orientations as well as Mohr
circle when necessary
11 , 22 =
max
)[
)[
( xx + yy )
2
xx yy
=
2
xx yy
2
+ 2xy ,
tan 2 =
2 xy
( xx yy )
+ 2xy
11
-max
11= Y
22= 0
2=90
Elastic Yielding
Hardening
Necking
Y
P
uY
max=Y /2
xx yy
22 Y
+ 2xy = 11
(10.22)
max =
2
2
2
But yield stress Y is in fact found via the uniaxial tensile test as illustrated in Fig. 10.13. The
maximum shear stress max corresponds to Y/2 at yielding. Therefore the failure criterion
should be formulated as
Tresca = max{11 22 , 11 , 22 } Y
(10.23)
10.4.2 von Mises Yield Criterion (Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory)
It is possible to formulate a failure criterion based on the distortions caused by strain energy.
As known in Chapter 3, the strain energy density can be computed as u=/2. Apply Hookes
law, we can derive von Mises criterion as (refer to the textbook).
2
vm = 11
11 22 + 222 = 2xx xx yy + 2yy + 3 2xy Y
(10.24)
Note that Tresca and vm are usually called Tresca stress and von Mises stress respectively
for convenience.
Brittle material such as gray cast iron, tends to fail suddenly by fracture with no apparent
yielding. The Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory can be applied, in which brittle material will
fail when the maximum principal stress reaches a limiting value that is equal to the ultimate
normal stress the material can sustain under simple tension.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 10
12