T490 Equations ..

cahpter2&3
1- The number of gray levels:

2- The number, b, of bits required to store a digitized image is:

3- Bilinear Interpolation:

4- Bicubic Interpolation:

5-

6-

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7-

8-

9- Spatial domain processes will be denoted by the expression

or general transformation equation :

10- Intensity transformation function :

11- Negative transformation or linear transformation :

s=L-1r

12- Log Transformations :

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13- Power law Transformation :

14Contrast stretching: (r1,s1)=(rmin,0) , (r2,s2)=(rmax,L-1)

Thresholding: (r1,s1)=(k,0) , (r2,s2)=(k,L-1)

15- Histogram Equalization :

= = 1

=0

( 1)
=

=0

where p(rk) = nk/ MN .

16- Histogram Statistics:

17- Sample Mean and Variance:

1
=

1
=

1 1

(, )
=0 =0

1 1

[(, ) ]2
=0 =0

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18- linear filtering of an image f of size MxN with a filter mask of size
mxn is given by the expression:

19Correlation:

, . (, ) =

, ( + , + )
= =

Convolution:

, (, ) =

, ( , )
= =

20- Vector representation of linear filtering :

in matrix form :

21- Standard averaging filter:

22- Weighted averaging filter :

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23- First and 2Nd 2nd-order derivatives of a 1-D function f(x) are the
differences:

24- The Laplacian, for a function (image) f(x, y) of two

variables, is defined and given below:

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25- the Laplacian for image enhancement :

26-

Unsharp masking and Highboost filtering expressions:

Let (,) denote the blurred image.
The mask is obtained as:
, = , (,)
A weighted portion of mask is added to original:
, = , + ,
Unsharp Making: when k=1
Highboost filtering: when > 1

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27- The gradient of f at coordinates (x, y) is defined as the twodimensional column vector :

The magnitude (length) of above vector is:

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