Thiết kế nhà công nghiệp

NHNG VN CHUNG THIT K CU TO KIN TRC
NH CNG NGHIP
THIT K CU TO KIN TRC KT CU CHU LC
1 NHNG VN CHUNG
1.1 YU CU CHUNG THIT K CU TO NH CNG NGHIP
Thit k cu to kin trc l mt trong nhng ni dung chnh ca thit k kin
trc xy dng cng trnh cng nghip. y l bc c th ho, bin gii php mt
bng, hnh khi kin trc thnh cc gii php thit k k thut kin trc phc v cho
vic trin khai cc bc thit k k thut chuyn ngnh khc v t chc thi cng xy
dng.
Tng t nh thit k mt bng, hnh khi kin trc, cc gii php thit k cu
to kin trc nh cng nghip phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
- p ng tt nht cc yu cu ca t chc sn xut v i hi khng gian nhp
ln; v b tr my mc, trang thit b c kch thc ln, ti trng nng; v b tr
phng tin vn chuyn a dng c sc trc ln v hot ng lin tc..;
- Bo v c khng gian hot ng cng nghip trc cc tc ng bt li
ca iu kin kh hu v iu kin sn xut;
- Chng c cc tc ng c hi sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ln kt cu
cng trnh;
- p ng tt nht cc yu cu ca t chc mi trng lao ng;
- Gim chi ph bo qun cng trnh;
- C kh nng thay i linh hot;
- Ph hp vi cng nghip ho; thun tin cho vic tnh ton v thi cng xy
dng vi chi ph hp l;
- p ng c cc yu cu v thm m kin trc ca cng trnh...
Ngoi ra, cn phi ch rng s pht trin nhanh chng ca th trng cung
ng kt cu xy dng ch to sn cng lm thay i cc thc thit k cu to kin
trc nh cng nghip. S dng ti a cc cu kin ch to sn ca cc hng cung
ng l bin php quan trng gim thi gian thi cng xy dng v gim chi ph xy
dng cng trnh.
Trong qu trnh thit k cu to kin trc, vic hp tc thng xuyn vi cc t
vn cng ngh v t vn k thut chuyn ngnh khc (trc ht l cc t chc, c
nhn trong hp ng thc hin gi thu t vn) nh kt cu, thi cng xy dng, cp
in, cp nc, thot nc, phng chng chy n... l ht sc cn thit, qua hn
ch n mc thp nht vic phi thay i thit k v m bo tnh thng nht trong
tt c bn v thit k chuyn ngnh.
1.2 CC B PHN CU TO KIN TRC NH CNG NGHIP

V c bn cu to kin trc nh cng nghip c phn thnh:
- H thng kt cu chu lc;
- H thng kt cu bao che;
- H thng kt cu sn, nn v cc kt cu ph khc.
1) H thng kt cu chu lc:
H thng kt cu chu lc bao gm cc kt cu c bn: Mng, dm mng; ct;
dm cu chy; kt cu mang lc mi; kt cu kt cu mang lc mi; kt cu
sn, h khung chng gi, h ging... Kt cu chu lc nhn ti trng ca nh truyn
xung nn t.
Cc ti trng ca nh bao gm:
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- Ti trng c nh nh trng lng ca bn thn kt cu xy dng, ti trng

ca my mc, trang thit b b tr c nh trn mi, trn sn, nn...
- Ti trng tm thi nh ti trng ca con ngi, ti trng ca h thng giao
thng vn chuyn khng c nh, ti trng ca nguyn vt liu, p lc gi...
H thng kt cu chu lc thng c phn thnh kt cu chu lc theo
phng ng (nh mng, ct...) v theo phng ngang (nh kt cu mang lc mi,
dm cu chy, h ging). Trong mt s trng hp chng cng c th chu lc theo
c phng ng v phng ngang nh kt cu kiu vm.
2) H thng kt cu bao che:
H thng kt cu bao che l kt cu gii hn khng gian ca nh, vi nhim v
chnh l bo v cho cng trnh khi cc tc ng ca iu kin kh hu.
H thng kt cu bao che c ta vo kt cu chu lc, v v tr c th nm
bn trong hoc bn ngoi ct v kt cu mang lc mi.
Kt cu bao che c phn thnh cc kt cu bao che theo phng ng
(tng, ca i, ca s v ca mi ng) v kt cu bao che theo phng ngang
(mi, ca mi nm ngang...).
3) H thng kt cu sn, nn v kt cu ph khc:
Kt cu sn ch c trong nh cng nghip nhiu tng.
Cc kt cu ph khc gm: Vch ngn v h khung vch ngn; h sn cng
tc; cu thang...
2 KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP

2.1 PHN LOI KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP
1) Phn loi theo c im chu lc:
Theo c im chu lc, kt cu chu lc c phn thnh:
a) Kt cu tng chu lc: Ch yu c s dng cho cc cng trnh c quy
m nh, mt tng, v d nh trm bin th, cng trnh nh hnh chnh, phc v sinh
hot..
b) Kt cu khung chu lc: Hu nh kt cu chu lc trong nh cng nghip s
dng dng khung chu lc. V c bn kt cu khung chu lc p ng c cc yu
cu i vi nh cng nghip; khng i hi qu phc tp vic t chc thi cng xy
dng v c chi ph hp l. Phn cu to kin trc di y ch yu cp n dng
ny. Trong kt cu khung chu lc cn c phn thnh kt cu khung phng v kt
cu khung khng gian;
c) Cc kt cu khc: mi dy cng, vm, v, mi bng vt liu tng hp ...
2) Phn loi theo vt liu:
Theo vt liu hnh thnh (khng k mng v dm mng thng lm bng
BTCT), kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip phn thnh:
a) Kt cu chu lc bng b tng ct thp:
C bn cao, khng chy, t bin dng, t b xm thc, chi ph xy dng v
bo qun trong qu trnh s dng thp. Nhc im c bn ca chng l c trng
lng ring ln, chi ph vn chuyn v xy lp cao. Vic s dng kt cu d ng lc
cho php gim chi ph vt liu, m rng phm vi s dng v vt qua nhng nhp
ln.
Kt cu b tng ct thp c s dng kinh t nht cho cc khng gian sn
xut c nhp di 30m, bc ct n 12m, chiu cao ct di 14,4m, ti trng cu
trc vi sc trc t 50T tr xung.
b) Kt cu chu lc bng kim loi - kt cu thp:
C kh nng chu lc cao, nh, d dng p ng yu cu cng nghip ha
trong ch to; thun tin cho vic xy lp; chi ph vn chuyn thp. Nhc im c
bn ca kt cu kim loi c bit kt cu thp l d b bin dng, ph hoi bi tc

ng ca nhit cao v cc cht xm thc thng ny sinh trong qu trnh sn
xut.
Tuy nhin, do c nhiu u im nn chng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc
ngnh c kh, luyn kim, cho cc nh cng nghip thp tng cn xy dng nhanh.
Vi cc ngnh sn xut yu cu khng gian ln, c th s dng kt cu kim loi
dng khung khng gian, dy cng...
Hin ti, kt cu kim loi thng s dng nht trong cc trng hp sau: Nhp
nh t 30m tr ln v bc ct t 12m, chiu cao ct t 14,4m tr ln; nh c ti
trng ng ln, c s dng cu trc vi sc trc Q> 50T;
c) Kt cu chu lc hn hp:
Kt cu chu lc hn hp thng c dng ct bng BTCT v kt cu mang lc
mi bng thp.
Trong thc t xy dng hin nay cn xut hin dng kt cu hn hp khc:
Phn chu lc bng thp (l cc thp hnh), c bao ph ra ngoi bng vt liu b
tng tn dng u im chu lc ca kt cu thp va tng cng kh nng chng
ho hon ca kt cu.
d) Cc kt cu chu lc khc:
Kt cu bng g (cu to t cc mnh g p li) hin cng c s dng rng
ri trong nh cng nghip ti mt s nc trn th gii; kt cu bng vt liu tng
hp...
3) Phn loi theo bin php thi cng xy dng:
- Kt cu chu lc ton khi bng BTCT;
- Kt cu chu lc lp ghp bng BTCT v bng thp;
- Kt cu chu lc hn hp ton khi v lp ghp.
4) Phn loi theo s tng nh:
- Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip mt tng;
- Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip nhiu tng.
Phn loi kt cu chu lc theo nh mt tng v nh nhiu tng l mt trong cc
cch phn loi ph bin, v vy cc nguyn tc v cc gii php thit k cu to kin
trc kt cu chu lc di y c trnh by theo cch phn loi ny.
S khung phng mt nhp
S khung phng nhiu nhp
S khung hai v ba khp

S khung ngm
S khung phng vm hai khp v ba

khp
S khung phng - kt cu dy treo
Hnh 0: Mt s dng s khung phng nh cng nghip mt tng
Hnh 1: V d v mt khung BTCT nh cng nghip mt tng
Hnh 2: V d v mt khung thp nh cng nghip mt tng
Hnh 3: Khung thp nh cng nghip 1 tng ca hng thp tin ch Zamil Steel
Hnh 4: V d v mt khung BTCT nh cng nghip nhiu tng
Vic la chn gii php kt cu chu lc cho nh cng nghip cn cn c theo

yu cu ca hot ng sn xut; theo c im ti trng tc ng ln kt cu; cc
yu cu v bn vng ca ngi nh; cc thng s v iu kin vi kh hu trong
nh; kh nng biu hin kin trc; kh nng cung ng kt cu trn th trng xy
dng; vn kinh t trong xy dng v s dng, bo qun, m rng sau ny....
2.2 KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP MT TNG

Kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip mt tng c th l tng chu lc, khung chu
lc, bn khung hoc kt cu khng gian.
Tng chu lc ch c s dng rng ri cho nh c nhp nh di 9m, cao
di 6m, khng s dng cu trc treo, cu to ca chng tng t nh trong nh
dn dng, do khng c trnh by ti y.
Di y ch trnh by cu to cc dng khung chu lc. Kt cu khng gian

c trnh by trong phn tip theo ca Hc liu m.
Trong nh cng nghip mt tng, kt cu khung chu lc c th l bng BTCT,
bng thp hoc hn hp BTCT v thp.
Khung BTCT c th thi cng ton khi hoc lp ghp; theo s chu lc c
th l khung khp, khung cng hoc vm:
- Loi ton khi khung cng c n nh ln, tnh linh hot cao, nhng thi
gian thi cng b ko di.
- Loi lp ghp c th l khung khp hoc khung cng, c mc cng nghip
ho cao, gim bt thi gian thi cng xy dng.
- Vm lm vic nh mt thanh un cong, chu nn l chnh nn c cng ln.
Khung thp c th dng:
- Khung phng kiu khp
- Khung cng vi cc kt cu chu lc lin kt cng vi nhau, do c cng
ln, tit din cu kin v trng lng bn thn nh hn so vi khung khp.
- Khung dng vm vi kh nng vt nhp ln.
2.2.1 Kt cu khung chu lc lp ghp
Trong nh cng nghip, kt cu khung chu lc lp ghp c s dng rng
ri. V c bn cc kt cu ca khung chu lc lp ghp gm: Mng; dm mng; ct;
dm cu chy; kt cu mang lc mi; kt cu kt cu mang lc mi; h khung
chng gi; h ging.
1) Mng nh cng nghip:
a) nh ngha, phn loi mng:
Mng l b phn gc ca khung, nhn ton b ti trng ca nh (ti trng ca
bn thn ngi nh, ti trng ca cu trc, ca trang thit b, ti trng gi...) truyn
xung nn t.
Mng cn phi kin c, bn chc, n nh, ph hp vi s chu lc ca h
khung v tit kim chi ph xy dng. Mng nh cng nghip thng c lm bng
b tng ct thp.
Theo hnh dng, mng c th phn thnh: mng n; mng bng; mng b
dng ton khi hoc lp ghp.
Theo s khc bit gia hnh thc lin kt vi ct, mng c th phn thnh
mng ct b tng ct thp v mng ct thp.
Theo hnh thc thi cng xy dng, mng c th phn thnh mng ton khi
v mng lp ghp.
Hnh 5: Cc dng mng nh cng nghip

a) Mng n - mng c lp;
b) Mng bng- thn mng lin kt vi

nhau theo trc ct;
c) Mng b y mng lin kt vi nhau
thnh mt khi.
b) Cu to v lin kt mng vi kt cu khc:
Mng n thng c to thnh bc tit kim b tng v gim trng lng
bn thn. S bc c xc nh theo tnh ton. Khi trng lng mng di 6T
thng ton khi, trn 6T nn lm theo kiu lp ghp t ba khi: chn ct,
thn v y mng. Thn v y mng lp ghp c th ton khi hoc t nhiu khi,
c lin kt vi nhau bng hn (cc chi tit thp chn sn) v va xi mng ct
vng hoc b tng ht nh.
Ph thuc vo ti trng ln mng, loi ct v nn t (phong n b tr v
cu to h thng cc mng), chiu cao mng 0,6 4,2m, cn kch thc y mng
1,5 7,2m.
Mng nh cng nghip thng c t trn h thng cc truyn ti trng
xung lp nn t c kh nng chu lc.
Mng cho ct BTCT lp ghp thng l mng dng cc hay cn c gi l
mng cc (tc l c cha sn l chn ct). su ca cc mng khng nh hn
chiu rng ln nht ca tit din ct n, hoc khng nh hn 1/3 i vi ct hai
thn, ming cc hi loe.
Mt mng ct BTCT thng thp hn mt nn hon thin 0,15m, b tr lp
chu lc ca nn.
Mng cho ct thp thng chn sn cc bu lng neo chn ct thp. Mt
mng thng chn su hn mt nn 0,4 1m, t ct thp, sau bc b
tng.
Mng c t ln lp m ct vng hoc m b tng dm dy t 100 mm
tr ln.
10
Hnh 6: Mt s dng mng n trong khung nh cng nghip
2) Dm mng:
a) nh ngha v phn loi dm mng:
Dm mng l kt cu nm theo phng ngang nh, c nhim v tng bao
che (hoc tng ngn trong nh) truyn vo mng. V tr ca dm mng ph thuc
vo v tr ca tng, c th nm bn ngoi, gia v mt trong ca ct.
Dm mng thng c cu to bng BTCT.
Theo hnh dng, dm mng c phn thnh dm mng dng ch nht, hnh
thang v dm mng hnh ch T.
b) Cu to dm mng v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:
Do c gi ln mng, nn kch thc v hnh dng ca dm mng ph thuc
vo khong cch ct (khong cch gia mng ct).
Vi khong cch ct 6m (nhp ca dm mng), dm mng thng c tit din
ch nht hoc hnh thang. Vi khong cch ct 12m, dm mng thng c tit din
11
ch T. Cao mt trn ca dm mng thng ly thp hn mt nn 50mm b tr

lp cch nc. chng bin dng, pha di v bn dm mng c chn bng
ct, dm nh...
Ti ni c b tr li ra vo cho t, tu ha, khng t dm mng.
Hnh 7: Dm mng trong nh cng nghip
12
3) Ct nh cng nghip mt tng:

a) nh ngha v phn loi ct:
Ct l kt cu theo phng ng ca khung, nhn cc ti trng t mi, dm
cu chy v thit b vn chuyn nng, tng treotruyn vo mng.
Theo vt liu ch to, ct c phn thnh ct BTCT v ct thp.
Theo hnh dng, ct c phn thnh ct c v ct rng; ct c v khng c
vai ct dm cu chy.
Theo v tr, ct c phn thnh ct bin nh v ct gia nh.
b) Cu to ct BTCT v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:
Cu to ca ct ph thuc vo dng khung nh, chiu cao nh, bc ct, ti
trng truyn vo ct, s dng cu trc ta trn vai ct.
Mt s kch thc thng dng ca ct BTCT:
- Trong nh khng c cu trc hoc c cu trc treo:
Khi ti trng cu trc (Q) n 5T, bc ct (B): 6,12m v nhp nh (L): 6 n
24m, chiu cao ct (H) n 9,6m, nn dng ct c c tit din vung,ch nht, ch
I, vi kch thc tit din ct a x b= (300 500) x (300 600)mm.
Khi cc thng s trn ln hn, nn dng ct rng (ct hai thn) vi kch thc
tit din (400 500) x (800 1300) mm.
- Trong nh c cu trc ta trn vai ct:
Ct c hai phn: ct trn v ct di.
Khi Q n 30T: L n 24m; H ct n 10,8m, nn dng ct c tit din ch nht
(400 500) x (600 800) mm.
Khi Q n 30T; L n 30m; H ct n 12,6m dng ct tit din ch I (400
500) x (800 1200)mm.
Khi Q n 50T; L n 36m; H ct n 18m, nn dng ct hai thn, vi kch
thc phn ct di (400 600)x (1000 2500) mm.
Kch thc phn ct trn thng (400 600) x (300 700)mm, c hoc rng.
Hin nay ngi ta cn dng ct c tit din trn, rng, hoc ct c dng ch T,
ch I vi cng xn di 2,5 3m cho nh cng nghip c nhp n 12m.
Nu nh c hai, ba tng cu trc, ct s c hai, ba tng vai ct.
Khi ch to, t sn trn thn ct cc chi tit thp lin kt ct vi dm cu
chy, dm ging, tng, kt cu mang lc mi...Ct b tng ct thp c ch to
t b tng mc 200 600, ct thp dng khung hn.
gim bt trng lng ct, c th thay phn ct trn bng thp.
Ct BTCT trong khung lp ghp lin kt vi mng qua cc mng.
13
Hnh 8: Ct BTCT c tit din ch nht (ct c) cho nh c cu trc vi sc trc n 20T
14
Hnh 9: Ct hai thn BTCT (ct rng) cho nh c cu trc vi sc trc n 20T
15
Hnh 10: Ct hai thn BTCT (ct rng) cho nh c cu trc vi sc trc n 75T
16
Hnh 11: Lin kt ct BTCT

lp ghp vi mng
c) Cu to ct thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:

Tng t nh ct BTCT, ct thp c phn thnh:
- Theo vic s dng cu trc: Ct thp khng c vai v ct thp c vai ct
dm cu chy.
- Theo tit din: Ct thp c v ct thp rng.
Ct thp c: c tit din khng i hoc thay i, ct c bc hay khng c
bc. Ct c c tit din khng i dng khi cu trc c Q n 20T, chiu cao ct Hc
n 9,6m. Khi sc trc Q: 20 75T, nn dng ct c c bc. Ct c thng c tit
din ch I hoc ch nht t thp hnh hay thp bn t hp li bng mi hn lin tc,
vi kch thc tit din trn 400 x 1000mm.
Ct rng: c tit din rng, c hoc khng c bc, bao gm ct t hp cc
thanh cng lm vic chung, v ct phn cch hai nhnh ct lm vic ring. Ct
rng c s dng khi kch thc tit din trn 400 x 1000mm. Ct t hp c s
dng khi sc trc Q >75T bng thp bn hay thp gc. Ct phn cch c s dng
khi sc trc Q>150T. Cc thanh ging c b tr theo dng du nhn, cho hoc
tam gic, ph thuc khong cch gia hai thanh tr
Ti trng t ct c truyn xung mng qua ct bng thp.
ct thp thng c dng tm c hay khng c sn gia cng v dng
dm . Vic la chn dng ct thng ph thuc vo ti trng truyn vo ct v
nhp nh: khi mmen un khng ln, thng dng dng tm ; cn khi m men un
ln chn loi dm . Cc ct ny c neo vo mng b tng ct thp bng cc
bulng, sau c bc b tng bo v.
17
Hnh 12: Mt s dng ct thp trong nh cng nghip
18
Hnh 13: Mt s kch thc c bn ca ct thp (hnh trn) v chi tit ct thp (hnh di)
19
Hnh 14: Chi tit ct thp rng (hnh bn tri) v cc

dng ct lin kt ct thp vi mng (hnh bn phi)
4) Dm cu chy (hay dm cu trc)

a) nh ngha v phn loi dm cu chy:
Dm cu chy l kt cu chu lc nm theo phng dc nh, ray cu
trc, nhn ti trng (tnh v ng) ca cu trc truyn vo vai ct.
Dm cu chy t trn vai ct cn c vai tr tng cng cng ca h khung
theo phng dc nh.
Theo vt liu to thnh, dm cu chy c phn thnh dm cu chy bng
BTCT v dm cu chy bng thp.
b) Cu to dm cu chy bng BTCT v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:
Dm cu chy BTCT c tit din ngang hnh ch T hoc ch I, c s dng
khi khu ca dm (bc ct) 6; 12m, sc trc Q khng ln hn 30T.
Dm cu chy lin kt vi vai ct bng bu lng neo v hn. Ray lin kt vi
dm bng mc neo hay bng kp thp t cch nhau 750mm. Cui ng ray c
cc tr chn bng thp.
20
Hnh 15: Cu to dm cu chy bng BTCT
b) Cu to dm cu chy bng thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:

Dm cu chy bng thp c lm t thp hnh hay thp bn hn hoc tn.
tng cng cng theo phng ngang, khi chiu cao dm ln, dm c tng
cng cc sn ng cch nhau 1,5m.
21
Chiu cao dm,ty theo sc trc v bc ct , c kch thc: 600 2000mm.

Khi bc ct ( B) t 18m tr ln nn dng loi c tit din rng kiu gin gin on
hay lin tc.
Hnh 16: Cu to dm cu chy bng thp
22
Hnh 17: Lin kt dm cu chy bng thp vi ct thp (ct bin v ct gia)
Trong nh c cu trc treo, dm cu chy bng thp dng ch I, va l kt cu

chu lc, va l ray. Dm c treo vo kt cu mang lc mi. Nhp ca dm treo l
6; 12m c khi n 24m. V tr neo dm cu chy vo kt cu mang lc mi dng gin
mi thng t ti v tr mt gin.
23
Hnh 18: Lin kt cu trc

treo vo kt cu dm mi
5) Kt cu mang lc mi:
a) nh ngha v phn loi kt cu mang lc mi:
Kt cu mang lc mi l kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang nh, nhn ton
b ti trng ca mi truyn vo ct.
Phn loi kt cu mang lc mi:
- Theo vt liu to thnh: Kt cu mang lc mi bng BTCT v kt cu mang
lc mi bng thp;
- Theo hnh dng: Kt cu mang lc mi dng dm v kt cu mang lc mi
dng gin.
24
b) Cu to kt cu mang lc mi bng BTCT v lin kt vi cc kt cu

khc:
Kt cu mang lc mi bng b tng ct thp thng c s dng khi bc
ct nh 6;12m, cn nhp nh t 36m tr xung, uc chia lm hai nhm: dm BTCT
v gin BTCT.
Dm b tng ct thp: c s dng khi nhp nh n 18m (6; 9; 12;15;
18m). Tit din ngang ca dm c hoc khot l c dng ch nht, hnh thang; dm
c cnh song song dng ch T khi nhp dm n 9m; dng ch I khi nhp dm 12
18m. Khi dm vt nhp 15-18m thng s dng dm d ng lc. Dm c ch
to t b tng mc 200 300; dm ng lc trc c cht to t b tng mc 300
500. Khi ch to cn sn cc chi tit thp lin kt vi cc kt cu khc. Dm
c th c c ton khi hoc chia thnh nhiu on, sau c khuych i ti
cng trng.
Gin b tng ct thp: c s dng cho nhp nh 18 36m, nhng kinh t
nht l loi 24 30m. Gin b tng ct thp c nhiu loi, tuy nhin trong iu kin
kh hu Vit Nam loi gin tam gic, hnh thang hoc cnh cung gy khc thng
hay c s dng thot nc ma c d dng.
Khng gian ca gin cn c s dng cho vic b tr h thng k thut ca
ngi nh, v d nh h thng iu khng.
Gin b tng ct thp cho php b tr cu trc treo n 5T. Gin c th c
ch to hon chnh hoc chia thnh nhiu khi tin li cho vic vn chuyn. Vic
khuych i s c tin hnh bng phng php hn v chn bng va xi mng
ti ni xy dng.
Gin c ch to bng b tng mc 200 500, ct thp thng hoc ng lc
trc.
25
Hnh 19: Mt s dng dm mi BTCT (hnh trn) v lin kt dm cu trc treo vo dm mi

(hnh di)
26
Hnh 20: Chi tit lin kt dm

mi BTCT vo ct
27
Hnh 21: Mt s dng gin mi bng BTCT
c) Cu to kt cu mang lc mi bng thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu

khc:
Kt cu mang lc mi bng thp c nhiu loi khc nhau theo hnh dng v cu
to. Vic la chn chng ph thuc yu cu sn xut, gii php t chc khng gian
xng, nhp nh v vt liu lp.
28
Kt cu mang lc mi bng thp chia hai nhm: dm thp v gin thp.

Dm thp c s dng kinh t nht khi nhp nh n 18m. Chng thng c
tit din ch I, t thp hnh hay thp bn t hp thnh; c tit din khng i hoc
thay i theo tr s mmen tc ng ln dm.
Gin thp c nhiu loi c s dng khi nhp nh ln hn 18m.
Gin thng c lm t thp gc, cc thanh gin c lin kt vi nhau qua
bn mt, bng bu lng hoc hn. Thng thng cc mt gin cnh trn cch nhau
3m hoc 1,5m (h gin phn nh); cn cnh di - 6m.
Hin nay, trong xy dng cng nghip cn s dng gin lm t ng thp. u
im ca loi ny l c trng lng nh, chi ph vn chuyn khng cao.
Gin thp c lin kt vi ct di dng ngm hay khp.
Hnh 22: Mt s dng gin thp nh cng nghip
Hnh 23: Mt s dng gin mi khc s dng cho khng gian nhp ln
29
Hnh 24: V d minh ho cu to gin thp
Hnh 25: Lin kt gin vi ct trong khung thp
6) Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi:
a) nh ngha v phn loi kt cu kt cu mang lc mi:
Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi c s dng trong trng hp gim bt ct
gia nh (trn ct) trong khi vn gi nguyn bc ca kt cu mang lc mi. Kt
30
cu kt cu mang lc mi l kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang, t vung gc

vi phng ca kt cu mang lc mi.
Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi c th l BTCT hoc bng thp, l dm (vi
nhp 12m)hoc dn ( vi nhp 18m). Nh vy kt cu kt cu mang lc mi c th
to ra khng gian nh sn xut vi li ct hnh vung (18mx18m0 thun tin cho
vic s dng linh hot. Tuy nhin, trong thc t xy dng cng nghip hin nay
Vit Nam kt cu kt cu mang lc mi cn t c s dng.
b) Cu to kt cu kt cu mang lc mi v lin kt vi cc kt cu
khc:
Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi BTCT dng dm c tit din ch T ngc.
Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi BTCT dng gin thng c dng hnh thang.
kt cu kt cu mang lc mi dng dm thp v dn thp v c bn c hnh
dng v cu to tng t nh kt cu mang lc mi bng thp.
Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi lin kt vi ct theo kiu ngm bng cch hn
cc bn thp c sn li vi nhau.
Kt cu mang lc mi lin kt vi kt cu kt cu mang lc mi theo kiu
khp hoc ngm theo s chu lc ca khung nh.
31
Hnh 26a: Kt cu kt cu
mang lc mi bng BTCT
dng dm v dng gin.
32
Hnh 26b: Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi bng gin BTCT to li ct 12x24m, khng

gian gin c s dng b tr thit b k thut.
33
Hnh 27: Gin kt cu mang lc mi bng thp: Dng gin (hnh trn); lin kt gin vi
ct v kt cu mang lc mi (hnh di)
34
Hnh 28: Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi nh cng nghip mt tng (hng Zamil Steel)
7) Dm ging:
a) nh ngha v phn loi kt cu dm ging:
Dm ging l h thng kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang, c nhim v
cc mng tng bao che khi thay i cao, lm lm lanh t cho cc l ca ln,
nhn ti trng ca tng truyn vo ct. Ngoi ra dm ging cn c vai tr tng
cng cng dc ca khung nh.
Dm ging c th l BTCT hoc bng thp.
b) Cu to dm ging v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:
Nhp ca dm ging chnh l khong cch gia hai ct, thng l 6m.
Dm ging BTCT lp ghp thng di 6 m, kch thc v hnh dng tit din
ngang ca dm ph thuc vo lc tc ng ln n, thng c tit din ch nht
hoc ch T. Dm ging BTCT lin kt vi ct bng cch hn cc bn thp chn sn
dm vo ct.
35
Hnh 29: Dm ging BTCT: Hnh dng

tit din v lin kt vi ct.
Trong khung thp, dm ging bng thp c tit din ch I, U hoc ch nht
c lm t thp hnh hoc thp bn t hp hn. Dm ta ln vai ct ph bng thp
v lin kt vo ct bng hn.
36
Hnh 30: Dm ging bng thp trong khung thp ( Khung Zamil) .
8) H khung chng gi:

a) nh ngha v phn loi h khung chng gi:
H khung chng gi hay cn gi l h sn tng c s dng nhm mc
ch bo m s n nh ca tng khi c s tc ng ca lc gi ln tng nh.
H khung chng gi gm c ct v cc dm ngang, tip nhn ti trng gi tng
v mi truyn vo mng.
H khung chng gi c s dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- Tng nh lp bng tm nh, tng bng gch ca nh c cu trc lm vic
ch nng; cho nh c bc ct B: 12m, cn panen tng di 6m. (Nh vy h
khung chng gi cn c vai tr lin kt tng).
- Khi nh c nhp v bc ct ln hn 6m, chiu cao ln hn 30m;
- Trong cc nh xy dng tho lp c...
H khung chng gi c th l b tng ct thp hoc bng thp.
b) Cu to h khung chng gi v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:
Ct chng gi lin kt ngm vi mng, lin kt khp vi cc b phn khc ca
mi.
37
Trong h khung chng gi bng BTCT, phn trn ca ct chng gi, t kt cu

mang lc mi tr ln thng c lm bng thp ch I. Cc dm ngang BTCT c
tit din ch nht hoc hoc ch L, tng t nh dm ging. Khong cch gia cc
dm ngang ph thuc vo cc mng tng gia ct v dm, v d khi tng gch
dy 220mm, din tch mng tng 9-12m2.
Trong h khung chng gi bng thp, ct v dm c lm bng thp c tit
din ch nht, I, hoc U.
Hnh 31: H khung chng gi bng BTCT trong khung BTCT.
38
Hnh 32: H khung chng gi bng thp trong khung thp
39
Hnh 33: H khung chng gi bng thp trong khung thp Zamil
9) H ging:
a) nh ngha v phn loi h ging:
H ging trong khung nh cng nghip mt tng c vai tr m bo n nh
khng gian theo phng dc nh.
Theo dng khung, h ging c phn thnh h ging trong khung BTCT v h
ging trong khung thp.
Theo v tr, h ging c phn thnh h ging ct v h ging mi.
40
Hnh dng ca cc kt cu trong h ging ph thuc vo loi khung; cc thng

s c bn ca nh; loi cu trc v sc nng ca chng; ti trng gi tc ng ln
nh...
b) Cu to h ging ct:
H ging ng ct c vai tr bo m cho nh khng b bin dng dc do lc
gi v lc hm ca cu trc.
H ging ng ct thng bng thp v c t khong gia on khi
nhit (khi khe ln), c dng du nhn hoc kiu cng.
Ging ct dng du nhn c s dng khi bc ct (B) bng 6 hay 12m,
chiu cao n nh ct (Hc), i vi nh khng c cu trc, hoc n nh ray (Hr)
n 12,6m, i vi nh c cu trc;
Ging ct dng kiu cng c s dng khi khi B:12;18m, cn Hc v Hr n
14,6m hoc khi cn c li i bn di. Trong nh c cu trc, khi chiu cao phn ct
trn ln hn 3m, cn phi b tr h ging ct trn ti hai u khi nhit v ti v tr
b tr h ging ct di.
Lin kt h ging vo ct bng cch hn cc bn thp ch.
41
Hnh 34: H ging ct trong khung BTCT
42
Hnh 35: S b tr v hnh

dng ging ct:
a) Khi bc ct 6m, mi lp
panen;
b) Khi bc ct 12m;
c) Mt s dng ging ng
ct.
Hnh 36: V d v chi tit h ging ct trong khung Zamil
43
c) Cu to h ging mi:
H ging mi c phn thnh: h ging ngang v h ging ng.
H ging ngang c b tr mt phng cnh trn v mt phng cnh di
ca kt cu mang lc mi tng n nh ca mi.
H ging mt phng cnh trn c s dng trong trng hp:
- Mi lp bng cc tm nh (tn); Cho nh lp bng panen nhng c s dng
cu trc sc nng ln, lm vic ch nng;
- Cho nh c ca mi sut c on nhit ;
- Trong nh lp bng panen nhng c cu trc nh, panen s lm vic nh mt
h ging.
Ging c lm bng thp hnh du nhn v c b tr hai on gii hn
khi nhit , nu khi on khi nhit qu di, c th b tr thm mt ging
gia.
H ging mt phng cnh di c s dng m bo s n nh chung
ca mi, tng cng cng thanh cnh di v cng chung ca nh khi c s
dng cu trc lm vic nng.
Khi gin mi bng BTCT h ging c b tr hai gian gii hn on nhit .
Khi gin bng thp, h ging c b tr theo chu vi khi nhit . Khi nh c
nhiu nhp, c th b bt mt h ging dc ca hai nhp lin k.
H ging ng trong mi c s dng tng cng n nh dc ca h
gin mi. Chng c th c b tr u hay gia kt cu mang lc mi. Nu
chiu cao u dm hay gin mi ln hn 800mm, cn c ging u dm dng lin
tc hay gin on (khi c s dng kt cu kt cu mang lc mi th khng cn).
Khi nhp nh 24m cn thm h ging ng gia cc gin (hay mt vi ba
ging ty thep nhp gin), c dng lin tc hay bn lin tc (ging cho kt hp thanh
chng).
Hnh 37: H ging mi khung thp

nhiu nhp
1) Gin ging dc nh; 2) Gin
ging ngang nh; 3) Ging ng
u v gia gin.
44
2.2.2 Kt cu khung cng

Bn cnh kt cu khung phng chu lc kiu dm (gin) ct, khung cng bng
b tng ct thp hoc kim loi cng c s dng rng ri cho cc nh cng nghip
i hi khng gian ln, c kh nng s dng linh hot.
Trong kt cu khung cng, nh dm (gin) ngang lin kt cng vi ct, cho
nn so vi khung dm (gin) phng thng, chng c cng ln hn. Cc b
phn chu lc c bn ca khung cng nh ct, dm (gin) lm vic di dng chu
nn lch tm v un, l kt cu chuyn tip t kt cu dm ct sang kt cu vm
lm vic kiu chu nn, do tit din dm, kch thc gin nh hn, trng lng
bn thn gim.
Khung cng c th mt hoc nhiu nhp, khng khp, hai hoc ba khp. Dm
ngang c th thng, gy khc hay cong. Vic la chn dng khung cng phc thuc
vo nn t, nhp khung, ti trng tc ng ln khung v yu cu ca hnh thc kin
trc.
Hnh 38: Cc dng khung
cng nh cng nghip
nghiu mt tng
1) Khung cng BTCT:

Khung cng b tng ct thp c cu to dm (gin) ngang thng nh cu kin
chu un, cn dm (gin) cong v gy khc c lc dc tng i ln khi c ti trng
ng tc dng, do c cu to nh kt cu chu nn. Ct c cu to nh cu
kin chu nn lch tm.
Nhp khung cng dm ngang c th t n 18m, cn dm gy khc v cong
n 55m.
Do lin kt cng, nn ti cc mt cng ct - dm v ch gy khc xut hin m
men un rt ln. m bo mt cng khng b bin dng, cn tng cng tit din
u ct v mt dm, mt dm (k c ct thp). gim ng sut cc b, gc trong
ca nt khung phi c nch trn hoc xin. Khi cng ca ct nh hn cng
ca dm, cho php lm nch vung.
Trong khung cng ton khi, tit din ca dm ct (tr ti cc mt) khng thay
i. Ct c th ni cng hoc khp vi mng. Khi ni cng, ti chn ct c m men
un nn ct thp phi ko thng vo mng. Mng c th kiu ng tm hoc lch
tm, ty gi tr m men chn ct. Khi lin kt khp, ti c cu to c bit.
Hin nay, khung cng loi thng hay ng sut trc, c dng ton khi hay
lp ghp vi nhp 30 60m c s dng kh rng ri trong xy dng cng nghip.
Trong cc nh sn xut c li ct vung ca nh my dt, c kh, c th dng
khung cng dm gy lm mi rng ca.
45
m bo cng cn s dng ging ct kiu mt cng hay ging cho

bng thp.
Hnh 39:Cu to khung

cng b tng ct thp
46
Hnh 40a: V d mt s dng

khung cng BTCT: a) Khung
cng hai khp; b) Khung cng
khng khp; c) Khung cng
khng khp- dm ngang gy,
nhiu nhp; d) Khung cng ba
khp
Hnh 40b: V d mt s dng

khung cng BTCT:
a) Khung c lp ghp t ct
ch L (ngc) v dm ngang;
b) Khung cng lp ghp t cc
cu kin ri; c) Khung cng lp
ghp c ca mi; d) Khung
cng lp ghp ti nh c khng
gian khc nhau.
2) Khung cng bng thp:

47
Trong khung cng bng thp, ct v dm (gin) ngang c tit din c hoc
rng, t hp t thp hnh hay thp bn. Nh dm (gin) lin kt cng vi ct, s
dng thm ct thp ng lc trc, nn nhp khung c th t n 100m.
Hnh 41: V d mt s dng

khung cng bng thp:
48
a) Kt cu c bn ca loi khung cng vi kch thc b c th t n 56m
b) Kt cu c bn ca loi khung cng vi kch thc c c th t n 23m
49
c) Kt cu c bn ca loi khung cng vi kch thc c, d c th t n 23m
d) Kt cu c bn ca loi khung cng vi kch thc d,e c th t n 23m

Hnh 41: V d v mt s loi khung cng in hnh bng thp ca hng cung ng Zamil
- Steel
50
a)
c)
b)
Hnh 42: V d v vic t hp khung cng nh cng nghip mt tng bng thp t cc khung
c bn ca hng cung ng Zamil Steel (hnh a, b) v chi tit lin kt cc kt cu chnh
(hnh c)
2.2.2 Kt cu vm
Vm l mt dng kt cu phng, c th xem nh l mt thanh dm (gin)
un cong, l mt kt cu chu un nn. Trong xy dng cng nghip vm c s
dng cho cc nh xng cn nhp ln.
Theo s chu lc vm c chia thnh: vm khng khp, hai khp v ba
khp, vi nhiu dng cong, thoi, gy khc v tam gic. Trong , dng cong l hp
l nht, do cho php m rng kch thc nhp, c bit khi c dng thm dy
51
cng ng lc trc chng lc p. cong ca vm phi c xc nh sao cho

trc phn chia ca kt cu trng vi trc lc nn vm thng xuyn v ch yu
lc nn.
Theo vt liu vm c th phn thnh vm b tng ct thp hoc vm thp.
Hnh 43: Mt s dng s

vm
1) Vm b tng ct thp:
Vi nhp nh t 24m tr ln vm kinh t hn khung gin; khi c d ng lc,
nhp vm c th t n 96m. Vm c lm t b tng ct thp ton khi hay lp
ghp.
- Vm khng khp: Kt cu n gin, nhng mng li ln, c th t n
96m. Vm khng khp cng c th c dng lm sn ca v mng. cong
hp l ca vm (k t mt t n nh vm): f= 1/2 1/4 nhp vm. Khi c thm dy
cng: f= 1/7 1/10 nhp vm.
- Vm hai khp : Kt cu n gin nn c s dng kh rng ri. Do c
khp nn khng b bin dng khi c tc ng ca nhit. Lc p pht sinh trong vm
c truyn vo gi ta hoc thanh ko. cong f= 1/5 1/8 nhp vm. Nhp vm
hai khp c th t n 80m.
- Vm ba khp :To c nhp ln, song cu to khp phc tp nn t dng.
cong: f =1/2 1/4 nhp vm.
Tit din thanh ca cc loi vm c th c hoc rng, hnh hp hay ch T.
Kt cu bao che mi trong kt cu vm c th lp ln trn, trong thn vm
hoc mi treo.
Trong nh khung kiu vm, vn chuyn nng l cu trc cng, hoc cu trc
treo vi ti trng nh - n 5 tn.
52
Hnh 44: V d mt
s dng vm BTCT
2) Vm thp:
Vm thp cng, ti trng bn thn nh, s dng kinh t khi nhp vm t 50m
(cho vm ba khp) n 200m (cho vm hai hoc khng khp). Chiu cao chung ca
nhp vm f= 1/2 1/5 nhp vm. Tit din vm c th c hoc rng, vi chiu cao
tit din c bng 1/50 1/80, cn cho tit din rng: 1/30 1/60 nhp vm.
Hnh 45: V d
mt s dng vm
thp
2.3 KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP NHIU TNG

Nh cng nghip nhiu tng rt ph hp vi cc ngnh cng nghip nh, thc
phm, ha cht, c kh nh...
V mt cu to, ngoi cc b phn cu trc tng t nh nh cng nghip mt
tng, nh cng nghip nhiu tng c thm h thng kt cu sn, kt cu sn v
h thng giao thng theo chiu ng.
2.3.1 Phn loi kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip nhiu tng
a) Theo hnh thc chu lc, kt cu chu lc nh cng nghip nhiu tng phn
thnh:
53
- Tng chu lc: Hn ch v kh nng chu lc, thng c s dng cho cc

cng trnh hnh chnh, dch v trong nh my. Cu to ca chng, v c bn tng
t nh cu to nh dn dng;
- Khung chu lc: c s dng ph bin nht hin nay vi hai dng ch yu l
khung c dm v khung khng dm (sn nm).
- Ngoi ra cn c mt s dng khc nh dng bn khung...
b) Theo vt liu to thnh:
- Kt cu chu lc bng BTCT;
- Kt cu chiu lc bng thp;
- Kt cu chu lc hn hp BTCT v thp.
c) Theo hnh thc thi cng:
- Kt cu chu lc ton khi
- kt cu chu lc lp ghp.
2.3.2 Khung c dm
Khung c dm c chia lm hai loi: khung b tng ct thp, khung thp.
Khung c dm b tng ct thp c ton khi hay lp ghp.
Khung c dm ton khi lm vic theo hai phng, c cng, bn ln v
c li ct rng p ng nhu cu s dng linh hot, song thi gian thi cng xy
dng ko di. Khung b tng ct thp ton khi, v mt cu to, tng t nh nh
dn dng nn khng trnh by ti y.
Khung c dm BTCT lp ghp s dng rng ri cho nh cng nghip c s
tng cao n 5 tng, li ct 9x6m; 12x6m.
Cu trc chung ca khung bao gm:
- H khung ngang gm mng, ct, kt cu mang lc mi, kt cu sn, bo
m cng theo phng ngang.
- Cc tm sn, mi v h ging dc, dm cu chy (nu c) bo m cng
theo phng dc nh.
Nh c khung ngang lm vic c lp, do trn sn c th cha tng i t
do cc l t thit b, ng ng k thut, nt giao thng ng...xuyn qua sn.
54
Hnh 46: Cc dng s

khung dm BTCT
nh cng nghip nhiu
tng
Hnh 47: Cc dng

khung dm BTCT lp
ghp ca nh cng
nghip nhiu tng
55
Hnh 48: Mt s dng s khung thp nh

cng nghip nhiu tng ca hng Zamil Steel
1) Mng v dm mng:
Mng ct v dm mng trong khung dm lp ghp c cu to tng t nh
mng nh cng nghip mt tng.
2) Ct:
Ct trong khung nh cng nghip nhiu tng c phn thnh ct BTCT, ct
thp v theo v tr phn thnh ct bin v ct gia.
a) Ct trong khung b tng ct thp:
56
- Ct c th c ch to vi chiu di bng chiu cao mt, hai hay ba tng ty

thuc kh nng cu lp. Thng dng nht l loi ct c chiu di bng chiu cao hai
tng nh. Khi ni ct, ch ni nn cch mt sn 0,6 0,7m, thun tin cho thi
cng.
- ph hp vi yu cu cng nghip ha trong ch to, thng thng tit
din ca ct c gi nguyn kch thc tt c cc tng, hoc ch nn c hai hay
ba loi kch thc tit din cho tt c cc tng nh ( qua vic ch thay i hm lng
thp v mc b tng).
- Tit din ct thng c dng hnh vung hay ch nht, vi kch thc x dch
trong khong t (300 400) x (300 600) mm hoc ln hn.
- Ct c ch to t ct thp khung hn, mc b tng 200 500. Khi ch to
ct, cn ch t sn cc chi tit thp ni ct v lin kt ct vi cc b phn khc
ca khung.
- C nhiu gii php ni ct, thng dng l hn ni cc ct thp chu lc vi
nhau, sau qun li thp, trt va b tng bc mi ni. y cn c gi l mi
ni t ca kiu lp ghp ton khi.
Hnh 49: Ct BTCT

lp ghp khung nh
cng nghip nhiu
tng
Hnh 50: Ct thp

khung nh cng
nghip nhiu tng:
a) Cc loi tit din
ct thp; b) Chi tit
ni ct thp; c)
ct thp.
(1)Khe tip gip
gia hai phn ct,
ct vi ct;2)Bn
thp ct;3) Sn
gia cng)
57
b) Ct trong khung thp:

- Trong khung thp, ct thp thng c tit din ch I, c ch to t thp
hnh hoc thp bn t hp hn. Khi ti trng tc ng ln sn ln, nn dng ct kiu
hp hoc ct rng t hp t thp hnh.
- Chiu di ca ct thp lp ghp c th ly bng cao ca hai, ba tng nh
(khong 8 15m), c xc nh theo cng, kh nng cu lp t, iu kin ch
to, phng tin vn chuyn...
- Ct c ni bng hn hoc bu lng neo.
- Trong khung thp nh cng nghip nhiu tng, m men un chn ct b, do
chn ct thp thng c cu to n gin kiu bn c sn tng cng.
ct c neo vo mng bng cc bulng neo t sn trong mng. Chn ct
c bc bo v bng b tng chng g.
3) Kt cu sn:
Kt cu sn trong khung nh cng nghip nhiu tng c th l dm hay gin
ty thuc kch thc nhp v bc ct, ti trng tc ng ln sn, yu cu ca t
chc sn xut v b tr h thng k thut.
Do yu cu sn xut, trong mt nh cng nghip li ct cc tng c th
khc nhau, do hnh thc cu to khung s khc nhau, c bit trong nh hai tng.
a) Kt cu sn trong khung b tng ct thp:
Kt cu sn dng dm c s dng khi nhp dm n 12m. Khi nhp ln
hn 12m hoc c yu cu b tr tng k thut, nn dng gin.
Dm sn BTCT c tit din ch nht, ch I c s dng khi panen sn
(tm sn) gc ln mt dm; dm c tit din ch T ngc, ch thp (dm c cnh),
c s dng khi tm sn gc ln cnh dm. Dm c lin kt vi ct theo dng
lp ghp thng v lp ghp ton khi:
- Khi lp ghp thng (mi ni kh), dm c ch to hon chnh, c t sn
cc bn thp cn thit lin kt vi ct, tm sn. Gii php ny hin nay t dng v
cc mi ni d b ph hoi do xm thc, cng ca khung khng ln.
- Khi lp ghp ton khi (mi ni t), dm c ch to cha hon chnh, mt
phn ct thp chu lc c cha sn, l ra ngoi ni vi cc ct thp chu lc
t sn ct, sau mi ni c b tng bo v.
Gin sn BTCT c nhiu loi, c hoc khng c thanh xin, ty gii php s
dng khng gian gin, chiu cao gin c th t n 3,6m, c th dng lm tng
k thut.
58
Hnh 51: Dm
sn BTCT trong
khung nh cng
nghip nhiu tng
59
Hnh 51: Mt s gii

php b tr dm, gin
BTCT trong khung nh
cng nghip nhiu tng
Hnh 52: Gin sn

BTCT kt hp lm tng
k thut
b) Kt cu sn trong khung thp:

Trong khung thp, dm sn thng c tit din ch I, U, c ch to t
thp hnh hoc thp bn t hp hn, tn hoc bu lng. Nu nhp dm di, chiu cao
tit din dm ln, dc theo thn dm c tng cng thm cc sn thp ng.
C nhiu gii php b tr dm:
- Dm c b tr song song vi nhau theo phng nhp nh, ta ln vai hay
u ct. Cc tm sn, loi kch thc ln s ta trc tip ln dm. Gii php ny rt
ph hp vi cc nh sn xut c cc thit b nh t trc tip ln sn.
- H dm chnh t theo phng nhp nh, cc dm ph t vung gc vi dm
chnh. Cc tm sn kch thc trung bnh s ta ln c hai dm, cng ca sn s
ln hn. Gii php ny s rt ph hp vi nh cng nghip c thit b nng hoc
trung bnh, c t trc tip ln sn.
- H dm gm c ba loi chnh, ph, dm sn, c t vung gc vi nhau.
Vi loi ny cng rt ln v c bit ph hp vi cc loi sn xut c cc thit b
t xuyn qua sn, hoc cn cha cc l k thut; cho h khung lm gi ...
Cc dm trong h dm c lin kt vi nhau theo mt trong ba phng n:
lin kt chng, lin kt bng mt hoc lin kt thp.
60
Khi s dng dng gin sn, cu to ca gin v c bn tng t nh

cu to gin mi c cnh song song nm ngang. Khng gian gia cc gin c th
dng lm tng k thut.
Lin kt ca dm, gin thp vo ct thp bng hn hoc bulng.
Hnh 53a: Dm sn trong

khung thp nh cng nghip
nhiu tng
Hnh 53b: Dm sn trong

khung thp nh Zamil nh cng
nghip nhiu tng
4) Tm sn:
Trong nh cng nghip nhiu tng kiu khung chu lc, sn thng c to
thnh t cc tm panen b tng ct thp c sn vi kch thc rt ln.
C ba loi tm sn thng dng nht:
- Tm sn nhiu sn: c sn g bao quanh v sn ngang tng cng, loi
ny c cng ln hay c s dng nht;
- Tm sn ch c g bao quanh: sn tng cng c b tr theo chu vi tm,
cng khng cao bng loi trn, song cho mt y trn p hn;
- Tm sn kiu ng: loi ny thi cng kh, song mt y sn phng, cho ni
tht p.
Cc tm sn ny c ch to t b tng mc 200 400, ct thp thng hay
ng lc trc.
Lin kt panen sn vo dm, dm ct ch yu bng phng php hn, cc khe
h c chn bng va b tng hay va xi mng.
61
Cch sp xp panen sn trong h khung dm thng ph thuc loi dm.
Hnh 54: Cc loi

tm sn BTCT v
chi tit lin kt.
2.2.3 Khung sn khng dm (sn nm)

Khung sn khng dm thng c lm bng btng ct thp, dng ton khi
hay lp ghp, cho cc nh c ti trng trn sn khng ln. Loi ton khi c cng
ln, song thi cng chm, do hin nay thng dng loi lp ghp vi li ct
6mx6m v 9mx6m.
c im cu to ca khung sn nm l cc u ct c cu to thnh cng
xn nh m nm sn, do khng cn n dm. Khung sn nm lp ghp c
nhiu dng.
Sn nm c u im l mt trn phng, tit kim c chiu cao khng gian
phng.
1) Mng : Mng ca khung sn nm lp ghp tng t nh mng ca khung
btng ct thp lp ghp.
2) Ct : Ct khung sn nm c tit din trn vi d = 400 500 mm, hoc vung
vi kch thc (400x400mm) (500x500mm). Chiu cao ct ly bng chiu cao
tng, chn v u ct hi vt. m ct, u ct c cng xn kiu ai, thng
c gi l i ct.
62
3) M ct: M ct thc cht l cng xn lp ghp, ta ln i ct cc

tm sn gia ct. M ct thng c dng thp ct c l xuyn qua, kch thc mi
chiu 1600x2700mm, cao n 700mm. M ct hng ct bin khng i xng.
4) Tm sn gia ct: Tm sn gia ct c mt bng hnh ch nht vt gc vi
chiu rng 1600 3200, di 3600 4600mm, dy 160 180mm, c g tm
sn gia nhp. Chng c k theo phng ca nhp v bc ct. Tit din tm c
th c hoc kiu hp.
5) Tm sn gia nhp: Tm sn gia nhp c mt bng hnh vung vi kch
thc hai chiu t 3100 4200mm, dy 150mm, c hoc rng.
Lin kt cc cu kin vi nhau ch yu bng hn cc bn thp ch sn.
63
Hnh 55: Cu to
chung ca khung
sn nm.
Hnh 56: Cc b
phn kt cu c
bn ca mt loi
khung sn nm.
Hnh 57: Chi tit

lin kt ca sn
nm:1)Ct; 2)M
ct; 3)Tm sn
gia ct; 4)Tm
sn gia nhp;
5)Phn BT chn
chn ct
64
2/2009 TS.Phm nh Tuyn
Ngun ti liu bin son:

- Thit k Kin trc nh cng nghip Nh Xut bn Xy dng 1996- PGS.TS Nguyn Minh
Thi;
- ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B "Bin son tp bn v chi tit cu to Kin trc cng
nghip" M s: B2001-34-06; nm 2002. Thc hin ti: B mn Kin trc cng nghip;
- Ti liu v cu to cng nghip t ngun trang W
- Cc ti liu tham kho khc.
65

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NHNG VN CHUNG THIT K CU TO KIN TRC

1.2 CC B PHN CU TO KIN TRC NH CNG NGHIP

- Ti trng c nh nh trng lng ca bn thn kt cu xy dng, ti trng

2 KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP

bn ca kt cu kim loi c bit kt cu thp l d b bin dng, ph hoi bi tc

S khung phng mt nhp

S khung phng nhiu nhp

S khung hai v ba khp

S khung phng vm hai khp v ba

Hnh 0: Mt s dng s khung phng nh cng nghip mt tng

Hnh 1: V d v mt khung BTCT nh cng nghip mt tng

Hnh 2: V d v mt khung thp nh cng nghip mt tng

Hnh 4: V d v mt khung BTCT nh cng nghip nhiu tng

Vic la chn gii php kt cu chu lc cho nh cng nghip cn cn c theo

2.2 KT CU CHU LC NH CNG NGHIP MT TNG

Di y ch trnh by cu to cc dng khung chu lc. Kt cu khng gian

Hnh 5: Cc dng mng nh cng nghip

b) Mng bng- thn mng lin kt vi

Hnh 6: Mt s dng mng n trong khung nh cng nghip

ch T. Cao mt trn ca dm mng thng ly thp hn mt nn 50mm b tr

Hnh 7: Dm mng trong nh cng nghip

3) Ct nh cng nghip mt tng:

Hnh 11: Lin kt ct BTCT

c) Cu to ct thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:

Hnh 12: Mt s dng ct thp trong nh cng nghip

Hnh 14: Chi tit ct thp rng (hnh bn tri) v cc

4) Dm cu chy (hay dm cu trc)

Hnh 15: Cu to dm cu chy bng BTCT

b) Cu to dm cu chy bng thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu khc:

Chiu cao dm,ty theo sc trc v bc ct , c kch thc: 600 2000mm.

Hnh 16: Cu to dm cu chy bng thp

Trong nh c cu trc treo, dm cu chy bng thp dng ch I, va l kt cu

Hnh 18: Lin kt cu trc

b) Cu to kt cu mang lc mi bng BTCT v lin kt vi cc kt cu

Hnh 19: Mt s dng dm mi BTCT (hnh trn) v lin kt dm cu trc treo vo dm mi

Hnh 20: Chi tit lin kt dm

Hnh 21: Mt s dng gin mi bng BTCT

c) Cu to kt cu mang lc mi bng thp v lin kt vi cc kt cu

Kt cu mang lc mi bng thp chia hai nhm: dm thp v gin thp.

Hnh 22: Mt s dng gin thp nh cng nghip

Hnh 24: V d minh ho cu to gin thp

Hnh 25: Lin kt gin vi ct trong khung thp

cu kt cu mang lc mi l kt cu chu lc theo phng ngang, t vung gc

Hnh 26b: Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi bng gin BTCT to li ct 12x24m, khng

Hnh 28: Kt cu kt cu mang lc mi nh cng nghip mt tng (hng Zamil Steel)

Hnh 29: Dm ging BTCT: Hnh dng

8) H khung chng gi:

Trong h khung chng gi bng BTCT, phn trn ca ct chng gi, t kt cu

Hnh 31: H khung chng gi bng BTCT trong khung BTCT.

Hnh 32: H khung chng gi bng thp trong khung thp

Hnh dng ca cc kt cu trong h ging ph thuc vo loi khung; cc thng

Hnh 34: H ging ct trong khung BTCT

Hnh 35: S b tr v hnh

Hnh 36: V d v chi tit h ging ct trong khung Zamil

Hnh 37: H ging mi khung thp

2.2.2 Kt cu khung cng

1) Khung cng BTCT:

m bo cng cn s dng ging ct kiu mt cng hay ging cho

Hnh 39:Cu to khung

Hnh 40a: V d mt s dng

Hnh 40b: V d mt s dng

2) Khung cng bng thp:

Hnh 41: V d mt s dng

a) Kt cu c bn ca loi khung cng vi kch thc b c th t n 56m