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Lecture5 PDF
Lecture5 PDF
Outline
Recap of FM
FM system model in noise
Derivation of output SNR
Pre/de-emphasis
Comparison with AM
Reference: Lathi, Chap. 12.
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Frequency Modulation
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A carrier waveform
s(t) = A cos[i(t)]
where
i(t): the instantaneous phase angle.
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When
s(t) = A cos(2f t) i(t) = 2f t
We may say that
d
1 d
2f f
dt
2 dt
Generalisation: instantaneous frequency:
1 di (t )
f i (t )
2 dt
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In FM: the instantaneous frequency of the carrier varies linearly with the
message:
fi(t)=fc+kf m(t)
where kf is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator. Hence (assuming
i(0)=0):
t
i (t ) 2 f i ( )d
0
2f ct 2k f m( )d
0
Modulated signal:
s(t ) A cos 2f ct 2k f m( )d
Note:
(a) The envelope is constant
(b) Signal s(t) is a non-linear function of the message signal m(t).
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Bandwidth of FM
mp max |m(t)|: peak message amplitude
fc kf mp < instantaneous frequency < fc + kf mp
Define: frequency deviation= the deviation of the instantaneous
frequency from the carrier frequency:
f kf mp
Define: deviation ratio:
W
where W: the message bandwidth.
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Noise in FM
Model of an FM receiver
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f i f c k f m(t )
Output of discriminator:
k f m(t )
So, output signal power:
PS k 2f P
where:
P : the average power of the message signal
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x (t ) A cos 2f ct 2k f m( )d
0
nc (t ) cos( 2f c t ) ns (t ) sin( 2f ct )
It can be shown (by linear argument): For high SNR, noise output:
approximately independent of the message signal
We only have the carrier and noise signals present
In order to calculate the power of output noise, we may use:
~
x (t ) A cos(2f ct ) nc (t ) cos(2f ct ) ns (t ) sin(2f ct )
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Instantaneous phase:
i (t ) tan 1
ns ( t )
A nc (t )
ns ( t )
A
ns ( t )
A
2A dt
f i (t )
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1 dns (t )
2A dt
dns (t )
dt
x (t ) X ( f )
dx (t )
then
j 2fX ( f )
dt
if
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It can be shown:
So ( f ) | H ( f ) |2 Si ( f )
where:
Si(f ): PSD of input signal
So(f ): PSD of output signal
H(f ): transfer function of the system
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dns (t )
2
PSD of
| j 2f | PSD of ns (t )
dt
Then:
dns (t )
2
PSD
of
| j 2f | N 0
dt
1 dns (t ) 1
PSD
of
f
(
t
)
| j 2f | N 0 S D ( f )
i
2A dt 2A
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PN S D ( f )df
W
Thus,
2
3
2
N
W
1
0
PN
| j 2f |2 N 0df
2
W 2A
3
A
1
carrier power A2
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SNRO
3 A2 k 2f P
2 N 0W
SNRFM
From
SNRbaseband
A2
PT
2
PT
:
N 0W
SNRFM
3k 2f P
W
SNRbaseband
P
3
SNRbaseband
2
mp
2
Valid when the carrier power is large compared with the noise power
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The threshold point occurs around when signal power is 10 time noise
A2
power:
2 N 0 BT
10
where
BT = 2W ( + 1) (Carsons rule of thumb)
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To increase SNRFM :
Use a LPF to cut-off high frequencies at the output
Message is attenuated too
Not very satisfactory
Use pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
Message is unchanged
High frequency components of noise are suppressed
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Assumptions:
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With these assumptions, we find that the SNR expressions for the various
modulation schemes become:
SNRDSBSC = SNRbaseband
1
SNRAM SNRbaseband
3
SNRFM
3 2
75
SNRbaseband SNRbaseband
2
2
where we used = 5
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Conclusions
AM: The SNR performance is 4.8 dB worse than a baseband system, and
the transmission bandwidth is BT = 2W .
DSB: The SNR performance is identical to a baseband system, and the
transmission bandwidth is BT = 2W (for SSB, the SNR performance is
again identical, but the transmission bandwidth is only BT = W ).
FM: The SNR performance is 15.7 dB better than a baseband system, and
the transmission bandwidth is BT = 2( + 1)W = 12W (with pre- and deemphasis the SNR performance is increased by about 13 dB with the same
transmission bandwidth).
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