S. E.

(E&TC) : 2014–15 Digital Electronics & Tools : DE

Expt. No. 1 Date :

Verify four voltage and current parameters for

TTL and CMOS (IC 74LSXX, 74HCXX)

Objective

• Verify four voltage and current Parameter for TTL using 74LSXX

• Verify four voltage and current Parameter for CMOS using 74HCXX

Equipments

• Digital Trainer Kit.

• Connecting wires

IC Requirement

• 74LSXX.

• 74HCXX

Theory : TransistorTransistor Logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built

from bipolar junction transistors (BJT), and resistors. It is called transistortran-
sistor logic because both the logic gating function (e.g., AND) and the amplifying
function are performed by transistors (contrast this with RTL and DTL). It is no-
table for being a widespread integrated circuit (IC) family used in many applica-
tions such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation,
consumer electronics, synthesizers, etc. Because of the wide use of this logic family,
signal inputs and outputs of electronic equipment may be called ”TTL” inputs or
outputs, signifying compatibility with the voltage levels used.

Comparison with other logic families: Generally, TTL devices consume more
power than an equivalent CMOS device at rest, but power consumption does not
increase with clock speed as rapidly as for CMOS devices. Compared to contempo-
rary ECL circuits, TTL uses less power and has easier design rules, but is typically
S. E. (E&TC) : 2014–15 Digital Electronics & Tools : DE

slower; designers can combine ECL and TTL devices in the same system to achieve
best overall performance and economy. TTL was less sensitive to damage from elec-
trostatic discharge than early CMOS devices. Due to the output structure of TTL
devices, the output impedance is asymmetrical between the high and low state,
making them unsuitable for driving transmission lines. This is usually solved by
buffering the outputs with special line driver devices where signals need to be sent
through cables. ECL, by virtue of its symmetric output structure, doesn’t have
this drawback. Several manufacturers now supply CMOS logic equivalents with
TTL compatible input and output levels, usually bearing part numbers similar to
the equivalent TTL component and with the same pin-out diagrams. Now-a-days
digital integrated circuits are most commonly used in modern digital systems. The
most of the digital circuits are constructed in single chip, which are referred to as
Integrated Circuits (IC). A group of compatible ICs with the same logic levels and
supply voltages for performing various logic functions have been fabricated using a
specific circuit configuration, which is referred to as a Logic Family. There are two
types of Logic Families, which are as follows:

1. Bipolar Logic Family

2. Unipolar Logic Family

Bipolar Logic Families: The main elements of a bipolar IC are resistors, diodes
(which are also capacitors) and transistors. Basically there are two types of opera-
tions in bipolar ICs:

1. Saturated

2. Non-saturated

The saturated bipolar logic families are:

• Resistor-transistor logic (RTL)

• Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL)

• Integrated-injection logic (I2L)

• Diode-transistor logic (DTL)

• High-threshold logic (HTL)

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• Transistor-transistor logic (TTL)

The non-saturated bipolar logic families are:

• Schottky TTL, and

• Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)

Unipolar Logic Families: MOS devices are unipolar devices and only MOSFETs
are employed in MOS logic circuits. The MOS logic families are: PMOS NMOS,
and CMOS

Characteristics of Digital ICs:

We know that there are various logic families. The selection of logical families for
the application is based on its characteristics, and hence it is necessary to study the
characteristics of digital ICs. The various parameters of digital ICs used to compare
their performance are:

1. Speed of operation

2. Power dissipation

3. Figure of merit

4. Fan-out

5. Fan-in

6. Current and voltage parameters

7. Noise immunity

8. Operating temperature range

9. Power supply requirements

10. Propagation Delay

11. Current Sinking

12. Current Sinking

13. Loading Factor

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Speed of operation: It is one of the important parameters of digital ICs. Speed of

operation of digital ICs should be high. The speed of a digital circuit is specified in
terms of the propagation delay time. The input and output waveforms of a logic gate
are shown in Figure1. The propagation delay time of the logic gate is the average

Figure 1: Input and Output waveforms to define propagation delay time

of propagation delay time from high state to low state and propagation delay time
from low to high.
tP HL + tP LH
tp = (1)
2

The delay times are measured between 50 percent voltage levels of input and output
waveforms.
There are two delay times:
tP HL : It is the delay time measured, when output changes from high to low state.
tP LH : It is the delay time measured, when output changes from low to high state.

The propagation delay between input and output should be as minimum as possible
so that the operating speed of IC is high.

Power Dissipation:

We know that every electronic circuit requires amount of electric power. Power
dissipation is the amount of power dissipated in an IC. It is determined by the
current ICC, that it draws from the VCC supply, and is given by VCC X ICC. ICC
is the average value of ICC(0) and ICC(1). This power is specified in milliwatts.
Figure of Merit:

The figure of merit of a digital IC is defined as the product of speed and power.
The speed is specified in terms of propagation delay time expressed in nanoseconds.
Figure of merit = propagation delay time (ns) X power (mW)

It is specified in pico joules (ns X mW = pJ) A low value of speed-power product is

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desirable. In a digital circuit, if it is desired to have high speed, i.e. low propagation
delay, then there is a corresponding increase in the power dissipation and vice-versa.
Fan-Out : This is the number of similar gates, which can be driven by a gate.
High fan-out is advantageous because it reduces the need for additional drivers to
drive more gates. The driver gate drives the N gate (N is fan-out). If more than

Figure 2: Diagram illustrating the concept of Fan-Out

one N gates are connected to a load, the current supply by the driver gate is not
sufficient to drive the gates or the current sink by the driver gate is more than the
rating of the driver gate and gate may be damaged. Using the fan-out of a logic
family we can calculate the current component.
IOH IOH
F anout = minimum of (2)
IIH IIH
Fan-In : Number of inputs are connected to gate, which is known as fan-in of
the gate. For two inputs gate, fan-in is two and for four inputs gate, fan-in is four.
Current and Voltage Parameters:

The following currents and voltages are specified which are very useful in the design
of digital systems.

• High-level input voltage, VIH: This is the minimum input voltage, which
is recognized by the gate as logic 1.

• Low-level input voltage, VIL: This is the maximum input voltage, which
is recognized by the gate as logic 0.

• High-level output voltage, VIH:This is the minimum voltage available at

the output corresponding to logic 1.
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• Low-level output voltage, VOL: This is the maximum voltage available

at the output corresponding to logic 0.

• High-level input voltage, VIH:This is the minimum current, which must

be supplied by a driving source corresponding to 1 level voltage

• Low-level input Current, IIL: This is the minimum current, which must
be supplied by a driving source corresponding to 0 level voltage

• High-level output Current, IIH:This is the maximum current, which the

gate can sink in 1 level.

• Low-level output Current, IOL: This is the maximum current, which the
gate can sink in 0 level.
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TTL to CMOS Interfacing :

TTL to CMOS Interfacing :

S. E. (E&TC) : 2014–15 Digital Electronics & Tools : DE

Conclusions