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Chapter-1
Introduction to Institution
Advance Technology, Chandigarh
Advance Technology, Chandigarh is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company deals in the field of
Hardware Development, Embedded Products Development, Security & Surveillance and
Engineers Training Programs. Advance Technology is the mission, which is working for the
promotion of latest technologies in India & Abroad. To achieve our goal, we have made
coloration with a number of institutions and firms. Advance Technology deals in three different
domains, first is development, second is industrial automation and third is education. Advance
Technology an Embedded Design House. Advance Technology offer various Technical
Education solutions, Products & Development tools to Engineering colleges, Universities,
research organizations. We also offer the business of providing Technical education solutions
& development tools to the educational & industrial customers. Advance Technology has
developed a number for private as well government organizations.
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Chapter-2
Introduction of Automation
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment
such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching in
telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with
minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated. The
biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labour; however, it is also used to save energy and
materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision. The term automation, inspired by the
earlier word automatic (coming from automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when
General Motors established the automation department. It was during this time that industry
was rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in the 1930s.Automation has
been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical,
electronic and computers, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as modern
factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combined techniques
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High productivity
Although many companies hire hundreds of production workers for a up to three shifts to
run the plant for the maximum number of hours, the plant still needs to be closed for
maintenance and holidays. Industrial automation fulfils the aim of the company by
allowing the company to run a manufacturing plant for 24 hours in a day 7 days in a week
and 365 days a year. This leads to a significant improvement in the productivity of the
company.
High Quality
Automation alleviates the error associated with a human being. Further, unlike human
beings, robots do not involve any fatigue, which results in products with uniform quality
manufactured at different times.
High flexibility
Adding a new task in the assembly line requires training with a human operator, however,
robots can be programmed to do any task. This makes the manufacturing process more
flexible.
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High safety
Industrial automation can make the production line safe for the employees by deploying
robots to handle hazardous conditions.
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Chapter-3
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
3.1 Need of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Before PLCs came into existence; sequencing, safety interlock logic for manufacturing,
and other controls were accomplished using physical relays, timers, and dedicated closed-loop
controllers. A relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch .When a
voltage is applied to the input coil; the resulting current creates a magnetic field to control a
switch. When a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting current creates a magnetic
field. The magnetic field pulls a metal switch (or reed) towards it and the contacts touch,
closing the switch. The contact that closes when the coil is energized is called Normally
Open(NO).The Normally closed (NC) close when the input coil is not energized and open
when the input coil is energized. But the control industries were looking forward to eliminate
the high costs associated with inflexible, relay controlled systems. The specifications required a
solid-state system with computer flexibility which must be able to
(1) Survive in an industrial environment,
(2) Be easily programmed and maintained by plant engineers and technicians, and
(3) Be reusable.
Such a control system would reduce machine downtime and provide expandability for the
future.
Some of the initial specifications included the following: The new control system had to be price competitive with the use of relay systems.
The system had to be capable of sustaining an industrial environment.
The input and output interfaces had to be easily replaceable.
The controller had to be designed in modular form, so that subassemblies could be
removed easily for replacement or repair.
The control system needed the capability to pass data collection to a central system.
Geeta Institute of Management & Technology, Kurukshetra
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The PLC has two main sections: a central processing unit (CPU) and an I/O interface
section (Fig. 1.l). The CPU is further divided into three components: the processor, memory
system, and system power. The basic element of a programmable controller is shown in the
I/O Modules
I/O Modules
I/O Modules
I/O Modules
I/O Modules
System Power
Supply
Central
Processing
Unit
Processor
Module
Fig. 4.5.
The processor modules are being developed using latest microprocessors / micro
controllers. The processor module contains the microprocessor / microcontroller, its supporting
circuitry and its memory system. Some processor modules are having a dedicated math
processor module to perform the complicated mathematical function. It is intended to increase
processor speed of the PLC.
The processor module scans the I/O channels and updates the corresponding memory
location at fixed intervals. The main function of the processor is to analyze the data coming
from shop floor through input modules, make decisions based on the user's defined control
program, and return signals back through output modules to the shop floor devices.
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a)
Relay logic
b)
Latches
c)
Timing
d)
Count
e)
ASCII interface
f)
g)
Shift register
h)
i)
Arithmetic
j)
Comparison
k)
Computer interface
l)
Matrix manipulation
m)
n)
Binary conversion
0)
p)
The collection of control program, which controls the activities of PLC on execution of
the user's control program, driver for communication with peripherals devices and other
activities, are stored in the system memory area. Normally it is stored in read-only memory
devices. A scratch pad memory area is included in the system memory area for temporary
storage of data for interim calculation of control. The application memory is divided into data
table area and user program area. The I/O status data, variables or preset values, flag values
and other data are stored in data table area. The data table is the one where data is monitored,
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The programming devices are used for programming the application software, editing
and troubleshooting the software. The on-line /off-line programming is also possible with PLC.
PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer and then
downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program is stored
in the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a
single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays.
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Program Programming
Device
Power Supply
CPU
Memory
I/O
Modules
Output
Device
Input
Device
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[\] A "not" contact, closed whenever its corresponding coil or an input which
controls it is not energized
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CHAPTER-4
SCADA
4.1 Meaning of SCADA
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. As the name indicates, it is
not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. As such, it is a purely
software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules. SCADA
systems are used not only in industrial processes: e.g. steel making, power generation
(conventional and nuclear) and distribution, chemistry, but also in some experimental facilities
such as nuclear fusion. The sizes of such plants are range from a few 1000 to several 10
thousands input/output (I/O) channels. However, SCADA systems evolve rapidly and are now
penetrating the market of plants with a number of I/O channels of several 100 K: we know of
two cases of near to 1 M I/O channels currently under development.
SCADA systems used to run on DOS, VMS and UNIX; in recent years all SCADA
vendors have moved to NT and some also to Linux.
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4.1.1 Architecture
This section describes the common features of the SCADA products that have been
evaluated at CERN in view of their possible application to the control systems of the LHC
detectors [1], [2].
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4.2 Communications:
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4.2.4 Scalability
Scalability is understood as the possibility to extend the SCADA based control system by
adding more process variables, more specialized servers (e.g. for alarm handling) or more
clients. The products achieve scalability by having multiple data servers connected to multiple
controllers. Each data server has its own configuration database and RTDB and is responsible
for the handling of a sub-set of the process variables (acquisition, alarm handling, archiving).
4.2.5 Redundancy
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4.3 Functionality:
4.3.3 Trending
The products all provide trending facilities and one can summarize the common
capabilities as follows:
The parameters to be trended in a specific chart can be predefined or defined on-line a chart
may contain more than 8 trended parameters or pens and an unlimited number of charts can be
displayed (restricted only by the readability) real-time and historical trending are possible,
although generally not in the same chart.
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4.5 Logging/Archiving
The terms logging and archiving are often used to describe the same facility. However,
logging can be thought of as medium-term storage of data on disk, whereas archiving is longterm storage of data either on disk or on another permanent storage medium. Logging is
typically performed on a cyclic basis, i.e., once a certain file size, time period or number of
points is reached the data is overwritten. Logging of data can be performed at a set frequency,
or only initiated if the value changes or when a specific predefined event occurs. Logged data
can be transferred to an archive once the log is full. The logged data is time-stamped and can be
filtered when viewed by a user. The logging of user actions is in general performed together
with either a user ID or station ID. There is often also a VCR facility to play back archived
data.
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4.7 Automation
The majority of the products allow actions to be automatically triggered by events. A
scripting language provided by the SCADA products allows these actions to be defined. In
general, one can load a particular display, send an Email, run a user defined application or
script and write to the RTDB. The concept of recipes is supported, whereby a particular system
configuration can be saved to a file and then re-loaded at a later date.
4.8.1 Configuration
The development of the applications is typically done in two stages. First the process
parameters and associated information (e.g. relating to alarm conditions) are defined through
some sort of parameter definition template and then the graphics, including trending and alarm
displays are developed, and linked where appropriate to the process parameters. The products
also provide an ASCII Export/Import facility for the configuration data (parameter definitions),
which enables large numbers of parameters to be configured in a more efficient manner using
an external editor such as Excel and then importing the data into the configuration database.
However, many of the PC tools now have a Windows Explorer type development studio. The
developer then works with a number of folders, which each contains a different aspect of the
configuration, including the graphics.
The facilities provided by the products for configuring very large numbers of parameters are
not very strong. However, this has not really been an issue so far for most of the products todate, as large applications are typically about 50K I/O points and database population from
within an ASCII editor such as Excel is still a workable option. On-line modifications to the
configuration database and the graphics are generally possible with the appropriate level of
privileges.
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4.8.3 Evolution
SCADA vendors release one major version and one to two additional minor versions once
per year. These products evolve thus very rapidly so as to take advantage of new market
opportunities, to meet new requirements of their customers and to take advantage of new
technologies. As was already mentioned, most of the SCADA products that were evaluated
decompose the process in "atomic" parameters to which a Tag-name is associated. This is
impractical in the case of very large processes when very large sets of Tags need to be
configured. As the industrial applications are increasing in size, new SCADA versions are now
being designed to handle devices and even entire systems as full entities (classes) that
encapsulate all their specific attributes and functionality. In addition, they will also support
multi-team development. As far as new technologies are concerned, the SCADA products are
now adopting:
Web technology, ActiveX, Java, etc. OPC as a means for communicating internally between
the client and server modules. It should thus be possible to connect OPC compliant third party
modules to that SCADA product.
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Chapter-5
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AC to DC
DC to AC
DC to DC
AC to AC
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Prof. Blashke published his approach of AC motor control, to what is now known as Field
Oriented Control (FOC) or vector control. FOC control basically transformed the control of AC
motors to the one similar to DC motor control. In other words, the high performance torque
control can be achieved using AC motors. This is possible through complex frame
transformations and algorithm. However not until in the early 80s, where faster
microprocessors were available, the algorithm used for FOC was not practically realizable. In
1980s, increasing number of applications utilizing FOC control could be found in industries.
Applications which were previously possible only with DC drives were gradually being
replaced with FOC of AC drives. It was predicted that the AC drives will eventually replace the
DC drives in the near future.
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Description
P101
Motor NP voltage
P102
Motor NP frequency
P103
P104
Minimum Frequency
P105
Maximum frequency
P106
Start source
P107
Stop Mode
P108
Speed reference
P109
Acceleration time
P110
Deceleration time
Code
Description
D001
Output frequency
D002
Command frequency
D003
O/P current
D004
O/P voltage
D005
DC bus voltage
D006
Drive status
D007
Fault display
D008
Fault display
D009
Fault display
D0010
RPM display
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Chapter-6
Projects Done
6.1 Automatic lift control
In this I design a model of lift control in which I shows how a lift works. In this model we
use PLC, relays, dc gear motor, sensors & switches. All plays very important role. We
upload a program in PLC which is formed in ladder logic.
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CONCLUSION
Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and In daily
experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and
organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications
and human activities. Automation provides 100% accuracy all time. So the failures and
mismatch in production completely eliminates. It makes the systems efficiency higher than
manual as well as It controls wastages.. So the overall savings increases. It provides safety to
human being. By that industry can achieves the safety majors and ISO and OHSAS reputation.
It makes the operation faster than manual which causes higher production and proper utilization
of utilities. It increases the production by which the cost of each product decreases and industry
profit increases. It provides smooth control on system response. It provides repeatability, so
that the same kinds of products are easier to manufacture at different stages without wasting
time. It provides quality control, so that the products become reliable which improves industrial
reputation in market. It provides integration with business systems. It can reduce labor costs, so
the final profit increases. Industrial automation is very compulsory need of industries in todays
scenario to meet market competition
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REFERENCES
[1] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Technology Survey Summary of Study Report", IT-CO/98-08- 09,
CERN, Geneva 26th Aug 1998.
[2] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Selection and Evaluation of Commercial SCADA Systems for the
Controls of the CERN LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference
on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.353.
[3] G.Baribaud et al., "Recommendations for the Use of Fieldbuses at CERN in the LHC Era",
Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental
Physics Control Systems, Beijing, 1997, p.285.
[4] D. Kandray, Programmable Automation Technologies , Industrial Press, 2010.
[5] W. Bolton, Programmable Logic Controllers, Fifth Edition, Newnes, 2009.
[6] http://www.surecontrols.com/what-is-industrial-automation/
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