You are on page 1of 190

`Q "KH=

(^= Q^= L"KH=)


=#=

L#``~^= HH

HIGHER SECONDARY - I YEAR


(Telugu - Part-I Complete)

JO@~x`#O J=#+O
JO@~x`#O <~O
JO@~x`#O O

`q<_ ~ QO^ O
K< 600 006.

Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation


College Road, Chennai - 600 006.

Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2004
CHAIRPERSON

Dr. M. CHANDRAVALLI
Reader & Head of the Dept. of Telugu,
Presidency College, Chennai - 600 005.
REVIEWERS

Tmt. M. KAMESWARI
Head of the Dept. of Telugu,
Queen Mary's College,
Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004.

Thiru P. CHANDRA SEKHARA SARMA


SR. SPL. GR. P.G. Asst.,
S.K.P.D. Boy's. Hr. Sec. School, Chennai - 600 001.
AUTHORS
Thiru K. PRABHAKARA NAIDU
Dr. T. PADMALOCHANA DEVI
SPL. GR. P.G. Asst.,
Pachaiyappa's College,
Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 001.

P.G. Asst. (RTD)


Sri Venugopala Vidyalaya,
Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 028.

Thiru G. RAMESHUDU

Thiru CH. BUCHAIAH

SPL. GR. Telugu Pandit,


S.K.P.D. Boy's Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 001.

P.G. Asst. in Telugu,


Kesari Hr. Sec. School,
T.Nagar, Chennai - 600 017.

Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School
Education on behalf of the Govt. of Tamilnadu

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

*f w`=
[#Q} =# Jk<H [
~` Q q^` !
O*| O^ Q[~` =~~
^q_ L` =OQ !
qO^ =K =< QOQ
LK [k `~OQ !
`= <" *Q !
`= Pt+ =Q !
Q `= [ Q^ !
[# Q} =OQ ^H [
~` Q q^` !
[ ! [ ! [ !
[ [ [ [ !

~gO^<^ ~~

*fw` ~O=
= [# $^=# ieOK ~`^ QH~"#\
h [=QQH ! h <== O*|, O^, Q[~`, =~R=,
^q_ = , L` = , |OQ = =#Q ^ [# =# #
LOQ*K#k. Jk qO^, =K ~`= u^xOK K#k.
=< QOQ #^ " w`=O^ qb#", O^ =^
`~OQ=K Q#= K|_K#k. h Pj~K#= H "~
iOKK h Hix Q#= KK<~. ~`^ Q H~=Q h
[=QQH ! [=QQH ! [=QQH !
iii

=O^ =`~"
=O^ =`~O,
[O, O, =[ j`O,
=O =`~O, =O^ =`~O,
*` H` qhO,
q` ^=^ ahO,
hO, =^~ +}O,
Y^O =~^O =`~O, =O^ =`~"

|OHO KO^ K@s

u[
~` ^= <=`$q. ~fO^~ < ^~. <#
< ^=# qOKK<#. O#"#, |q^"#, < ^ "~`
O^ < Q~ H~}=. nxH J~` O^@ ~ ^ <# H$+ K ^#.
< `e^O_#, L^#, ^O^~# Q~qO`#.
u"i`# =~^Q #_KHO^#. < ^=@, < [@
"x~u` LO^#x u[ KK<#.
"i a=$^ < P#O^=# ==.

iv

= `Q `e
= `Q `eH =^O_
= H#`eH =OQ~` !
H_ |OQ~, H#K H~},
z~#= ~ ^~eOK = `e !
Q Q Q^i H^e`O>#,
a~ a~ H$+= ~Qe_`O>#,
|OQ~ O@ O_`~ !
=i =` ^~`~ !
J=~=f #Q~ J~ t
`Q QO` `~_ <^
uH H= uO^<
x`", xd" xezO_ ^H !
~^= [H ! == uH !
u=~ nH ! H$+~ Hi !
= K= iOQ=x =~"Q ^H
h P@ P_`O, h @ _`O !
* `Q `b ! * `Q `b !

OH~O_ O^~Ki
v

`q ` "`
h~~O H__` x=_O^ HoQ"
~~O =^# "#uQ ~` YO_qk
`H}=O Jk ~O^ ^q_# u~<_"
`H #^" ^i`#~" uQ="
JuQ "< J<`Q" W#=
ZkO Q =}H W~O^ ~O `q}OQ !
`q}OQ !
L<i" uO qO^
=O^ "`^" !
"`^" !
"`^" !

=<#}O, . O^~O

*f "H u[
''< *u `O`=#, UH`=# O~HOK@# ^$_`~=
K@# ~`< H$+ KQ#x u# KK<#.
''= O =~= <#_# J=aO=#x, =`, ,
O` O|O^=#, W`~ ~[HiH J< O|O^=# ~
q^=#, q"^=# Ou`=Q<, K@ =`"# ^`<
i+iOKH#=#x <H =H}OKK<#.
vi

`q`e q#u
~` YO_ q _u
[=$` [k =#
Ju O^~ ="`
P `e <=OH <@
fi# Hi uHO
^q_<_ O@ =u
P H=x Hi =,
f^#O, O, n~O
`q+ , `q+
Jk ~k=$`O,
x` #`#O, M`O
~^ q[D ,
q[D x = q#u.

J#"^= : PK~ ^= zxH$+

vii

P=Y=
` q < _ ` = #` # ~ } oH # , ` ^ # Q }=Q
~H=# ~H# QqOK@ O`+ ^H"# q+=.
D ^HO_= `~Qu "KH= ~}oH O="i x|O^#
##iOz ~OkO|_#k. q^ih q^~ `Q+ PH , Ja~z
U~_=## ^ ^ = ` @, "i ~f O$u, ~a=#=, ^ H x
OOkOK=## ^$H^=` ~O= ~|_#q. p<^xH PO^
"V Ki`x a# H, qq^H= ~K## ~O=Q q^ih
q^~ ~ ##iOz =~|_#q.
J^ # "kH O^ Hi# ^= H~^ K~ |_#q. ~< #=Q
#O_@H "H~}=# `H=Q XHK@ O^~K|_#k.
L"KH= Ki`H^~ ~+_, J~G ~K~`# K}x Ki`
qbHiOK|_#k. 'H}NQ ^# KO^Y~~Q~, fHO
'=n_Q ~ Ok# H.Z.#~O~=Q~ [O@Q ~zOz# 'K}_
QO^ K~}H~ ~f |H _"iH H$`[`.
D "KH= `= Hq`#, ~K## HiOK@ J#=u <y#
==O^iH H$`[`.
D ~QO^ ~H# HiOz#, `Oz# ~=~,
Pq` = $^~H ^#"^=.
Of + `qz ~ QO^# ` ~K @ #Hx#
` q <_ ` =# , `k H ~ , q^Mk H ~ =
#==O[.
D ~QO^=# KHQ JO^=Q ~kk Wz# 'H" QH
_ "iH = H$`[`a=O^#=.
viii

q+zH
^Q=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Q=` hu ~`=o
qH=~x B^~=
H`M#=
@i
Q$ ^~=
~M#=
(^f~ ==)
7. Q~H} =
8. |`KHO
9. H#H

`#
[H#
uH#
NN
`= `~==iK^i

`<e ~=H$+H q
Q_~O "OH@ +
.<~}~_
Q~*_ J~=

HO~= K=# ^=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Q=` hu ~`=o
qH=~x B^~=
H`M#=
Q$ ^~=
~M#=
^f~ ==
6. Q~H}=
7. |`KHO

1, 3, 4, 6, 8
-

7, 12, 13
10, 13, 21, 23
18, 39, 41
8, 12, 17, 29

- 4, 10, 12
- 1, 9, 12

"`= O
ix

@
2
6
11
19
23
32
40
45
51
O
20

12
16
12

16

12

12

100

Q^Q=

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

@
+
- #QO\ H#~O~=
60
P~^
_II N=u. <x H$+=i 66
#= H^xH
_II k"H~ "OH\=^x
73
PO^ uH=`~}= <i #~O
81
z`H
OQo HHO`O
87
=^# x+^=
- =~= <Q~~=
96
N <^#i QOQ^~OQ~ _II .q.*Q~=
101
("i *#^ "V=)
"^O "OH@~ ~=~O `~_
106

8.
9. "=# Hq`= =
h`
~e J#O`H$ + ~

"H~}=
K}_
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

112
120

L"KH=

q^< H}N KO^Y ~~


H .Z.#~O ~=

=
iK =
u[
~Q^
~i
|O^q =H
=~ <=
=O` `O`K#
=~}O`=
K}Hhu
KO^Q q[=

138
142
145
150
151
155
160
164
170
173
177
x

1. Q=` hu ~`=o
-- `#
"^" q~z`"# O$` =Q=`=# |"~ `<=`_
POnHiOK#. `#Hq 15= `|=# KOk#"_. `O_ H#, `e
H=O|. [ O_` a~^OH`_. g~^ q[=, yh ^O_H=
gi ~`~ QO^=. `# =~# qHe q^= i` H#=O^
H`iO*KO_#. gi e Ju=^~"#k. `Q + x~"#
Ow`=^~= Q=`=# ~`=Y=Q QKiOK#. giH JOH~
u "O_. =~# O^~=# JO`# = JkH=Q "_KO_#.
O_`, =~ JO^i =## K~Q# =H== Q=`=.
`# Q=`= H ~= ^#=Q #O_#. L`= Hq` t=
Q_ H##Q#.
`# Q=`= JK@K@ ~QoH# hu ^=# O^~
`=Q ~#. J\"x Hx =# ~O=Q Q`=.
H. h

^H= =
h ^~ `_ <=# x`O
`~ ` ^#
^ =O^~ < ^ Q^!

H. Juk [#O| H<


``= |lOz z` `~=
#u #_ [# #
` H~ ^iOz |_ *^ ~#!

H. ~}=x

=K [O`=
Q~}O Q# qz Kz Hz# |}O
|~Q #kHO |x=
<yOzi #hO^ O =<

H. ~`=

<=_
~= `O_Q# `OKH=#<
|~`" ~= ^~=
~`# <^~ ^ ~O^ =v!

H. H~=# |@ [O`=
H~=#< =$k O^ Q~=# *_<
Q~" [# ^=`
H~= Y ^Y= Q~} =k!

H. [#h

[# =$^
^# Q~ q ^ ^~^<
[#_ # _ =H,
=#~# r=# $`O_ "_ ^iu<

H. ^~= `= wi
x~^ q+ H x~= #
`~ =O =`=#
#ie Q"~ }=h <^!
Qey# i QQ#
H= Qey# "} QQ Y= <
H= QQ ^# QQ#
H= Qey# "K i ^_ `O_!

H. H=

H ^~`~ =~##
^~O` <# [# ^i`= O^<
=~= Qz H+
H~ ~Q= "O^ H=_ q!
3

HII `= = =K#=
x`= `^K# qkx x`~ ^
` `= Q=#
`=#K [#~ "i Ki`=# #$!

10

J^# "kH
J~= :
`^ }g^ ^ J# ~`_ (}`_)
J~Q PzOz K_Q ~O^ =v #q<\ KO^x=O\
=Y=Q^< H~= x, H~= (H~e`=) Jk! F
~*! q } ^~ ~ r=# $`O_ |uH O_
Kz#"x` =#_ ^iu q, #ie = ^i`=
=.

O^ :
D HOk "xx q_n Ok ~#, `= "=:
#hO^, =<iOyOzi, ~O^=v, =hO^

== :
D HOk "xH qQ "H= ", == ~#
"=:
`^ `Hi =hO^_ `OKH= Y^Y=
Q~q^^~^.

J~ O^~= :
1. ~`" ~=^~=
2. H~" [# ^=`
3. #ie H"~ }=h <^!
4

:
1. ` Hix Z=~ |_^~?
2. }=, ~= ^~= J#Q<q?
3. H~ e`"\k?
4. r=# $`O_\"_?
5. }=~?
6. H= =# U"q HQ#?
7. H+H~=~?

qO= :
OK `= : h~, x, Qe, PH=, q

q^~ K# :
Q=`= Q hu ^=# HiOK=.

2. qH=~x B^~=

[H#

[H# Hq 15= `|= ~Q=# KOk#"_. JH=O|,


J# =` gi ` e ^ O _ . x y } @O|=#
KOk#"_. [H# qH=~ Ki`=# ~zOz, _^=~ H=
Q}_Q #O_# "<HO\ ^<=`xH JOH`= K#. [H# |G
~OQ`_. =i J=^# x~} [Q"_.
qH = ~ K i ` = O K = = #O_ ` ~ Q =
HiO|_#k. WO^, ^=^`_# }_ qH=~x sHOz# q^#=,
qH=~x B^~ Q}= ~=`~=Q =iOK|_#q.

H. #=@q@K#
[#u xOz # ==#, [Q
[#`_ ^=^`O
_#~=~ _H _`xO QOK<.

`. HOz q`#iHOu y
KuO_ H[= ^^i
`~=# H`~ #=^iO
=O_n ! O\" #O_<.

K. Jx# |"^ =Ok =^=~=~x Q_ qH=


~#$= ~} _`#Q~O|#O [x<, kAO_#O
^#^#O| K~ |=^=# #=<_ e,
[# u ^=^`# =u xK |~``=<
3
6

=. Wz H<_.

`. HQ Ez H Q"~
q#Q ^=^`_ "# q#q
Qi < *# H~=#
= <#_ = <H!

=. Jx# #=@ ^=^`O_ #$`=x# =i`O|#O


*, `#=~#O |d[#O| iH~#O| O |=iOKK
<H<_, ~~}+`O_# ~[=~O_ =Oy@ <_
=^_"_#O <=~ <QO_ Q_=$u <`Hx
x[x"O|#O [x, #O` #=~ <"~ "_ #~
H#H ^f~# H`O QOyOz#, #`O_# Q=~
<+}O|# ^=~ xyOz# #~ Kx ~O|
~O|# kOz, q}gkO ^n~}== #=
~ =K O|`_ O |\ ` z = YO|#O \ # ,
#=O _z`O| "=" _Q@, 6
L.~=Y

_@x +}OQ}a+<
~=$ u |x =^`A *Q~xK` <
*u, <=_< #+[#= Q~^O_O`O
*#QH ~K_Q K# ` O=K< ?

H. D+}O| H_
<=~ __ #H\ ! H$
HOy ^y =kOzu
"= * Q~ ~\ ^~` !

=. Jx H+Oz ^O_OO ^z.

P. H= "_ h_Hx= #uO


==# qH=~ =#[q_
"i =Q_ aez =^x "iOz
"~ q#Q x@ x.

10

H. =<H~~= =k
<#_ ==OQ ~x k` _#iOK<
### < <QH _
<_ =#q j`^H "Q<.

11

L.H=#

h` _O`H~= # _,
<q#O| "_H^ iHO [#^Oz ~[<
~q=O|" =#@, O`\ `k ? < ^#<
^==H ~`xH ^ <HO`, =@ \H<?
12

L.P^

KH \ `#H# ni, _O
~#\ H~=@# x~}O #~Q
<, `# #iOz#|^`= <iHOK #=
H <x [#= <H HqH@H [#= !

13

L. <=_ ~A=K#O|# HO` O`e,


^=_ =Ok~O|# kQ# =~ ^z, ^
f=~ #OH i x_ n=# Q xz ``
Hq^H\ _O^=#O |=^O| [xO x@#<.

14

L. ^=~ <_ H# =kO Q_<O` O`Oz, O


=#g < <H `H~= |#>
<= h= xx, ^~ "OQ@H #iu<
<"_|kH ##=#O Q+O= "_^<.

15

H. J#=_ ^~=~O^x
H#= =}+}^ QO^<
=#=~* Q$=#
HxK ^ xK #K~=O^<

16

=. W` OQ# qH=~=h~O_ `=K# `H~ ~


}O_ ^~i#O| KO_#.
8

J^# "kH
J~= :
B^~= L^~`= =@q@ =]K@ K h_
[#u ~A ~=~_ }+_ `#iHO` s~
|_eH kA_ }_ O_H [= H=O_=x h~
^#= Q$= =^= O`+= `=~ @ q}gk
JOQ_ gk =KO| Q~ XiHOK@ LHOK@ J#=
"#.

O^ :
D HOk "xx q_n Ok ~# , `=# "=.
=O_n =^=~=~_ ^f~_ ~~=
#$`=_ j`^H= `H~= W`OQ

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= ", == ~# "=.
=O_n _ ~[=~_ Lz`= ^~` j`^H= .

J~ O^~= :
1. '= <#_ =<H!
2. '< = *Q~ ~\ ^~`
3. 'D `xH ^ <HO`, =@ \H<

:
1. ^=^`_ qH=~x P#=# ~`_\#?
2. ^ =^ ` _ qH =~x B^~= [ `e@Hq
QqOK#?
3. qH=~x B^~"\^ q=iO=?
9

q^~ K# :
B^~Q}= J=~KH#@ J= QqO=#.

L^ K# :
qH = ~ x= B^~ Q }= Q e y# ~} ~ + #
q^~ iK= QqOK@ H=.

10

3. H`M#=

uH#

" ^ " q~ z ` " # O $` = ~ ` = # POn H i Oz#


Hq`= uH# ~O_="_. `O_ H=<=`_. `e J#=. uH#
H= 13= `|=. PO^ =~`=x ^<xqk ~ <=^#
q~@~= "^Hx z=i^# ~~} ~= =~ "`= ^<^
~= `xyOz uH# H$`H$`_#. <~# ieOz# =#=k
~A =OuQ#, P# H q Q# k HH <_ . ''= Q = K
''=l J#. `# "^\ H="# x~K<`~ ~=}=#
=#=k ~A JOH`qK#. ''Hq|, ''LHq q`_ J##q
uH# a~^=.
uH# Hq` Ju u ^=` J~~K, `Q |_`
<K#k. gik <@He, ''J ^=` J#~ ~K# K@
uH# ^_.
N=^O^ =~`=, Ou~= `$f= #O_ `
~Q= QO|_#k. ^~~A \a+_# J#O`~= NH$+x`
Qe JO `=### c+x EK@ "#. ^~A_ c+x
QOz, ''^~= <q +O| Jx tO, c+_ Z [#
<KiO^Q ^~= J<H=#q. Jq "^`=, G`=,
tK~=x =_ q^=. Jq x# ^uH `= Q#.
"xK [# W~ Y= Q#.
~}Q` ~H}= ^~= "\Q <#|_K#k. ^x "eq
<OyOK <H }H^# q#=x, H`= H Juk `~ H^#
qxOK#.
11

H. ~}Q`O~H}
~ =~ <\\= x
~~H~}H~ ~=
^~=# <yO < ^x`OQ<.

P. Jx# c+ _@# =zO^O_


<Q|~Q ^~}<O_
^#[=OuK` qx#k HH^
d~} =KiOK.

=. J~uO| ^ ^# h_y# ~O| ^e #=


`O_" HiO=
3
. ` _H =k~Oz
ux# HqHx #k
|^Q ^xH |^#O|
=iOKHx =@q [iO
<H<_ #"## Qe# =\
Hr= <O|=@
#\k H# O` [=O
# ye #~^=O_
`. "~` # ## "_e q`
<H=#u*O" #^x
*Ok ~ui Q@ t [
QQ j`~ _ O_ Q~"O^!

H. P| _`~=~
=HOz H_H #x 'xK\
`eO QeK^ Q~}
j` ## QK@ qt+ qhu<!

12

=. Jx ~@ H ^ O O_ #O| O z O_
#= ~ O| H@~ O |# = ~ Oz O_ #k
HH`O| ^#= @ x "`O ~ ~H `_#
HOz,
6
. 'ZK@ ##k H? ~O` ^H K@
#O_< ## [ Oy
H~}O|# <=<? "#
# ^y Q< #H@
"# # x"xHeq x
~~HO |kH#~QH
Qu Q}= H=+H
Y^#O| " uH
`. <q ^? =Ok~O a_ _
"K#k #Q #
=# ##Hu qx =
#O| O`+~=QO| QQ.

H. u=kH xO` H#
u=Q^ }=u = b
Qu q# QOzu [#=
Q$`H$`O | < Qezu [=x<.

=. Jx O|## Q_Oz uHO ^# `O QOyOz qkH$


`O|# =Q=O |x ^x eH = x@x
9
K. ~}=

z#O ^Q |# ` Q Hx ~H}O|
^~=Q * @`kH^~=Q |^H\ h
=~ =~ gx ~}Q` <#Oy <^O
~H O_ *= ``# QO "_<.
10
13

H. Jx ~_ +Oz#
qx H= _Q q_z qQ= Q~}O
^#*u `Q x
@x =#[+}= <|`<.

11

H. 'F# ! _<_=
=~O\H #uk"u =H hO
*= <u^O
k =n`~"yO `Q<

12

K. J#=_

# "O` aO| =OQ |H "i '


`# HOQHO| |`# = _ nx ",
x# qOQ=O| ~ =~Q #K\ =
# Qx `z q_ Oi`"#^Q}O|#<. 13

=. PO`e
~ O|# [x ` OQ`O # ~OQO|.
14
H. Hx=z =#
^#HOQ * <q ^H`Q x
@# `_ '" h
#O|# QzH#@H =#!
15
K. J#=_ "_ Q=$^O |~O ^#OQHO|
#tMH=# ## # HOz j`
^# =_QOQ *Q |^O_ He ^K ^
z# <yOK Q= Hk #= H `<. 16
=. =Qz ""O `OzHx "x H@x

17

`. YQ= r=#O |# Q^? OQ


Oz#\k He Hq #
= ^~H# kO^= QH #
h= _u "u^xu =.

18

14

=.

<s~O ~O|Q xK^ Q#=:

19

H.

Jx eH y =Qx
`#^= ^x# ^_H ~_#O
Qx qO|#
=#=#Q QO` =#_ O_<.

20

=.

H^ ~"~ ~+O| [QuO Q~} "~ x


y\K< "#? <^Ki`O| xO^O |@
`<=z# xO`H _Q<? ``~`~K
+ =#OQ"_ |H Q~" OkOK ^^=<.
21

=.

Jx O`~OQO|# "~QO| x~O`~O |Q@ #O`


xH.
22

=.

'Wk ~\ex |O^O ^y ` hy Q <


^" O_Q x\`O "O O~ "~QO
^ O| < ^OQ =#}` "O
^^ < x_ OK =#= OuO O^ x~_. 23

H.

=# ##Q
"=_Q q_z = "O_O ^# O
Q Hxu^#
= #K@< O_ x`_.

24

JHu<^ _y |_@
H= l ` = =Q
<Q~_Q x@x qOK
#[`~Oy` QK.

25

<He H~ "_
"## < Q#OQ "O_ #qO
`_@ Q#Qx
<^ ## ~@ #@ ^Q =Q<?

26

P.

H.

15

. WQ~*OO| xO~q~#
# ^H= ^i
O^e `eh@ ^#O
#y~ ` *i,
=q"H <n=, *<O^
`@H_ #e`_ *Ok,
~<` =Heq *Q_y
f~= # Ok,
`. ## =#=# ^e #O^"O^
Qe e_ h^Qb ==
<=O }! }O| e_
x# Qi `O` hK#H _.

27

H. x#=~}=# ^#
"# q_z#\HO` "e^qHO
^# #`O_# #iy
## ~Y= O^KO_@ qO^<.

28

H. Jx eH _ #=
#=Q ^iHe =k qH= O^O
^#= ^KK =
Qx bO *z `x Q_O [x<.

29

H. i`q=#=g^ #
=~`u "+O ~` =+}O
^~k==i "eQ_
=~x Qe ~=Y" = "Q<.

30

`. b =i #K~=O_
| a#O^#= eK x@
x# HQO| =~#= ^K
|}=~ # _Q@ < H_

31

16

H. U## x @Q^ ##K


#x# H`=# #= "^<
"< =O_ OQ
Q# ^ Qo`~HHe`H$u.
`. J~QKO_" _HK ^"#O|
Q>ki H##O =\ =O_
O"k`z`_ KH *z
_ ^y ^=`O| =_

32
33

J^# "kH
J~= :
H`= =~= LM#= H^ ~}Q` P^
##"~ O~H} ~HOK@ ^~} <_ ~A Wu=
~ =$`O`=, H^ ye _ "~ = q`
L#` q =#u K@ [ j`~_ KeK ^_"_
|_ "_ =~= K@ H@~= K@ `]
= ~ ` `#< JkH"# Ke` ^_"_ qOQ=
H *u @H `#= qHe =^ @|_#k ~OQ=
x J#= Jy Q= J_q =~= YQ= ^~H#
aOz# =#= Q O_`= qOK< ^dOK#
H+= =

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~# , `=# "=.
j`~_ L[Oy HOQH= ~}i H~"O^ }
H`M#= J`kH= J=~= J#~^=_ ^^=
17

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= ", == ~# "=.
^#[=Ou }=~#_ ~ Y= L[ Oy H=.

J~ O^~= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

''t [QQ j`~_O_


''[#= Q$`H$`O |<
''Qezu [=x<
''qk H$`O|# =Q= |x^x
''=n `~ "yO`Q<
''H Q~" OkOK ^^=<
''^=`O| =_

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

"_ H@~O|# HO^ *~#?


H`= ~H Z@ "#?
H`= "_<@ H_< q=iO=?
"_ "~QO| Ok Uq *#?

q^~ K# :
''~}Q`# ~HOK@ J# J"@# Ja=$k QqOK
H#=#. uH#Q~ ~zOz# ~`=x qq^ ~=x =Y
^=# =H=Q K^=@# J=~KH#=#.

L^ K# :

~}Q` O~H} O|OkOz# qq^ H^# Qi q=iOK@.


18

4. @i

NN

1940 O=`~= `~"` XH ^|=@ PO^ `H=#


L`[ "#i# J^ Hq`^== q~@ NN. "qH`` @
Jk"qH`#, =H K`#=`@ =[ K`#=# =<kH~=`
=zOz# =H NN.
NN i ~ N~OQO Nx"~=. 1910 O=`~= Q~*_ Hq
''=` ~ ~zOz# ==< =# NN q[#Q~=# [xOzi.
J^ Hq` L^= <Q, QH~Q ^. _` [# HO
Hq`x #_Oz# =#=`"k. 1969= O=`~O =~ J^ ~K~`
OxH, P `~` q= ~K~` OxH J^. qq^ `
H ~K# K |=Y *=O`xOKH<~. gi ~K#
'Y_$+H q@ q uH"i < |=u aOz#k. =i g~
HO^ ` JH_g, =^ ~[H O_+# "i |=` JO^Hxi.
giH ''`K~ a~^=#k. =#O, i i ==`HO, Y_$+,
H_, =_ , i} ~O, e=| "^Q#q gi
~K# ~#^y#q.
=#= =[=# qH =~ K`#=# Qi NN `= Hq`
H_ ~==Q q=iOzi. #ey`# rq` `=# Hq` ==Q
fHx ''@i ''\HO eHO @}O |`^=x `e
=@# _Kqx \ |^i# @i x u =~}OK@#
NN H_$^=Q =iOzi.

19

\HO eHO
@}O |`^=x
`e =@ Kqx @H
|^i# @iH,
=_~A XHf~Q
#_< k `eH
#_ =^ <= suQ
OKi, OKe,
kQ _`, n#_`
u~Q`O>
KO_ KO_O, f= f=O
[~O H,
O ",

=|\, QeH\,
"#=, =~^=,
z= pH\ H=H
ZO`H+O !
H "H@ xeKK
@ `e U=x
=iO^......?
zO`xQ H#
Kiy =O@`Q,
QO_^ Qz#>
t~"^# Ju~OKQ,
~u, Kx ~u eH
QO_ g^< ~KO_Q,
20

`e H ^$O
H =O^@ QO`Q
K=Hx "
`KO@, H`HO@
` _,
Hy,
\ @iH
ZO` H+O !
J`x |`# H^ PY~ !
Q_ pH\# Q|
HiOK~
"#" =| XH
"~ "iOk
"Q *=# `e*
H_ Ok
q_# =| #_=#O_
"QAH "HiOzOk
@i H|~O`
j`"= P_ O\Ok !
@ `e H^
_H Q HkeOk !

J^# "kH
J~= :
f~ q^= OKeOK@ H^@ OK@ J~
#=# =@ =@_@ t~"^# `< HiOK@
QiOK@.
21

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# "=.
n#_` t~"^# =O@`Q.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= " == ~# "=.
t~"^# j`"=.

J~O^~= :
1. ''OKi, OKe
2. "QAH "HiOzOk.
3. J`x |`# H^ PY~.

:
1. NN ''@i ~= `e# O^"" q=Q
q=iO=.

q^~ K# :
1. NNQi QHq`# K^=@ J= QqO=.

L^ K# :
1. NNQ~ ''=Hq`Q KH=i J<_ ~ Q ~H`#
q=iO=.

V
22

5. Q$ ^~=
`= `~==iK^i
Ja#= uH#, `#QOH, H~ a~^OH`# N `=
`~==iK^iQ~ QO@~ l, ~ `H, H=~ Q=O
1901 OII [xOzi.
P^xH QO O^sux J^<`# =# @Q=Q
xz# *f^= Hq. O$`O^ O_`. QOnQi P`H^#
`xyOz =`x P#HqQ ^~. PO^ H~`x
HeyOK_xH Hq`x ^#OQ LyOKH<~. #~ QO@ 120
^ K# ~O_ QO@@ P Hq`O K O_`# "OK~.
gi ~K# `Q #_H~ *f Z=Q HxOK#.
` ~Q"# 'Q$ ^~= , 'H^O|H` J# QO^= #O_
QO|_#k. P`~}=, ~RQ#=, J=~*u, L^Q#O J##q
g~ ~zOz# W`~ QO^=. g~ =`, =#=` =YqK~.
Jx ^<H< J#^#O Qk. =# =#=_ `# =Oz`#O =#
Z ="`__ KHQ q=iOzi.

HO. J`_ i"[_


u }H` ^~ < H =u<
Hu <O k~QK <
H `< [#^OK <H H@H=#<.

`.w. =_ < #` _#=# <z


_ < *~~y
JiQ #O` ''aHO^ #K
`= ~ _Q `_|_OQ.

23

`.w. =O@ QK# ^< <H~O\ =Q=


=~ ~=< <H=Ok~=
<_ gQ ^< <H <= <`
"` xK #uH #_.

P.". L~#K ~ Hgk Qe


~O` =H ## q_ O_
## ^ Q~}Oq <\
Q e<_ x@ =

HO. F ~"~ ! ## ~
~ @ = HxH~=# Q#"
< #_ < }=
Q_ =@OK Q`< =QK<

HO. Q=O` _ _H =$
^Q #q=o" ^z uQ
#QK< ''=#A #_QH
=QK^ " "] =>< h<

HO. J#=_ '<<O^<


Hx"_u aH #~ H~"~?
## "] > #O^=
x# |\#^O^ < #<< u K<.

P.". =e #q #q ~~h
H#"~ #~Q~ _ !
~ K#O| e_^# gx`
E_=x a~# iy.

P.". `a |_K^` ~z# HO\


*_ #=^iOz KK |~=
#k~ ! g\ "~O^`xH c
H~=$Q=@ H#|_i

24

HO. XH_ O=Q xO


HH_ ~=Q =H _QQ
<H_ =OkQ "
H_ u=_ Q ^K <~ <<

10

`.w. J^= n KK< x ^


=#= Hx =O_ } ^
Uq q_~ qk x q =i
uiy uiy @}" ^ KK

11

P.". ~K@ H<z `#i#


~q h_ ^~H \
H xOH<_ Q_Qi =`"
su Qx# #~xu eK

12

`.w. qO_ < g@ h`


_H_ #~_! ~k xH"#
[#< x~ H_*u"x
aK=_Q@ Q^<O` <KK#.

13

P.". U# g_, H qk <`


^~=Q@ ~_=#Qx
k=e#\ ^a=#O|
H^^ ## =^^

14

`.w. =#[ =#O_ z p= = #d


H= HQ xe H #\
^H K`#" x =H}OK
K^= <i <~x [__ <u

15

P.". QOQO^ ^K H=# =


`OQ" #~ `~}Hx~
=O`x ^ =Q_<~O`
`e ^i^ ^<u

16

25

HO. KHx ''`~ =~K#


`H q+ ''=#H <<<
"HO\Qx ~q
"H= Q#<u =| g_q #H\ !

17

HO. K`~x `
"` <=iH =H =K# q
u "eqi `#
K`=#^H =` K`# ^H<

18

HO. Jx =QK i"[


##`= K~H~_` |=<
Qx u ~*! "
H#_x< q# ~ Oz``#_.

19

HO. g OQ^ g =~
g [_ QO\ Og! ~H kQ<
^_ g =k HOQ
K< ^yO` gqK~=#x<

20

`.w. =^~ HO|= }x q}


`# <^~Q #O@ #`=#
fO^xO *i ~ q O` H~
#O` ~= q~~ qQ! x

21

HO. <_# ^z#


*_#< =@#\ "# h
H_H ~K^#< <^
~_Qx H~} Oy ~=`oO<

22

P.". =Oz^x i =i |~
|@ _ H= OQ~
Q k# }~=
`H |O\ QQ Q_z ` K.

23

26

HO. ~A# =Ou #_


"A =z~@ "iH q#
N *\ Q_Qi ^
`* ^Oz " ^O^_ <

24

P.". HH `@ _KO_<~! [O
H h`O <H
=< =^=O_ =# ^#O
|_Q #_" x@ ^ H$`.

25

`.w. ^=~! K~H~ =$ux ~=O`


<~Q "_<, xq <_ fi
#\ K, KHx Q\ K
~=Q = q_ gx #O^ H#" !

26

P.". J#_ =#"O^_`xH `~


=* _ =^ <Q
< ~O`_ ~ `=H
H^~! @OK^ ^~.

27

HO. U" <=k H~y#


n=` ##`Oz# kk
K=K `_=
c=# =@OK ~A = i<

28

HO. `"O` ~z## <


<"`= < h i H_=<
g! < Q_i
^=<|u `_ QO^"# qxK<

29

HO. P*_ x@ `=x


~A x**~~^[#=
*x Q[O`
=[= HxOK =k K_<

30

27

P.". `# OQ=Q, |^#O_ |e


Q, =} HOQQ, f
_=Q, Q_i `_H_ #~O_
Q ^~kuH QxOK

31

P.". ^~ < = ^~x | =


K~ H~ #> Kz
@ =K h xO` Q `#=?
== A@ H# " k?

32

P.". ` <~ ^ =`= \O


^ `= ^ #^
=#Q ^ [#= <# QqO
^ ~ ^~ ^ Qx

33

`.w. D~~} ^$+` < #


<^# <# OQ|k H
=K |_O^ Q= eKKO^
#uk HQ`# xO_~ i.

34

P.". H_= Q= Q= <`~


H~"# uO_H =~O`
qye#\ <QQ "zO`
< @O|=# H<`~=Q

35

P.". U# |_#\ =#=`=#H


xu `=Q< #$=`O
~O` <\ #O_ ~k < r=#
=~=< qh`" Q_i.

36

`.w. ~[_ H# qz ~! `n
^= =#= y=~_ g=
^~=# H=O|" `#~ n=
^ <"# =#"`=_ g=

37

28

`.w. K^=# <q Hq^ =kH


^~ \OK <H <^= h=
<Q~O_= h=x <\ #O_
`# k^ H<O|*`ux k^

HO. Q=#HO> Q
`Q=# HO> #kH`~}^=
Q= Q$ ^~=
~Q= ~= "H ~` xO^<

P.". `e <~Oz O^~ Y


=O^su u =O|
x# Q$ #O_^O_ <i
~^~"# |^ QOK

P.". Juk t+"# #=, x[=^


`$, ^#j, qOk=
#QK HO@, }=, `$H
=K Q Ez =} #=.

38

39

40

41

J^# "kH
J~= :
i"[_ < H@H= ~[^x = xK
O_@ ~ H+= q =x JuQ HkQ K<
Ju= H @ Q_Qi K >"_ `| =x ^`
| " q "l Q]= eK HtOK K`=
=# ^ n#_ i "i K#= H*_ Oq
=x Q_i K >"_ ^O^_< `O^~KQ "
=, J= = qh`" q#=O`_ JQK@
J}K@.
29

O^ :
HOk "xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# q=iO=.
=_<, Ju, ~"~, ^a=#=, H=_,
x*, g, D~~}, =#"`=_, J`=.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= " == ~ `=.
}H`=, Q`, Q$ ^~=, ~K@, ~qh_, =#[
= _, qu, qQ_, x* , _ = ^, LQ[O`=, =#"O^_,
D~~}, Z #, ^~ku, cH~ =$Q=

J~ O^~= :
1.
2.
3.
4.

=#A #_QH =QK^ ""] =>< h<.


'H^^ ## =^^
"` <=iH =H =K#?
JkH `~ }^= Q= Q$ ^~=.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

i"[_ aH ^~HH ^_# q^"\k?


Q=O`_ <HqK#? ^x == Z\k?
=` =#=` q=iO=.
K~H~_ <<\^iOK#?
~A K~H~ O+}# q=iO= ?

30

q^~ K# :
=Oz`#" =#=`=# x^~ #=<_ Hx ~H = QqO=.

L^ K# :
^# Q}=H Q`#=#, =#=` q=# `
Hx H^ `@ H=.

31

6. ~M#=
(^f~==)
`<e ~=H$+Hq
f =~OQ} ~=_# NH$+^=~ J+kQ[ H=
`<e ~=H$+_H_. $OQ~<+^=, =#Ki`, P=H =^, =Ki`,
O_~OQ =`= PO^ OKH== #|_#. J\ OKH==
<H@~# O_~OQ =`=# `<e ~=H$+Hq ~zOz `# [##
Ki`~= QqOKH<#. D Hq 16= `|=# KOk#"_. \HK
=`=, L^\~^ Ki`= W`x ~`~ ~K#. O_~OQ
=`=# q~i"^kH JOH`qK#. D HqH ''=~~u J#
a~^= H^. ''qH@Hq Q _ ^.
O_~OQ =`= g #nf~=O^e O_sH H` =`=#
=iOK H` =`=. Wk O^~}= #O_ QO|_#k. H`=,
f~=, ^== J# =_# L^`=Q #O_ Q == Q J~^
P= _ |O^=.
O_~OQ =`= OK== #O_ ` ~Q=
H$`=. f~== =iOKK, ^f~==, ~ H H^
q=iOK@` ~O= ~O=Q#.

H.

XH_ ~Y_
` _ Q_ H^Q ^#= ^~=
~ #^K< Q~
# Q#H= ^Oy< k#= #[`!
32

H.

P.

H.

P.

H.

L.

P =$+bu =
r=O|Q #O`#O` *# <<O
q~O| @=#
Q==_ " z`Q_ ^K<.

P hK_H<_, "_q [`~^x`O_, #O


Q#< ^~ Q\ Q[< Q\O_ ^z, h
~#< ~KO_ ^Hx =^`` [
Qx<, ^`=~H~= *z, #e<

JO` |^f~=@ "_ Qx, O^


*=@ " =xy q= "i
Qe, ~q "^ Q~O_, H~O`
xez, ~O\HiQ =su.

P q+= "# #x `
^q~= ^KO| #QQ ~K<
=H, #OHO` =
q+^~q+= He = KH<

JO` QO`H=~QOQ, =$` Q


K~`## ~H_
ed` ``$`e # @= ^
Oz z`Q_Oz Kz.

^i` `H@O ^
H~"H\ Q#H, HOqH$u O
Q~``_, [=H_.
Hiy `QO |#`_ O[e QK.

_HQ "u< =# @=#O^ ~=


H OQ~^ == ^xH #\ "`O
^H[q_H\ #H~~= ^, ^=! <
_H_`O| Q\~_#@ #k H^K<.
8
33

P.

H.

P.

L.

H.

L.

``O`"# ~==# ,
qQ``~"# q# ,
Qo` =~"# H_`O| nxH
g~ `e= Q~}O|.

Jx #==u
Qx [=_@x h^ Hq h"
# #^ ^ !
H#Q#gi Q Q}H=~ !

10

J#_ #@HH x z`QO_


^O_^~x [ "O_ <y,
@= u@O| |iHOz, O^ g
HOK [H} Ku"`.

11

'D`_ ^f~=#Hy H<H<_ ``


^`x*OQ_ K#H`O|# q^k`H
"`=, ^O\@= =# O|< =~.
^`<<=` i i #x<
12
J##~O| Q e
Qx Kx, [= |#`_ Q#|_^ <
=# "#k #=
H#>_ <ed`" Hx q#^Q<.

13

'D`_ ^f~=#Hy H<H<_ ``


^`x*OQ_ K#H`O|# q=^k `H
"`= ^O\ @= =# O|<, =~
^`< <=` i i #x<.
14

34

'Jx H`H[#HH~}
gHOz =zu q^kO^
~k g~y _<@ H$^=
Q#O|# =H+~t
=# |~+ *~ ^Q } n~
"#_ Q# q# h =^ H
e O H <H"~ q=[#
=`K #}z# == QQ

`.

k=f~O|" ===
^"^~ =#[ H
=K#~K# q=iO = < .
#^ #` ^`! #` !

15

Jx# #^q``O_ z`Q#H@x.

16

'O| =OK ^O_H=~}O| }iO


K`\ qq Y^ "^
N ^ #Q ^x Q`q Q}`HO|He< $+
H"= O_sHxO c~O\ Q< ^k<.

17

=.
.

'J~O_ "Q@, xO_ gK@,


~O^O_ =iOK, \ [=.
=#QH u~=@, <OQ <q+
<[K, <=_d [Q=
| $l~OK, |^_ K,
=^<i `OK, =`$`
H <H H~} H
\HO kH$uO^ x.,

`.

'< qO_O^#O_ =~=# |\


`H\ ##QO|# #KK
35

<O^ QOH ~ *O^ =H,


^xH#=K f~ g^~} Q^ ?

18

=.

Jx ^f~O| f~K~}q~}Ki`~O|Q ^x
<<Q}O| #Q}`=O|x Qx_,

19

H.

#Q$ ~ Q#Qx
`#= xqi ^iOz ^O_^~_, KO.
^xb [#Q KO
^# +} =# = `i` *<.

20

DQu Q$`O`H$Qx
y Kx#`_ QQ#K~#=#<
<Q #~ H ~
<QhH= Q= <HO|#<.

21

H.

=.

J=~n_ Q~=OQ ^#~<# *


=~^Q= QOz ^~O^Q#^`_.
H== O_sHu H^=O Qe. x
`= ^#Ok~~_OH$u KO* << ^$u<. 22

POK`= QQ x@ iQH} =~#O


kO \ }=#, [O^"=O *z,
~~u Q= H= QOz, ^
f`=_, Hi# #iO O#O |@K<.
23

H.

J`_kHH` <
`Hi i=i ", [Q
`u #z` [#O|
|u= ^K H ~`O` =u<.

24

J`_ #OK #dQO|


xO_=<_ O_ O_,
#O^#O^<O <mH"
Q ~QQ"H\ ^H.

25

P.

36

x=# <eOK q=OQ_=


~= O| ~@_
^Q |=``= K Q}`,
=# Q\OK =|=
QOKH== QqOK <<^
Q=iOK K~ Q\HO_
|uH=OQ` _x `EK
=~H`#= Hi~= _e

`.

^~x~|k ~ Qk
Q=Q H Kx, HyOz, =^#
_H `#"~`xH <_=x~ !
uH w_@ |O@O| Q^ !

26

P~[i ^O_
H~^<=# qz`Qu<
H~=} Qk H
H~O|# #~ =[QO| "Q_<.

27

q#, =d^i` O
[#, =O[#==$`xk =O|Q@, Q
=# ~[<O
|##,=f~~[, =#=, =# !

28

H.

H.

L.

J~= :

iM#+OQ= ~+ O^= =# H
^~[Q= ``#< |~ <uH<
~ tH$` [~~\H: H`= ? O^ <
"iH |^f~u"iH *i# QY=.
29

J^# "kH

LM#= H^ `_ ~_ ^~=~<
}# J ^= <<Oq~O| # =
37

QO H= ^O` [`~^x`O_ #Q~ "@ HO_`


_#"_ `~ H\ ^~ J_yOz ``=~H~=<
=O_>O_ ^_ ^#` q="i< x~^H=# q+=
h~ `^ q~=^KO|< "_ K# = ==#
ed` ``$` e "|_ (~K) K|_# = "`Hk
HO qH$u O Q~``_ Q^^ ~= H"_ JH[= P~=
HC ^K< #~OQ `K q# PH= Hqe Q_
Hy` H H=# KH} q+= #^#`^`
~}~Q"i ^#=<_ fQ H_=e#"_! ^q`O_
~_ Y^ ^~~ O^~xk, $+ H"=
q+=# x"=Q =~=< H=, QQ#K~ #=#<
q=#= ~x, JQ#^`_ } =# |\#"_
POK`=QQ< KK=# u= uk#= =
|=< ="# ## =#H^~ [ Q= ~`Q@,
=# \# h~ `#yOKH#@.

O^ :
D HOk "xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# "=.
J=u }i "^= Q}`HO| J=~n_
~[i H~^H= =[Q= ^"^~_.

== :
D HOk "xH qQ "H= " == ~# "=.
=$+bu `H@ ^O_^~x [ KH} q q
J=~n_ H~^H= =[Q= ^"^~_.

J~ O^~= :
1. Q= =_ " z`Q_ ^K<.
2. =q+^~ q+= He = K H<.
38

3. qQ` `~"# q#
4. ^xH# =K f~g ^~} H^?
5. uH w_@ |O@ O|Q^

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

~x Q}Q}= \q ?
=# z` Q# [iy# O+}# q=iO= ?
^f~ == <##k ?
~# WO^_ P^iOz# q^"\k ?
~ i <@ qOK# ?

q^~ K# :
q*# ` "o f~ ==# `eH#=.

L^ K# :
O_~OQ =`=x ~ H^ =O\ H^# `@
H=.
f~ ==# q^~ `e |~K_.

39

7. Q~H}=
Q_~O "OH@ +
Q_~O "OH@ +Q~ H_ l [==_Q `H,
<=k< Q=O #~=O|, ~= 1901 OII [xOzi. giH
Ja#= uH#, =Hq, HqO, Hq=`O, `~, `=^x, J=^x
OK## J# a~^= Q=.
g~ q^`=, ~`#, #g# O^ ~OQ`. uH
O^. P^xH HO g~ ~ ^#OQ, O^ su H"
~zOzi. ^@~ H#H~"s ~ O$` J^Q,
=[# q^HO^O#, =x `Q O_`Q xKi.
#=O_e Q #O_i. g~, J=^#H Qu ~ HOH}O,
|=u O^~. + KO^`, JOH~`, ~ H= ^~}<
#_z< `O` Q, ^e`O, LHK`~O, b ~O gi
`H`.
` ~Q=Q Q~H}= gi t= ~`= #O_ QO|_#k.
"kH ^~x~}=#, Q~H} ^#qO^ x~OK|_#k.

KO. =H<\ =# Q=~t=O_ q~"Q O


|~=# ~K@ Q#@ q<^= qO`Q
#~K =KO_, H OQ_ ^# |@ #
~ QkQ\ < |_Q@, QOQ_ Q=Q<<<.
. =HOH~" #kq |_ `
Hq<H_ `# Ez,
|e"@Q <_ [oOKK ^
40

`b# "i H`# Ez,


i aQ|@ #aH# H_ _
H ^#H# QkH Ez
}O|#< |^~ <"# h
~~OK `H# # Ez,
`.

=.

=.

L.

KO.

J^ ^QQ ''#O @OK


_H# ~` "= KEz,
K@=~K = H=
#KQ# Ez, "=K t=_.
''Z=~ = HoOK#~ ? e ^ Q=` O
^=^ =O|x# <OK, H@<O| QqO`~ ?
~q O^Q \" ? #K #> }=>y, ^
#= " H\i H_=Q #O^O ^H, `x@<<.
''Wk ^~^O| ! =#=Q~ ? *e ^<
=k ? g HO_H= QKH# '#= OK "^~
Q^ ? g a_ <=_ # *#HOQ "^O ^~
Q^ ? k#x [O`=xQ H`< ^@?
g= QHOH~ "Hx, g ^~ HO>#<
*=Q\ G= *H#K<, =H gk h
=# q= _< |_ <# Q\, `H
Q= Q#OQ ~~ ? #~H=` x@ #= @ ?

J@ Q#_ ! ^ "Q" H#Q h~ " #


`@=Q <~K< Q= `e, ^ex A@ =\ O
H@_ ^_, g =H H = " Q# _
~@ [" `_<, |`H <Oz# h q =~yO`~?
6
41

L. D |=O`= =~}, q@ = H, nxH<


|_ ~A< QQ =, ~x O Q_ ^
_^=# <~Oz##< ~OK QH <
K|_ = ^_ #tOQ~^ iOz f~^<.
7
L. #<_ K Q`#=#< = "Q~^ |kO
# HO`HO> #_=< |x ^H" g x
+#= QH ~# #"|#< qxOK _O`
Q# ~y _O^= HQ_ #O` q Q

KO. Jx H ^~= #= =@Q |e, ^#


# ^$_ xO|# xO|_ O_ t"l "~
`x kiOK sq, _^ Q `O, +l ~A O
<y, <\ HO_ _~#@ "`Qi, "#<
9

''== =xO= @\ Hk =~=Q #qO


\q = *O\q H_hK=QxO^qO
\q g # iO #O\ =#K< _O^ = q n
#=Q "_, t=O_ "i =k <O`~O| =xOKK< 10

L. g = `, Q_qOK #= _OQ Q`=O


KH~}=O_ `Q" uH~= QQ ^~@<
~H " Oz, _~O Q# ^#= |O^ =_
]H =<u, "~#O@ ^=~= " ^=K< 11
`. |=

`[O| r=# QqK


^ Q=` ~` H
=i#^x |OkO, #_H^
=@^=# Q#="x H_ !

12

`. ^~ = `b ! h Hq = Q^ ?
H$+_ x#Q_ Q_
`e QO_# h ``_
<_ H#== ~ |O^ !

13

42

KO. JxH^eO, # #__K ^#==, Q ^


xx "#=@, <_Q h_ t=O_ "=K<
^# ^eO, ` `eq ^ =#= =K
#q#O|, ~ #g# Q}^~}O| <OKK<
14
`. ` ## Q^ ^~ ~H
`_# K` QQ *,
^= q[O| Q~ OqH "H,
= #_OKHx, ~O\ HiQ t=_

15

J^# "kH
J~= :
Q~H} Q=# ~HOK@ = OH= J~K
`eH#K ` KO"~ (~) ^#= P= H\i
Hu ^~^= ^~=~= K#H= ZkiOK@ HHOH~
=@ J^~ HuH "_# JOK L`@=Q
JkH=Q `#= s~= x+#= kOz#k `O =
_O^= =# J= = `Q= <= ^=~=
^= ` P~< ^_ `eq F~ Oq ~f^q.

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# "= :
q~"Q |e"@Q #<_ Q}^~=.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H=# ", == ~#
"=.
}= ^~^= J^~ Q`#= # =
^$_ x= ^= q[=.
43

J~ O^~= :
1. JK Q# Ez, "=K t=_.
2. Ukx [O`=x Q H`< ^@.
3. =@^=#Q#="x H_ !
4. h ` `_<_H#== ~| O^

:
1. =~ t=_ QOz# Q= iu Z\k?
2. t"r Q=# |OkOz fHx= "i` U=x #?
3. t"r ^#= <\ ^~#?
4. Q~H} H^x hux `=.

q^~ K# :
1. Q~H} ^~H} J# "= "@ J= QqO=.
2. 'JO ^#=# Qi [ K~= QqO=.

L^ K# :
"kH ^~ x~}=# Qi q^~ H=Q#= QqO=.

V
44

8. |` KHO
_II . <~}~_
_H~ .<~}~_Q~ 1931 OII [xOzi. =Y P^xH Q
Hq =H "M`, i^. | "`. =}H"# gi i^#
QO^O ''P^xHO^ Hq`= O^=, Q=
g~ Lx q q^O `QY PK~Q LO_i.
`~"` JkH~ OO J^Q# JO^~ ~uH q
q^xH, `Q q q^xH " K<~Q xKi. PO^^
` O$uH ==~ ^~Q xKi. ~[ Q
#O_i.
<Q~# Q~O H~ ~ =O`~, =^ `~Q u =O^ O qO~
"^# H" #H Q "~. uH~"# '*#~ |=u O^~.
'^+} a~^= #OHiOK~.
` ~QO gi |`KHO J< YO_H=O #O_ QO|_#k.
|`= O^~x H$ux =~# =<~OQ D Hq` O^
=iO|_#k.

=O` YO_O :

zQ~ zQ~# ~Q jH~=, eHOz


P <# =~H`H$` eHOz
= =# =^= HO` #iOz
=K =G O`= =O`=
45

= Hky# H=# ~K HHOz


=_ =_ HQ=# fQ yOz
iK =_ # =iH ~H uOz
Q "` kO`= =O`=

w+YO_O :
HQ#=x ~H
#@ =x =K w+=
H\ kq\ Q =#, [#
H\ QO_ kQ ~#Q.

= }x ~@#
`$` K "z#
<\ ~^x H^=
#@ fO_Oz#k w+=

W#_ =OQ< ^ H} H}
=<_ H= K`|@H
q_ _ =_Qe =K#
q^ q^ Q_ Q_.

=~YO_O :
he he =| HxOK#"! wk
` KO_ H~}= H_= xe# Q_Q
` ` =| "e# =qQ ! he xOy
Oki <iy# ^H H QK=.

z# _# " ==# =$` i==


Q=<# }H\ H` T~# H
K^H<# <~ "# u <\#
|OQ~= O_OK_ Q~Y eQ ~`#

46

~`YO_O :

O_ "< QO^ "_"~


xO_ #k q^hH
`q`iH # H
`~ "O^# ~^Ok~

~`O^# H =
<`=Q QO^#
H== H#Q ~
QOz#k ~^qx

D ~H H~=
Hq J=$` Q}= H^
Q QH_ q+^~=
HeOK# "<

10

=O` YO_O :

K`< }=
A=xOK_ =O
`= =z _ ~ x
^^iH=

11

[#^ ~OQ=O^
~=} P K
K= |^
p~ ^i~OQ.

12

~_# fQ xO_
qi# Q=_ =
HxOK# H` H
H |OQ~ y<=

13
47

tt~ YO_O :
tt~= =K =K =~KO_
#qOH ~O_ == _y# @
`<k tY~O = ~
`~Q ^iu ` ^e#@

14

ZO_"# ~O_ ~O_ <O_


x" =z ~Ke H~ < =
= `~|_Q "@ H rqOK
q "O_"x H= n~= Q^!

15

t~= qH$u KOk qiH~


zQ~ Hx x_ =$H O``
=#=x $+ =~^ H$u
JK `#Q# `e #\ += #

16

+_$` KH =} OKe `"#


<|`x @#= i D H$uQ
xeux nx `# XH ~
` _# `# |`^iOz#O *

17

J^# "kH
J~= :
jH~= `O~ O`= H=O`= =i `"^
=}_ +=# }=Q Q =#^_ W#_
~_ =$` i== =\ "# H` q`iH WH
u< `<k =OKHO_ q^x PH= #O^e #k
q+^~= h\x ^iOK#k "= K= =G= H~`=
K=HO#k OKe`"# QQ KeOz# Q= QO`
g~i `"~ Pk`_ ~_.
48

O^ :
D HOk ^= # q_n, Ok ~# `=# "=
=G=, kO`=, g~i, wk`, ~H, `<k,
~`_, H~`=, ~^qk, +_$`=, "`=.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= " == ~ "=,
~QjH~=, =~H`H$`, =G=, kO`=, [#H\,
==eH, =}_, [^~, J=$`Q}=, KO_#=, ~O_
==, ZO_ "#.

J~ O^~= :
1. Q "` kO`= =O`=.
2. q^ q^ Q_ Q_.
3. |OQ~= O_OK_ Q~Y eQ ~`#.
4. q+^~= HeOK# "<.
5. ^^i H=.
6. JK `#Q `e#\ +=#.

:
1. |`=x? Jq Uq?
2. =O`, w+ |`=# Hq =iOz# q^"\k?
3. =~, ~^$`= =~# Hq E# <}"\k?
4. =O`, tt~ |`= =~# Hq E# Hq` t"\k?

qO= :

=}_ : t=x ` OQ= QqO ^z# =#^_


t=x `# +}= yOK#. t=_Q=` =_= H#
49

`~z =#^x = QqOK#. += }=Q Q"_ Q#H


=#^x = }_xi.

q^~ K# :
H $u [~ Q =~# |`=# |\ `eH#@
JOK=#.

L^ K# :
|`=#, |` ^~=# q=Q q=iOK@ H=.

50

9. H#H

Q~*_ J~=

''^=O> =\ H^
^=O> =#+
Jx K\ K# =h_ Q~*_. P^xH H= Q~*_
| ^ . 1861= O =` ~ = # qY @ } O` = # [xOzi.
`e^O_ H=, "OH@ ~=^.
Q~*_Hq [<^~}=, O O~}=, H<=,
~=, H#H "^Q YO_H== KHx ^~}. P# Q
O O~. HO^i "i OH q==#, y_Q ~==i O`Qi
q==# `# =#~OKHx iH` ` q==# =<u#
#=Q "`o_ ''Q~*_. ''Hq Y~ ''=Hq ''J^ Hq`
`=_ J##q gi a~^=.
`Q `x H` = u `Q |_H H` Ti
# QH~. =#=`"^O, =`` O gi ~K# ^#=Q ##q.
H<O, k^@, hyi@, ^, =` ~, |``H=,
"~, ~=, =}~AH, a}O, HO_\O "^Q#q gi
~`~ ~K#.
` ~Q= gi YO_ H="# H#H. WO^ q"=#
OH ^~K~=# ~=@H "# KHx H^ =iO|_#k.

`Q@ |OQ~ p~H\


~ = ~A\
#^@ O=@ \
O O~<
51

`Q HO` H# ~Q
qOK ` #Q <~Q
#_H OK #_ H~Q
H< ~`OK<
~[gkx
_ H_= ~Q
~= =
"= O^# "H #=
Ky KeH`
"O@#_zi.
JO`@~A ^~
H< Q H# K^~
=~x "_H QO_ ^~
~@ `<.
''B~ ! KH#_= KO^~
#@ "eQ_ H< =O^~,
=< HOz# #QiO^~
O^~H H ?
<#_=# #\gkx
^+=O` `# O_O
H\ H<# K\ #~u
@#OHOK<,
=\ =z# ^=Qu HH
^=" Qux `OKH
k@`#=# |x Hx
<@ x@ eH<.
52

''=@_ ^=H~O
fi=K^, h= @O
~A=, \`~,
<@ <~<.
K@= `# K@ x=Q
$`=~O Hz H=Q
\ H~= "_ ~A
W@ qxOK<.
''@" ~[ ! |eqx
@=< ? h^ "
H^ Hx ? h=H~@
H# =iH^
"*uH =< ?
Qx =##*, ==
|O^=~O, O^,
^~ =#k J~ HOKO
^i H#|_`,
JyHQ H< QHx
P^iOK= ==, H#H
O^H"O `O` =#,
=#K = *u<.
#q # #=, #~u
''< ! ^~=~O
@" ~Ka_
\ H~_= !

53

~A `zO^# ^~O,
~A KO^ GO,
~A ~# ^u
H^, QO^~O ?
`_= KH ` _H
<_ ~x Q_= @H,
<qQiu "x, Hx

x= !
O>, = !

_Q, @# \ q_K# ?
H<, ~O\H =~e#_K#,
`=H#H e=, h q@
=z #O^H<
H^ #O`@ \ eH#,
''^=H~O =O^, P=
~KH~O H^ ~* !
= hq
~O\^ =O g~^_
^=xH ~ ~_
~O yOz =`#
x `= z `O !
''=Oz^, =i#_=, "=#
`_=`=, ^=O
JyHQ H#H# "
=O^H#Q=

54

<_ Q_ =O_ QO_O


=O@ qO\x =\_Q
H# #~u QO_ kQ
@ q_*K<.
H ~="# =##
^~ #_ Hez, H#H,
=H "_K =_ #Q#
H HiOK<.
^~H## QOH =@
~HQO^O ~H=O
^e QO_O K@xez#
[# H@x< !
''J#~ `O_~
PHOKO _Hq#
=a_ HKH#@
P ^H
= ?
@" ~A J~`
~A< ^= =O__ ?
~= x# ~+= g
H HQ^H ?
q^ <i# "_ q_
g~=O_# "_ Hu
_# ^ ^~^u
=~z, ^=H

55

PKH, HgO
Hey=O> K ##Hx,
g~ "~QH, q^<~H,
|k=e#K
HQ" ~H@ ? "x,
|k|=# |=#
Oz ^ ==#O^ ~O
=Oz, ~A
~A =#_ ! W@x
H# #~u H _^~
<Q_Q #_z =O^
eHhsu<.
''@Q, #\gkx
@ ~ *~ K~
@^zu qOH h"H
@" ~A =@ !
HO_H=~ "H hg
^O_Q= `\#O^
=O__ "H ^ ==O@,
=O_ =~#< ?
O ^ _ ~^Q !
JyHH Jy J^Q !
H#Hi# H< ~kQ !
* " H !
@" ~A"`
@#x_#K H#H
K\=\# =O@xH
=\ `[x<.
56

@" ~AQ~O
=\Qe#, H@@,
e #H H@>
J=~
H_` H#, =#O
HKH#@ =O@Qe<,
JH_H\ K ^=
PH= _Q,
@" ~A#
=\He# H@@.
^O ^O \ xeK#
H~ H~

J^# "kH
J~= :
_ |OQ~ Q JO^O =~_ =#^_ #~u
~A $`=~O =H =O qO\x PH=# =#_
|`_ ^O_Q= `C ~H QO^O Z]x KO^#O
~H=O Z]x ^O_ <q =.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= ", == ~# "=.
=~x~[O, ^+=O`, H@ @, ~Q.

J~ O^~= :
1. '=@_ ^=H~O fi =K^
2. '^~=~O @" ~K a_ \ H~_=
57

3. '^=H~O =O^ P= ~KH~O H^


4. '~A ~A =#_
5. =\ He# H@ @.

:
1. ~A H#H# ZO^, Z@ J_yOK#?
2. H#H `# "i #^tOz e# q?
3. H#H ~A` U=x eH#?
4. D H^=# `e^Q hu q?

L^ K# :
q"=<_ ^~K~= x+kOK@ ^^_#"ix
q^~ `e~K@ =Y=.

58

1. +
-- #QO\ H#~O~=
#QO\ H#~O~=Q~ ~[=O^=~= g=#Q
`#Q~=# ~`=O| "OH@~=} ^O` 1865= O=`~=#
[xOzi.g~ | O_`. ~~O O#=# P#HqQ#, H
#~~O, L~O, P<QOk O#= k"#Q# xKi. Q O
O~. =[=x Jqhu, =_#=H# q=iOzi.
#QO\ Hq QOkH "^. PO^ Z_<, PO^ +H ~,
Ja#= Ho^ J##q gi a~^=. HH, ~^H$+, KO_ K}H=,
q<~}, ~uO=, |^^^, H, HO~~}=, kx, K_=}
"^Q#q gi ~`~ ~K#.
` ~Q= gi 'H "= #O_ QO|_#k. *
Z_<, iK~ POQ= "# 'H@~ " #QO\ "iH ix
HeOz O\x ` ij JaO. + Q`<x `K
[O ~z# L<qO^e =MO=.

<# =#=#HQiH [O ^xx Qi

#OKK<_. Jk=~H =@ K O_< <<~Q#Qx <#


" "#i# =@ x@ K#.
''gH`
=Q ^ =K#. <#~! Jx`= H^.
P # PO^ _ . H $ f ~ = # \ # "_ . ^ u
@O|=x"_. ZO.U.a.., sH #f~_#"_. <"^
=$ux x~ @=Q x~O=Q x~iOK"_. J\" xx PxOz,
60

P^iOz PO^ H O|O^= Q XH J^ _Q #O__x ~


iOQ #O_^#x Hx `^ K# x ~k!
''<HO^ + ~^. <<O^=# =\_#. gH+=Q <_
POQ+ =\_^#. Jx ~qK =@# J`_OQ +
eH#. `~ `eq ` x= Q_ "Hx# ~_q
KQ~? HO` =\_H x~` n~ x= ez,
''g~+"@ @ x J~+=Q eHi. J_ ^_
XH =QO@ H= POQ + ^ ^# q+ =# Qi #Oz
`# <=# LO ~=# K ,
'q Zx[O@< HO ~~ @ H Jx "ix tOK#.
Q ` O_@ =# ` `~ g H T~ O_i. J!
<# =\_^#x zux. ''=#= K_< ^! =# [O
# Jx "i "~#H#K ''Z_ =z<~? ZH_#O_ =z<~?
D #_= ~O_ ~= H H ~^q? g~ =z#
`~`<## = `e*#H~^? Uq <=? Jx U""
J#~Q KH=Q JO^~= _ ## "kH=^ fHx
~i. <x@# Ozux.
''<#~! g~ Q_ qO\i Q^! <<H_" qO\<? U^ qx
=~^ x = _u<? J> Q <_ <# J^$+=O`_x Q^!
<<H_# =`" J^$+=O`_<? PO^O^~ J^$+=O` H^?
PO^^=O` #^$+=O`"#^ H^? PO^^=# \, PO^ =`
`^qOz, PO^ O^= JOz, PO^ *f ``
OuK Ja=$kx Ok, PO^ + O_` , PO^ QO^= # ~zOz,
PO^ = `eH J=OH~=Q #iOz, PO^ ^ = <KiOz
`= JOQ= J= P` q`=Q KH x, }=#
~=^=# Ki# p<O^O^~ Q_ J^$+=O` Q^!
J! JO` ^$+= @<? @^ . qO\x. x[=Q qO\x.
<k = H^. ``eH L<^= H^. g~ Q_ <` @ qO\i.
61

QO_ ye= qO\q. =# =O_= qO\q. }=


Hyi= qO\q. <#~! ''|uH O_# Y= |_=K
#x Hq K <_ WOH# rqOz #O^ ~k =? Wk
Y=? P ! WO` = ~ rqO O_ xk=~ H ^ =
KeOKHx~# ^j J^$+= O` Q~? "i\ =@# qx
O_H =@ =# "i Q= ~OuO` #=K<? =@ #
=@? =}H = =@. =HH = @. P ! U=x? U=x?
=# J^H Q"#x PH"k? "~ ~Oz# H k? "i
P Q~= #O_ J=`iOz# PQ= `"k? K<? PO^_
=zO^y#k H^? K<? KH `<? =# Q<ku ^=xH
PO^ + ~^@. P# PO^=# =\_< ~@. PO^ =` `
\# "_ J\ "_OQ + # Oz#O` =`=# ~_ PO^= #
=\_O_<? P~=. J`=. PO^=# J`xx =\_O_
K#k JH H^. Jx+`. J`. Jk tH~"# =@. ''k "#
`Q ~ Jx k Ok# # ^~Q~ PO^=# U=`=
O_` =# `eH =K# Qx J\ "~~Q~?
+ <~H#@ U=O` =#k? JH~ k#=
#O_ g~ +# J OKK<~x #H#=^. g `e H_
##_ <~H#@ "^\<~. P" lOz# ^~= ~=#
<aQO_ g "@K#_ PO^ *#=# Q_ ^x
*_Oz#k. `~ `~#O_ =O#H==Q g~H= r~", g
=O=# =O" , =# ", "^_ "^_ g `` =
<H"Ok# PO^ +# gi_ H`Q <~H#@ q? Q~=
O_Q QO^= K^=H#K ~# _ *# O^#=
gHO`? <HO^+ ~^x =# J^_ HO~HQ |eH<_. =
+ = ~^# J#~ "H= PO^ x <@ #O_ ~`Q^ . PO^^ = ,
PO^*u \ ZO`H"#^..... ~\ J#z` "H= <_ |
"_e#k. Hx=. =#= J<H O=`~= #O_ J"@ _
<=. + g ~^q? g~ U`= K<~x ~^#K<~?
+ `#O` `# =K#x g~#H#K<~? g + ~H=@
62

+ =? g =? +# HOK= nH` iOz# _ Jk ~x


"_O_<? iOKH< + ~=## J^O` # ##^? +
g x~ H=#_ + g O^a=#=O_<? QO^=
g `HO^ kO_Q<< xH~#_ *#= g`<@
^~#? Kkq## + ~x "_=_? Z=_ " =_z XHx ~u
K_? + \, + <~Hx +~H +_# OKf` ~+
_=_ K`=. Kz ^~=Q *#=# H~_ Hx
J^`*# `` "..... JQ<_ ..... ##@
H= #O_ ~\=~ #
QO^=x H@ H\ |OQM`= "^=. =#
~x +` =#Hq x? ~` Q=`=# iO x h= i+~ "# <q?
`=_"#<q? PO^_" U \u"~ <<! < ^_H
J_QK<#. HqO=. h" H=# K^=#H~^. k#=#
XHi =QO@ `~ KHx ~u [#"# `~` W, #
hK@ ~O_@Hx `O|= #=K #_= #_= =K@
KH#K PO^ uH# K^=~^! <Q ==e@ K^==.
hHO^ *#= ZO` =$k Q<, `Q + U^# #^x
hH\H `e# _ QO^=# K^==K#. POQ +# U
K^=HO\=x <#kHO#. WO`H# JkH *#=# Q_ h"+
OkO=. < =iO` ~+= . Hx, D OQ *#"O^H
h"Q"? POQ + H^. WOH#<H + Q_ <~H#=. h=
OkOz# ~ *#=O` h+# Ja=$k ~K @H. JO`HO >
"~H^. PO^+ J... P..... HO> J=`e H~= ZQx "_=
H^! PO^_" O_ PO^+ 'J ..... x <~ "^x
"_=H^. h OQ *#=# ^=#H@ LKiO^zu"
K=. <<! x# QO^= "=x H~K<##HO\""!
QO^=# h= "=^. U QO^=# K^==^. ~\#O_
PO^ uH# P=Q=Q K^=KO_=.
PO^+ uQ ~x"x`_, g~ POQ=# Z#_# =\_
=^. g~ g q` L`~= "#_ '_~ O_ `......
P~OaOz '=~ @b ` iKH, ''|N `_< H
63

''=~[N `_< P~OaOz ''z`y O=# ` iK


=#.
PO^+ =z#"xH POQ+ L`~=#_# "_. H`Q
JK_K# PO^ QO^=xO\x q=~< |k` K^=_.
`O^~ _ JkH O _. uH# K_ O_ P= ~"
_.
POQ QO^= g~ K^=K#_ "x ''=#HH~ =K
JO=q..... x `^H ^$+`
KKK "xx =k k~ K_.
gs x==# @^ ` \Oz, @HK `
< QH, |kK`
# ,
==K`#, Q=K`# PO^x xOKH#_.

J^# "kH
J~= :
H~= Hi#= }== FOH~= LO~=
=yO L^qOK@ @@ L<^= z nH @^
JkH}= kH~} P= =Y=.

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~# `=# "=.
qq^O=, JQ<ku, p<O^, JH~=.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= " == ~# "=.
J`=, ~O_~=, *#=, ``eH<^=,
=``, ~=`=, O_`=.

J~ O^~= :
1. ''|uH O_# Y= _=K
2. rqOz #O^ Wk =.
64

3. =@ # =@? =}H= =@. =HH= @!


4. JO` ^$+= @<?
5. QO_ ye= qO\q.

:
1. [O POQ L<x q=iOz# q^=# q=iO=.
2. #QO\ "~ zOz# a=# x==Z\q?

q^~ K# :
a=#=# OKH#@ H$+ _.

65

2. P~^
-- _II N=u <x H$+=i
_H~. <x H$+=i 1930= O=`~=# [xOzi. *#^
`= q+=Q H$+ Ki. ''`Q *#^ Q Q^ J# i^<
QO^O ~zOz Lx qq^= #O_ ''_H~\ @=# Oki.
''Jy u, ''Hj~ n HoH gi ~`~ ~K#. Lx q
q^= `Q qQ= PK~Q xKK, ZO^~ ii
q^~ ~ "H Q #O_i. ^ \ N~= `Q qq^=#
LuQ# xK ^g q~=} Oki.
` ~Q= ''=~u "i K~} ''#"^i #O_
QO|_#k. D ~O=#O^ P~^Qi ~K#, "~ =Hq`=#
QqOz# q+H$+ KHQ q=iO|_#k.

#= ` Ki` P~^ # "q\? `# Hq`

^
O`, D x~O`~ } _ ` #O ZH_ X^Q`_?
@H` Hq` c*## O`iOKH# P~^ "\H K# ^^
qq? fi kk# PH~" @=O\k? D<\H, P~^ WOH HqQ
qy =<_? W=h ? 1925 \# P~^ K z#=<
HO \ Hy`g^ Hq`H~ # KH _O P~OaOK_<e. 1942 JO>
HqH 17 O=`~_ P~^ JO`=O^ Uk "< "KHx N
N 'qOQ J< w`O qx ''Jc _^i=k Z_^ ^i ZH".
Q_, Wn h ~ 'T y J<_@.
66

P~^ Hq`x q+Oz K Hx H} +OQ =#


^~#q~. Jq, Hq O^=O> W+O H"_. =`$^O g^ H
L#"_. P# Hq`O ~OaOz# `e^ ~OkOz# YO_H
D q+ +=`~. 'Q Q J< H=O Ki#
YO_Hh uH JK~#g, ~_ _#g, x= "#g.
qO^ ~=`~}O =# Hey# P#O^x z , 'q[~=,
q[~= qO^ [#h Jx HiOK_. [O` M` |`HO`
=#h Jx PHHOK_.
`Q @ ''<_ H` q _ ''`Q "H@ H` ~OQ
=eH K_ Jx q=_=` ""QO `, `Q H_ , O^# K`
Q~O@ Q` g} g@ `~h, `Q [=~, J=$` [` ^q
qH< _`~h HxH` ^~ "^<_. D " OHOu
H^. n=o H^. ZO^Hx "_H. ~O` Wx n `Q
H<H H@H~H, H~}, "Qe= "_ i=, D
O|~=O` U ~k#=x? JO@ i=tOz`,
''*[~ @ _` h *`~ K" `b! * [Of
"QQ h=\ ZQ~" =m Jx `#`x l<_. WH_
=# HxOK P~^ =i*x Hq`O K\ f~< P~^ H^.
JO^=< D P~^ ^ <# QOn, <# _ HiO KQe Q_.
J=~rq \ N~=# JyOK_. WH_ =i P~^ _. #
O^"k P~^ =# HxOKk, ^HQ P~^ =#
^~#qKk.
1962 K<` =# ^O ^O K= =z#_ ^Hx
K@< Hq`O K "=_Ok. NN _ K<# u_` Hq`O
" H ` ^ . P~ ^ " # H q ` =O` =$` < ^
=`KO^O< #_zOk. K< ^O [iy#_ JkH~ s` J`~H
iu ~_k. P =O ~_H = HqH _ _< LO_h,
_#<k Hq`O KO^O "_`< Qx ~^h, JO^= <# KO^
67

H@|_`<#h "<_. 1965 'ZOz# ^ J< ~ P~^


H\Oz# H=O "#H Z_ "# D ^H Hq` K Hx~.

Hk_.

''`e ^= `Q^# O^~


J=ez# = J` `O`=
H#O` K H@ H_\ =~
~H aO^= _ ~HOK O\= Jx
nH #`<_. Hq P O^~O< N N Hq`K
@Q =Q
"QOQ, HOQ
u XH_ x_
u XH_ Ju~^_
u XH_ ~}O`O
u <`O t= <`O
u O = <`O
u XH_ u XH_
u XH_ |GO Jx H^# ``#@Q Hx

JO^~ H= = P~^ _ Hq`~O ^ K=~


O\"O@e. =w` Z=Q< "_. = Z< ~H~#
x~K< K_. `~` NN K~O= P~^ ^$H^O =~
=z#@Q HxOk. NN P~^ K@O g^ qHe <Ke_#.
H=x "g^ P^~O OK<_. = O|OkOz# f=`
#tOzOk. ` # K @ =# =*x ijeOK< l* , ^x
=i[O` J#~Oz J~O KH"< `= K~.
_e[O, =~ ~@O, ^+, J^O, =lH K`#O =O\
^ "\H O|OkOz# ~H ~H " Q\Q =z ~`x Hq`xH
J`~. D ^< H<, P~^ J^ HqQ OK_.
'qOQ w` ~K#` ''NN "# `@Q P~^ J^
HqQ Pq~qOK_. P~^ `< K#@ J\H <Q #O_
68

~\< _ H# w`O Wk. qYg^ [<"_ O| iOz#


L^O`xH O|OkOzOk. Hq qY@}xH ~O_ =_ ^~O LO_
|z~AO kQO@ Q\" +Q P~yOz _<_. ~O_
QO@_ ZO_ KO_ QOkH +Q x K~Q`O> `eq
`KH<_. `# \~xH ^~OQ [#O iQ_`<~. J_ qYg^
O| i "e~. =#+ } _H@ @Hx QO_
K` @x | "`O@ |`@g^ x<~.
=#+ =~^ ~`Ok. H~ " "\~H~ =ki JH
Qg^ L ~@ i uiQ~. [#"_ =$`=
\< Hi~# `z P OQ \_. qY + ~#, H
+_# Yz`OQ u#_xH x~OK<_. D ~HO Q y# 'qOQ
J\ =# [#r=# ux q=iOK_xH =`" L^tO|_Ok.
=#=`"^, "="^, ^$+ L< _ Jk J^ Hq`", Jx
=gO^~ XHx #_O H\# ^ Jk. JO^H NN
qOQ# "KH=_O [iyO^#O\#. *u #_K =~OQx Jk
H~H< Ja=$kHh =# [ H", J< x<^x J\ J^
H= K\~. P Jax Q =O@|\OK# P~^ `~`
Z< J@=O\ ~K# K_.
H=$`O g^ P"O J<g^, PHeg^ u~Q@ +O
K# YO_H< L<~. D u~Q@ q~ JH_H_ NN
HxOz P~^ =^# H"O__O =# `O@Ok.
e H~ KeQ
Ke ^OQ @
POkH H=KO
#_ gk# _ |`H
h XO\# Q_^
Hx JO`< P "x qkeOKHx
JO^H
HO ~g^
PHO Hx
69

H_e ~ Q~ \
Hg H#O_
~AQ x^
x^ z\ JO@ `# O` QO`H< P_ P~^.
W@ L^iOKHO@ ` ZO`< QO^O ~Q`Ok.
1948 <\ P~^ z`=$u ta=Y"#^. Hx 1960 <\H Jk
aOHx _eOKHx HO` HO` *a=YOQ =iO^< K=K.
JO^H Hq `# `x+`
H=O U^< ~
HhO XH iH ~"O@
H"e Hq` $^xH #i+O@
H~^ U<_ "^_ x+O@ Jx X<_.
P~^ =~ H=O 'h"e J="<\ KO^H h"e Jx
~. J=" KH\ pH\H H}z H^. P<_ KO^H H#|_`O^?
H#|_^. H#|_H~< LOk. J+ H _` JH\ qH@ pH\
|` |uH n# rq`H _ "Q ~YO_ f~e. Hq
OOkOK H< P P H ~ " h "e H=O. WO^
''`""O L#O` >HH zH^#O ^. P~^ Hq`O *a=YO
J=`#^#_xH W^ zO.
1960 h"e KiOz# `~` =~Q 1964 '#=
^#, 1965 'ZOz# ^#, 1969 'WO\O\ *#
KiOK_ Hq.
'#= ^# P~^ JaO H~O JOK< " *
Hq`O HO^ [=H@= =O k. `Q ^O ==~O =# #=
^ Wk ''} Wq>+< =`". Hq <<*u quQ WO^
`_=x JOO ^. Wq NN J#@Q< P~^ ~^ J= H}O
Qh JO^x >HH Hh ^Q_xH g HQ^.
70

Hq`O J# ^# JO`, J#
"_x +H JO^x `K_ Hq. L=<#, L"# Q_
WOw+ ^ K_. WOw+ H WOK, q~Oz ~^Q,
"_<_. W@=O\ K@ Z=~ J#HiOKx P~^ =^ +OQ
HxOk.

J^# "kH
J~= :
qOQ Z_^ $^= n HOu =\
*O_ i== "# JyOK@ Q_@ i=~#= =~.

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# "=.
~=`~}= [=~ |G= `x+`.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= ", == ~# "=.
qO^, |G=, ^+.

J~ O^~= :
1. ''Jc! _^i =k Z_^i ZH"
2. h =\ ZQ~" =m?
3. JH"g^ LH ~@ i uiQ~.
4. ''H~^ U<_ "^_ x+O\

71

:
1. P~^QiH =`$^= Q Hx q=iO=.
2. P~^Q~ J^HqQ Z@ ~}OK< q=iO=.
3. P~^Qi 'h"e H=O Qi "=.
4. P~^Qi *Hq`O Qi q=iO=.

q^~ K# :
P~^Qi =O\ W`~ P^ xH H=, "i ~K# Qi `eH#=.

72

3. #= H^xH
-- _H~ k"H~ "OH\=^x
N k"H ~ " O H \ =^ xQ~ c = =~ O `H O_ Q O _
O^~~= "OH@H ^O` 1913 OII [xOzi. Hq +}
a~^OH`. =Oz ~Q# =H. q=~. Lx qq^O
`Q M^Q xKi.''V# Q= ## ~`= J#
i^# ^O` "= " ''_H~@ @= Oki. p# H= H"x
=^~x, H= <}x `# ~K#`, L<` `Q"~O^iH
Oz\# ==i. 1977 OII PO^ qHi+` 'H~ a~^`
gix `iOz#k.
PO^ <@H `=_, ~[ O^~#=, =^=#=, <Q#O^=,
H~`~h= "^Q#q gi ~`~ ~K#. #= H^xH J#
` ~Q= 'PO^ "V Ki` #O_ QO|_#k.

` O~ ==# =$k<O^K <^xHO^

"V=# |i+ HeyOKK# ` H #= H\.


^H}O^ Q=# =K# QO^= "=_## JO^ *
Q= ~}H = q`" # ^. ` O~ = Hey# =@<
'#= # H ~`^ + || *z#k. H.. g~eOQ
O`Q~ H.. 1879 `= ~[Y~ Ki`=# |H\Ozi.
JO` =O^ _ <O_ ~ O_ #= ~zO|_# =@ ` "
H~}=K <O^=# ~[Y~ Ki` "^\ #=Q
|iQ}O |_K#k.Wk 'Q ` qH~ P "H ##iOz "|_#
O H #= J#~}
= `O`== <~@ ~ #= O^e
qt+`. WO^ e, =~## qHe ~=}=Q #O_#.
73

H. . 1893 YO_=e ~=KO^_Q~ '^~=f q =#


#=# K iOzi. =@ "~ =f ~ ==, H O^~ q[=
J# =i ~ O_ #=# "~Ozi. D =_ #= J_ zO`=}
uH "~OQKO_# i`+H=# |_ *e#q. ^ #=
~K~`, H=, <@H H~<# zH=i H#~OO O`Q~
H.. 1894 ~=KO^ q[= ~ "^\ #=# ~zOz 'zO`=}
|=#=# Q_Ozi. H. 1896 "i '=`, 189798
J~, H~ ~ =O[~# |^= |=#= `=# q.
=~Q aOz# |H$`` O`Qi Hi kQO` ""#k.
N g~eOQO O`Q~ O H #= = H #~O O O`Q~
Ki`H #=H^x K=K#. gi 'Q}u ~ ^#"# #=.
Jk ~=KO^ q[== qHe Hi K~= QOz#k.
zH=i"~ ~zOz# #= Qey# u+ "i H^ H^# <}HH
# =^~"# e *= ^__#k.
P^ xHO^ H= =< #=H~ Q_ #Q~ x K ^y#"~
N q<^ `<~}Q~. 'UHg~ "i ^= #=. JO^e e
Q^ x~} H=# ` +}=# J#<^$= #\q. Kee
H@, ^~KH=, |^#<x, ~xH xK#, `z ~A, = |
=#Q#q "i ~`~ #=. "i '"~ _Q i=}=#O^#
=< Q}= #O^# #QQ}"#k. Jk P^xHO^ ^ OH =`
~[H i`
=}^~ }=. JO^e =~# , = QOc~= . `
r==. e =^ ~ QOc~= . Jk PO^ qq^="i #=
\ J_q ~AQi <~}~=` @ |^= |=#=
#O^H#k. N q<^Qi #= |H$u ij#= =< OK
ij#=# q@=Q QKiOK#. JO^ |u @ "i <`#
O^a=#= [HQ *@KO_#.
O H #= H~ ~xH Q# "iOH# |=~<~. N J_q
~AQi '<~}~=, "~ _Q =< qHe <iOz#k.
=aO^, H#Oy, Q#Q< ~_ =#Q"i ~`~ #= _ <O^
74

^=# #kH K~= QOz#k. N N^ |} Qi 'P`


e, QKO ^Qi 'J=~x r=` |z|Qi 'z=~ qyk
l.q. H$~=Qi 'H= |e"_ HO`~=Qi 'Q_ gk =,
`z O|t=~=Qi 'L^ H~} KHx ` z`}=`_#
O H "`=~}=`_# Q_ ~ O^H# '`= #=
N <i #~O Qi <~}@, ~^O|, =~_ J#
Ki`H #= qHe ^=#q. Ki`H `=# q_=H
N Q ~ ~ = <~=Q Q^# yOKKO^~. "i ` z`}=
QuOz# Ki`H == # + ~ Y` |i` H`iO*
#.
PO^ #= OK=#HOH~" O^[# ^~a
=#= KQ# ``= #= N L#= H<~}Qi
''=e. WO^ ~[H, OH =` =< |=Y=
|ijeO|_#q. ~` `O` OQ== H, *f^==
H <~O i}== xO^ QOK#Q#. x}"# `
+}=##, x~"# `ij#=##, |i}`" # e Hx D
#= @Q=.
^#=# #= "#"i N "H\ #~O
Q ~#, =x=}H O #~O ~=Q~# JQ~ . #~O Q i
'i+~ ~f "H_O^ ^=# #]`yOz#k. N
#~O ~=Qi u~=oQ, nH`
, HO`O H^ PO^^ = #O^O`@
" <Ok# ~K#.
#= ~K# ~QOz# <s=} _ |=~<~. N=u
[Ou ~=Qi ^H}
Ki`= ~} H u=$`= ` K #k.
N=u H#i =~H=Qi ==u, =fKO^~Qi KOH=,
K^ ~Q, =O^~ Q i ^~ HO_, N=u = ~OQ<H=Qi
|e~=, H"_ OH #= | =Oz#q.
` O~= =# x\= "# #`# H
#= =< H^xH# Q_ ~#=#. ", =O, F h
75

$`OQ H^xH ~K~` <^. H.. Q~*_ J~=Q~


~zOz# H^xH O^=# "^\qQ qO|_K#q. H.. "^=
"OH@~ Q~ [Ho^ H^, ` OKqOu, H^
i`Q~= J# H^ O@=# |H\O zi. Wq O$`= #O_
#=kO|_#q.
PO^=# H^xH ~K# |<^ "# =Y 'PO^
`= '^+} N =_\ #=O`~ O`Q~H~.
`OQ}= ~`=Y qH=# @_# "`o g~. gi
[# = H$ =O_ =O^e #~. giH O$`OQ +O^HH
L~ , ~ j H + O^ # =Oz O_ ` = H ^ . g ~ e OQ O
O`Qi= g~ "^@ ^~K# K@H ~OaOz## `~"`
=K# ~K# O^ ax"= ^iOzi. g~ qq^ uHO^
"= q=~# KiOz O_i. g~ ~zOz# H^xH 1911
'=eH QK=# ~ <H O@=Q H\O|_#q. WO^ Hx
`O`= Hx =KO^ H^ H#~}
=. $^ = =#Q
H^ = O ~}
=# H@@ =#= =#`
=# [HQ luOKK
$^ =Q ##q. O ` Qi e ^ ~ " "= iH = #
x`= H}" ~KO_#.
N q<^ `<~}Q~ H^xH ~K#=# Q_ Q$`.
gi '=Q~ aKQ , '=H ^~O H, qHe k <Ok# H^ xH.
gi Hq`= #O^ =< #=O^# Q^ xHO^# Q_ t O^~ =
~`QKiOK#. N `=A t=OH~ qQi H^, qHe
~=O`=Q #O_#. J_q ~AQiH Q^xH H~ qt+
#=#k. gi u~u HO_"@, w~, J# H^ tH
O^~ =# EQ# `= H^ xH. `~O y}, ~Q=eH, JO[e
J# gi H^xH O@=kH K~= #O^*e#q.
`Q#O^e ^= }H *Ok# H^xH ~K~` N N^
|} Q~H~. gi H^ xqk O@=Q =kO|_#q.
rq` `= DH^ =<~=Q luO|_#q. [=#
76

O+}`_#, *f"# ^Q= `_# Q_ gi H^


`Q`#=# x=O_#. gi H^xH Qc J`~,
Hz`"# ["| =#Q#q ~ q^= |=#q.
PO^ H^xH Hkf O^~=<kOz ~Q#"~
NKOQ~. gi ~K# g@iO K H#=K#. gi +, ==,
H^# q^#=x qQ <H~H=Q #O_#.
N H_=\ QO\ @O|~=Q~`= H^xH ~K~`Q< HH
q=~Q Q_ ~ QOz#"~. gi H^ `+} H= r=Q.]
gi ~K# =OQ K=`~=` Q_ $^=Q#O_#. HH O "o#
O [~ = , P_ [ # =#Q gi H ^ xH <#O^ = ` [^ =x
O^ O_~ . N zO` nH`
QiH H^H KH=i a~^= ~H " # k.
g~ ^i @ "^Q H^xH# "O_i. gi ''UH^t
PO^ ^=# qHe K~"Ok# H^ O@=. `=
#O^#, z`=$u H#Q}=# H^ "@ O^# gi
Hax "= "O_.
N =x=}H O #~O ~=Qi HO`O H^e k= ~#|_#q.
^Y ~ " # ^x H rq`=# =^ ~u =^ ~= K Q ~=
#z`su kOK@ g~ ^. N "H\ #~OQ~
Hx `= H^ xH ~zOzi. 'z`~ =# gi H^ xH K =<~=Q
#O_#. O_` Q^xH ~K# Q_Oy# "i N WO^QO\
#=KQ~H~. g~ H=Q H^xH H~Q, q=~Q qHe
kQOz<~. #=K H^# ~ |H\O|_# O@=
H^x #=$` "#.
N Qq ^ ~AQi 'Qe"# O K H^ xH \ kf
|=#= Ok#k. g~ ~zOz# H^ OY ` "# # g~ Ok#
~"#k. ^xH g~ H^xH ~K# |^iOK t q+"
H~}=. 'Z^~ K# =~= , '"#x "^~# gi
H^ qHe ^=~#q. ~= H^ x~}=, O^~ x"
H#=, [O+}= =#Q#q gi H^ @x =.
77

N |z|Qi u |=Y"#k. #=~K#O^#,


UHOHH $[#=O^# =< H^xH x~}=# Q_ g~ qHe <~
^iOz<~. J_qQz# "<, "_"@ x~O`~`O =#Q
gi H^xHO^ ^=# qHe ^=. 'H~}=~ H^
O@=Q KiO|_#q. ~+}=# xO^e H^`O` ~=}
= ~K~` =#= =# =$u i*#=# [HQ =H=
K K #q. N . P~ . K O ^ iQi H ^ O^ H ^ ~
iz`=.
N =^~O`HO ~*~OQi '=HQ` 'O\ =O
"^~# H^ ^=. H^xH ~K~` N=u "~_
`^q, =f KO^~, WeO^ ~ f^q, N^q, #=u =#Q"~
~#^y#"~.
`=OQ On +#O_ H^xH#=kO|_#q.
\, =HOQs, ", =O =#Q `~K~`,
~gO^, ~K O ^ $ u =OQ ~K~ `, [ OH~ ^ =KO^
= Y On ~ K ~ ` Q ^ xH =O^ Hk ~OH #
J#=kO|_K#q. P^xH H=# Q^xH [# #~"#
^~a=#=#q. H^xH ~K~`bq+=# QOz `=
~K# OYHO> t q+=# JkH ^#"OQ^~ QH.

J^# "kH
J~= :

= = Q ` # = i`+ H = | =#=
P^"@"^\"~ i=}=H`: q$`=#tOz#:
H#|_H~#, OQ== ^=, <s=} , =
~QOz#.

78

O^ :
D HOk ^= # q_n Ok ~# `=# "=.
"V=, qq^=, J``=.

== :
D HOk "xH qQ "H=# " == ~#
"=.
PO^ "V=, =}^~ }=, QqQ=, `=.

J~ O^~= :
1. PO^= # ~[Y~ Ki` "^\ #=Q iQ}O |_K#k.
2. ~=# Lz` su kOK@ g~ ^.
3. OK H^xH \ kf |=#= Ok#k.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

'#=@H# Qi "=.
PO^ ^= "# ^ #= ~K~`# ~#=.
q<^ `<~}Q~ '#=Q~ q=iO=.
~ ^#=# #=# ~#=.
#= ~K# ~QOz# <s=}, "i ~K# ~#=.
H^xH H =Y= ~K~`, ~K~` Qi
q=iO=.

79

L^ K# :
q^~ QO^=# "o #= H^xH K^=@
`O=.

q^~ K# :
H^, H^xH, "@ uO=.

80

4. PO^ uH=`~}=
-- <i #~O
<i #~OQ~ 1900= O=`~=# QO@~ [xOzi.
=H, #=KQ~ gi `e^O_. g~ `Q, O$`=, H#_=,
POQ+ Q O_`. ''Hq=@ a~^OH`. `Q^ Ki`
''=K# H^H= Q~=O kO*# = ~K~`. #= `^= "H
q+ H$+ Ki. gi 'Hq~=_ #= PO^^ ` JH_q "i
|=u aOz#k. g~ Hq =`" QH Q q=~, <@H ~K~`
=i "H~ Q_. w`=eH, =<^ q[=, <~}@, Q=`=
`~}=, =~_, Hq~=_ "^Q#q gi ~`~ ~K#.

` ~Q= N <i #~O ~zOz# ~`


"=O^e ''~ ~+_ N Hjq<^x <Q~ O`Q~
J<_ jiH #O_ QO|_#k. WO^ PO^ uH J=`~}=# QiOz
KHQ q=iO|_#k.

<Q~~= J\ x" = O~ #Q~=.

J_ ~`^ = # ~[^x HH`. HH` ~[H ^#"=.


O~ =~ H = # H O^ = . ~ ` YO_ = eOK @ =K
POQkH~O` =O^ O~ ~= kQ"~. JO^K` Jk ~_
''WO_ ^~= (Gate way of India) J~#k. < }=
K ~A ~` qH ^o`# ''^o (_b) =Y=
=OKk. ^o #Q Q_, ^~=. <H#= =Y= =Oz#
`~`, O~ ^o #=Q =i=@K` ^xH ~[H=Q
Q_ =Y= Qe#k. POQ `= #O_ K O^=#<
81

OK<x\H HH`, O~ #Q~ J\ HO^Q =O_q.


J~` P ~O_ #Q~ P^~ ~= ZO` ^=O_k.
HH` ~[^x J~#O^# q^ O~ =OQ^= =O^
^#q. JO^=< JH_#O_ =`=, W`~ O O~}
^O` ^=O`\ "Oz#q. P HO ~` q JO`\
^ ^ ^Q ## ~fO` =Ow. =Ow [#OY
Q_ K Z=, J~^ H@, =OQ^ |= J}K_xH J_
P O`x ~O_Q qlOK~. =OQ^ < `= ~^=x
^j L^=OQ =i, ~`q #O`\h L^kOK~. P ^=
Hx\H == JH_ POQ O~= = Hey# Lr=#". =# ^=
JkH~ +Q =O_=#k ~, O$`=, WOw J< =
=z#_, WOw+# =iOz# "i =Y, OO~#
~="#~ =O\ "ix =~z~^. P `~` a\+ ~[hu
`O`= =OQ ~+=# UH= K, ~[^xx _bH =i#k. ^x`
=OQ=Y= `y#k.
WH =~R= L^^"# `O`K, ` O~==
[xOz#k H^ . Jk = ^ = Q ~ f O $u O^
Ja=#=` \# `O`K. O~ ~xH ~[H ~[^x
O~ #Q~" J~< O$uH ~[^x < #Q~=. ~`
YO_ = Ju q ~ Q = # eOz# ~ f z=i"~
=~+. POQ# z=~ u\Oz# | ~f
=~+. 1857 [iy# `O` OQ== ^H}` Z=
=Oz#k =~+. =~R= ~[H HO^"#_,
~`YO_=x ZH_H_ "^= JH_H K~H<~. "i ''`OQ
Jx ==iOK "~O` +OQ `Q^=#O_ "o =~+#
"~. J\Q ~`~ O`"~ Q_ "o =~+ He~<~.
=~+O> ~` *f` z=i "~, z=i =.
~[H =Q = ~+ = = ` y < , O $uH O Q
~`qx "~ eOK~. q^#Q~ ~[= L[ ` "Q`#
82

~A ''JH_ ~ ~` O$u HOnH$`"#> z=~ =


~R=, JO^ =YOQ < #Q ~ O ~ f O $u
[eOzOk. ''x~ Q~ "~ Jx O$` QO^ JO` x~+OQ,
JO` KH^~ KiOQe<~O>, JH_ ZO`=Ok q^O <Q
= #O_ Ki# "~O_"~ TOK=O^. ^=<Q~ e "~
=kOz# QO^ ="# "`` Z= Q= PO^
ex=x QiOKO> q^#Q~ O$uH P<\ =~R=
"~`= =Oz#^x J=Q`==`Ok.
=~R= =Y=Q t"r ~}=`#, Q}u #=~u
L`" O^~OQ# *f^= qHOz#q. QY =O\ q^"`,
u =O\ =q^O_ JH_ L^= #_# "i ^#.
''Hi uH `O` =~xH ^if#k. =~R ^ x"= N.
H.q.H;}~=Qi q*# KOkH QO^ =O_e #, q*# ~
K~} iHe#>, N <Q~~= O`# |=Y ~OQ=
^i K #_OK@ H~}"#k.
<Q~k =~R =^= L^^"# *f O~=.
Jk H == =~ O_, q*f q*# *ux K_#x H =Hx
LO_ JO^ =_ ^u H^. Jk q""# q*<x, O~x,
^x r~= K Hx, `= K Hx, *f O~#Q}OQ
=KH< *f }H! P } *ux <Q~ =~R=
^iOz, PO^ PO^ O$uH J#Q}OQ ^xx "eyOz =#
`H= K<~. JO^= <Q~ L^=x PO^ Q`
~HOQ QOK~. "i ^=xH ZH_ u@# LO_kH^.
"i "` UHqOKx "iO^ Q_ "iH ^+=O_k H^. JO^
=Y"# H~}= "i k# k# =~=#==`# ~` =".
<Q~ =~R ^ =^= #O_ PO^^xH ^iOz#
"^\ n= ''PO^ uH. Jk 1908 [#=i ~O"#k. J_k
"~ uH. iQ <Q~ Q}u #=~` iK Hx N =Q}ux
#Q KHx 'PO^ uH# P~OaOK~.
83

~ q x"~_ Q}kux J^= H= ~}"< Kx^,


~f UxH #HqOK~. J\H \# uH Qx, `~`
\#qQx, PO^^=x uH K Q= `~Q<, POQ<
JO`i#". Q}ku ^=# PO^ uH `~< k#uH#k.
<Q~ `= Ja=<+^xH J=$`O[#= Jx ~ \
H$`~#>, uH Q_ ~"z`"# ''PO^ uH Jx ~ @_=
"i J^`"# ^~^$+H x^~#=. J\H PO^ ~R= H=#<
PK# Q_ Z=iH `\ O_^. `~` HkHxH PO^^==
P~O"#k. JO^ PO^ uH =Oz# ` ZO` =iOz< f~^.
XH PO^ uH ~Q^. J_ PO^^= K Q=
"~xH ~O_~x ~< x[OQ XH~ @ "k. iQ @ "
~A JO^@@Q PO^ uH =Kk. Q= Jk XH O_Q. =m
"~xH PO^ uH =K^H, Qg} P uH# =~ =~ Kk""~.
K^=x"~ q<"~. P K^=_"\? ''PO^ uH ^Q~ #Oz
J=$`O[#O ^H, D =@ P =Q= J< J~O. P J~xH
=H~}= W\H " `e^. uH "^@ 'PO^ uH Jx
L#>, z=i r z=i K H= =~ `xiQ J=$`O[#
H@# LO_k. PO^ uH `~` \# Jx uH X~=_#^O>
JuH H^. uH K~} H+M, @ ~`~ Q
`e# N <~ "OH>~~= ''PO^ O^Q L#_ "#
=@ Kkq` =# PO^ uH <Q~~= =` = HO` ^
_`Ok.
''`Q uH ~K~` u N <Q~~= O`Q~.
D<_ `Q [~e[O ~O` Ja=$k KOkO^O>, =YOQ `Q
k#uH Ja=$kH =KO> J^O` P# K". 1914 P#
"^@ `Q k#uH Oz#_ P# =^ H ^# Ou
|O. uH xK_xH J#=A# u=O` ~.
[< K
`xz `__@ =<~ JO> Jn ^ . J~` D zq
P## J_H~#q. JKOK"# P`q= P#k. q*#
84

^<x Oz\< L`=, ~f i=x QoOK<


L`O P# =O_k. uH H@# Q_ P# Z=Q `Q
"~H =YO WK"~. `Q [ ^#Ok# rq`= ueOK_xH
uH ^~}O H"x P~@_"~. <Q~~= uH <H_O`@
uH ~#O Q_ [ J"@ K= =zOk. D xq`O
PO^ ^ =x u Q O^xH, u ~# =Ok~xH ~O_
^@ P# Lz`OQ uH# O= =zOk. uH "
""iH i`+HO WK PK~x "^\Ok "~. WO^= `Q
uH ~K# ^ = =`"QH Q~=h"# =$uQ i}=eOk.
PO^ uH H =O "~ uH H^. *f O. PO^ *"xH
uaO|=. PO^ *uH Q~== ~# L`= uH. Jk ZO`\
L^H i`<< `}H^. L^H ~K^. PK< ~H"# "
~Oz q*<`H=, uH=, ~"# q^#= J=OaOk.
H="# i}== Hey ~"# huQ uH. Jk PO^ x`rq`O`
#"~Ok. D =@ XH~#q Q=. K=Ok K~ J#q.
[#=O` UHw=OQ J< =@. <Q~~= PO^ uH# #_Ok
=k O=`~=. "~ ~=kOz# `~` ~\H =~H =k
UO_ ^^Q #_z#q. J~< ^x ~ J\Q L#^O> ^xH H~}=
<Q~~= ~=Q <He# `O^". <Q~= ~=
kOK<\H 'PO^ uH Zxqk =O^ =OkH Lz`OQ O`
LO_"~@.

J^# "kH
J~= :
^o Q_, ^~= =OQ+ OQe+ =Ow
OQe [ |= PkH= L^^= ~O=, @H
JKOK= ^$_= ^=<Q~e O$`+ |=#=
i`+HO i}== =~.
85

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# "= :
~^==, `O`K, ~`, H$`~.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= ", == ~# "=
:
=_^u, <Q =, #=~`.

J~ O^~= :
1. ~` *f` z=i "~, z=i =.
2. H =Hx LO_, ''JO^ =_^u H^
3. J^`"# ^~^$+H x^~#=.
4. Q= Jk XH O_Q.
5. ''PO^ uH #Oz J=$`O[#O^H

:
1. =OQ[ |= Z\k?
2. g ~O=# |\ =~+ "==# q=iOK=.
3. <Q~~= PO^ uH K# = q=iOK=.

q^~ K# :
k#uH# K^=@# J"@ QqOKH#=.

V
86

5. z` H
-- N OQo H HO`O
N OQo HHO`OQ~ H$ l, P~=~ #O^ 1894 OII
[xOzi. @O|=, "OH@~`OQ~ gi `e^O_. g~ q^`=.
J=^# q^^s} i^< @"xH =K# ~K# M`. u~u
H= t+. PO^, N"OH>~ qq^ `Q M^Q
#O_ `Q O$` + Ja=$kH `__~. Q`= "=, O^~
#O^ = , P` i, PO^ ` K i ` , =#Q #q gi ~ K #
~#^y#q.
` ~Q= 'gi ` t gH #O_ QO|_#k.

Hq`=, Ow`=, z`Y #=, qQ t=, <@=

J<_ P#O^^H=# J~^ H z`H , e`H , ~ H


Jx ~ ^= H=. ^~"H\## Q} x~K# ^=#
|\ ~ ^= ~_#.
z`}= Hq Q#H Wq z`H# (Arts of delineation) D
z`}= Hq`=# ~ z`}=Q, Ow`=# ~Q ~ z`}=Q,
z`Y #=# =~~ z`}=Q, qQ t=# H = ~ z`}=Q
=H=QKO_#.
H e`=
H #|_#.

(Graceful execution)

Hq Q#H, Wq e`

~#O^ [#H= Q#H ~H# (Aesthetic arts).


87

J Hq`=, Ow`=, z`Y #= qQ t= J<_ <Q


=`" ^ # z`H x, <@= =~ HQ # H#, J`O`=
Q#H# D =~= # K~^ x "kOK_ XH =`= Q^. <@=#Q
<@H ^~ #=. D ^~ #=# Ow` Hq`= ^ < =.
P Hg^ P^~_ <@Ha#= [~Q#. JO^K <@=
=~ HQ@ QH, JO^e Ja#O= `O` $+ HO_
~#k.
Hq`, Ow`, z`Y #, qQ t= ~ =`=# z`H .
D <yO\ Ow` Hq`= K~H x, z`Y # qQ t=
~ H x ~ O_ qQ=Q#. D qQ=< =^$ H x _
~O^~. = H qx P#OkO^y #=x nx J~= . Jk#
QH, =H # Ow` Hq`=O^ =~= = z` qz` Q` ` KeOz
=KO_#. JO^K Jq K~H#. ^$H# z`Y# qQ
t= ~O_ =~=` XH^x O^ XH q^=Q, WOHH^x
O^ WOHH q^= Q Q}kH =##, = `` =# |\, ==
^$=HO> "~=Q JOwHiO|_#q.
'Hx O^~^`H= Hx, U HO^ P O^~=
KeOK< Jk Q}u~ Jx K<#. K#= O^~=#
"#`=kOK#. x [~" # XH ~ . qz# `=~ `
xO_, KK@HO` O^~= Q #O_#. `=x `OQ XH #x
=O^"gz D ~ zx zx `~Q \OQ, P h\ H^eH`
`=~ _ TQKO_Q P ~=~ O^~=O` Ke`" JO`
=O^ x "#`=# `#. J> [ O^~~t# XH
#~H Ja#~= "+^~}= K ~OQ=#H=`iOz =#^@
xez#_ P ` O^~= H#qO^#~#. JO` `^~_
~< ~" # U^ wu#O^Hx ` H= Q K~}
= #OkOK@`_<
P #~H JO` ~= x=Q ## `# = # ^=#
H^eOz q<= K "^e_#. J_" O^~= Ke`=
HQ K ~ " ^ @ J# q Oz# ~ O ^ ~ <#O^ = #
88

kQ}H$ `" # P#O^=##q O`~. D Ju #O^=# H~}=


P O^~ K#=.
D K#= =H<Qx ^$H LO_^. Jq ~=
Q#H, O^~ = KeO^ . z`H~_ Qx, teQx `= zuO^ z#
=i H UH= UH= UH O y=# =`" zuOQ Q^~.
=O`~, J=O`~ Oy=O`~ q=~#=# ^iO*~.
WH K~ H Ow`=#O^ P K#= "QuQ Q^.
Q#=# ^== <^=. =Oz Q` O^Q <x <@ Jk
"=_#_ `_ =^~ Q}" JO^e O^~=. P <^=
~Q#, ~, ~ , qO|, ^`, `Q`
` "eq i@ ^x K#=.
D K#" P <^ =^~=# "#`=# HeyOK#.
Hq`= #O^# WO` @"# K#= H^. H^`H"#
H==QK P H^Q=#" QH JO^e ` s~H"# J== qH
=~##, =#H=# =q=~# =~## D K# H~=#
KOk#". H== H^`H= H##, ~"# XH =~ ==# Qi
Hq`= K#_ _ Hq P ==# <<q^= =iOK@ Ke`
~=# zuOK@. " O^= x " =~# = D K# H}
=
H^.
=i 'U H x~}=#O^ uH ^"H J`=Q
#O_< Jk `k`~ HHO> Q}kH= Hk Jx K^y# WOHH
=}=#k. D ~O_ =~=` ~H#O` uH ^"H K~
H ^ . ~ H qQ t=# D H Z =.
z`Y#=# JO`HO> `= qQ x~}=#H P teQOK_
^~= J#Q t Ju "#k. z`Y_ `# ~K# HiOK_
@= JO` = H^. t uk`H"# ^~=. ^x`
xiO|__ qQ= _ uk`H". z`H~_ `# ~K# HHOK
uH ^~= (Hy`", =G") kk`H=. t`#, t
qQ =`#_ = , " _ , =O^ = J# =_ k O_ Q
z`Y #=# yOK ^~= Qx, z`=Qx _=, "_
89

=`" LO_# Qx =O^= ^ . Hy`=# _ U^ HO` =O^=


H^#H##, Jk Ju H;"# =O^= iQ}O^y#k H^.
Jk# QH tg^ =K|_# qQ=# =_ kO_Q,
Hy`= g^ "|_# z`=# ~O_ kQx =_=k ^.
Hy`=# LO_=K#x XH# Ju H;"# =O^= ^xg^
xi`"# z`=# < ^.
=H , D uH ^~H D+ }`= Ow`=# H^Qx,
Hq`=# Jk# ^ . Ow`=, =#=_ Q`=` _^y #k.
=#= s~= uH" Q#H Ow`=# `^H Ji~= H|\,
~H O`Q H##, Ow`= _ uH ^~ =#
PHOK@ H. W\ JH Hq`=# P=`"x^. Hq`=
"@ Hq K`|>_ H= Hy`= uH=## z`H~x
OK= ~K# LH~}= Qx ^# ^== H=. Hq` $+
O` =< ^==` =<Q=# [~Q#. Hq `# ^ =#
=O^ =##< ~zOK#. J`xH `[#"# `$ JO``< f~#.
H= H~#, `# = H~# ^xx Hy`= g^ "< Hx
P "@ =`= Hq` ~K# H^.
H=# D <eO\ uH ^~H U=`=# x H Hq`=
=`" .
XH K~K=# QKiOK `H ~ z`}= ~H#
=~= K~H ^. qQ t=# xiO|_# =#==iQx,
=#" ` ~ =i Q h ` H [Q ` # ZO` J= = i =}=
HeyO_< JO` i=}=`< H`iO|_*=K#.
z` Y #=# J\ J= = i =} H `~ = ##,
"qH=xOK =i x~}= H^. P =i =# =OH KKK#@,
=#` =\_=K#@ OkO* H D H qQ t=HO>
Z= H^. JO`H^. z`Y#=# <<=~ a`=# H$u
^$= <xO\< zuO=K#. tg^ J\ `" H#Q^.
90

K~H# Ow`=# ~ z`}= < ^. =sKx


OiOK#\, t=^#~OQ= K#\ ~=x H=~
O^~ =ix K qq`_O` #OkOz#@Q
JH _Q Qx P~}x Z@OQ< IIJII
K= g~Q# =sKx =^=}K" IIJII
=x H# Q ^e t= ^#=# qiK =
=# `Q~[q# `x "=# ~Ol IIJII
Jx `Q~A _#. D @ _#_, =# iOK
~=x =^ "=, Hq` $+Qx, Ow` $+ H^.
J ^Q#=# |K~=O_^. `= #HOK
#_ Ow`= qHQK#k. JHO|_#_ Jk ^Q#".
nx< (Pure music and Applied music) Jx JO^~. Hq`=# Q_ W\
^= H^. H= ==~#Q Hq`= U^x =~==#Qx H^#
HiOz# Hq`= q Hq`=.
Hq`= =i^~#= K~K=# QH =<##=#
HQKO_#. =<QK~"# P =i "qH= H^. ^xx qOz
KK@ = =`" J~Qx `k`~ =~ H~. =<
QK~=# P =~ z`Y#= #O^= T~H=# ^~#qK@
=`" QH, Y=# Q_ HQ*KO_#. XHH _
P =~# U z`H~_ _ zuO_. =# Ki` =~kx
=ix U z`H~_ zuOQ_? ''ZH_"_? H`#O^ =O`
[O` HO`O [H^#O|#O Q =*e#"_ Jx J|~@` `#
`##H# =~ k x =@ =# U z` @=# q#|_#?
z`@=i =#` =@_@ uOz#> O_#Qx P
=@ @Qx, "\x =#= q#@Qx `@O ^ .
Hq`= U^ XH =ix zuOK@ =`" H^. J<H }
=i`" # XH H^# == Q Q H x ``^ }
j# ~ =~# ` [Q` $+ H
u $+ KQ^. D =~ = `H# UH# ^.
91

^$=#"# OK=O` <=~`H= g\ Hq`


Ow`= <= z`}=## z`Y # t= ~ z`}=##
#H##. D HHx\Hx =<`H"# P#O^ k ~==k.
P#O^= [Q`# qiOz Jx~Kh"# ~=`=#
O^^=.
Hq`= =# Q_ W\ P#O^" HQ# Qx `^#==#
$^x HO` =<|=# |k _ HO` "^+=#
P=H=Q#. g\ $^ =# [xOK_ P#O^= Ow`=#O^
= P` =^~= HO_@ QH, ^x= H} OQ~= H^.
Hq`=# P#OkOK@ O~ ~H" # XH JkH~ q+= H=#.
Hq` ~K# XH JHH [Q` # $+O z =# `# P [Q` # O^
OKiO*#. D OK~= H== K^=K#O` =`" HH,
~<#O`~= _ H#QK< O_#. H=~#==# Z\
P#O^= HQ< `^~ =##= =## J\ P#O^" HQ#.
~H Ow` `=O^ = $^ QOk qK^H=~#
=^~Q}=#^x x=Q K=.
JO^K` == g^ z` Hx P#O^^H=
## r=# # q OK P#O^= Hq` Ow`= =#< HQ#
Qx z`Y# t==# HQ^. D z`HxO\Hx WOHH
=#^~ = Jq u|^= Q@. J D q= H $+

= ~ # =# u |^ = ~ [~ Q K O_ @ Q x + `
QKiOKKO_#@, H$`"# =# J==
xu QKiO=.
D u Ow`=# Z~ # @=Q qk`=QK<
O_#. u H "# Q`=` |^" # @_@ ^~" #
Ow`=. u K_# HO~=` `# @ _@ Ow` H
H^. D u Hq`=# KO^~=##, "HQ` | q<
~=# =H=QKO_#. Ow`= #O^e u= @=
HH=@K`, Hq`= #O^e u H; =}Ok ^#
92

K# "iH Qx q#|_=. Hq`= <#OkOK@ H=# J~`


D ^# ^= Q}=. ~H D u TOK`Q"Hx
q#^y#q H=.
=~H q+= ~H zuOK =~ H#x "xH H~
Q=. K~H XH># Ow`= Kq x "xH H~ Q^. K~H
=~H\# Hq`= H# Kq ~O_ x"xH =`" H~ Q^.
H# x"_ Hq`=# KkqOKHx P#OkO=K#. Kq x"_
Kz K^=Hx P#OkO=K#. Hx Jk ^$H =`= H^.
OK=# e @x PkH= D H K=` PHO|_#^ Hx,
H#` K_|_#k H^.
~^$`=# H~}=K z`H Hq`= L`" `= =<_
^O`= ~[<OwH$`"#k. D `~`== P H HiOK_
``^H ^= ==# |\ HQ#^ Hx P H x~`
=~#<kH`# |\ HQ#k H^. "~O^~# =. =#
z`
Q= H"~. P <Q H # ^~= # > P #Q~ t#
^~ .J~## D <yO\ H= H
Q}Qi+" # L`= ~~
k. "Poetry is the most vital and the lasting achievement of man", Lane cooper"

J^# "kH
J~= :
[Q` |\ OK= ~=`= O`+=,
P#O^= ~[<OwH$`"#k JO^iK P"kO|_#k
kQ}H$`"# ~\O# q=~#= K\=K@, uiy =K@
@"# +"# D+}`= Hk=`= LH~}=
^#= "^+= O_`= x~K#= J~ q=~}= K
K@.

93

O^ :
D HOk "xx q_n, Ok~#, `=# "=.
~#O^ [#H= ^<= ~`H=.

== :
D HOk ^= qQ "H= ", == ~#
"=.
Hq` $+ t=^#= <QH H=H J== qH=
O^~^`H= uk`H= kk`H= =#=s~=.

J~ O^~= :
1. ''= ``=# |\, ==, ^$=HO> "~=Q
JOwHiO|_#q
2. ''Hx O^~^`H=
3. ''~H#O` uH ^"H K~H ^
4. ''Hq` $+ O` =<^==` =<Q=# [~Q#
5. ''H= H Q}Qi+"# L`= ~~ k

:
1. z`Hx ~H=? q=~}`H=Q `e*=?
2. ''<@= =~H Z@?
3. ^$, = H# Qi q=iO=.
4. ''Hx O^~^`H= q=iO=.
5. ''UH x~}= #O^ uH ^"H J`=Q #O_<
Jk ~`~ HHO> Q}kH= q=iO=.
6. z`H Hq`= L`"`== =iO=.
94

q^~ K# :
Ja~z # z`H# JOK=.

L^ K# :
z`HO^ Ja~z Q q^~# `O=.

95

6. =^# x+^=
-- N =~= <Q~~=
N =~= <Q~~= k=~. Q =H Q_. =~=Q~
@^. QO@~ PO^H= H `Q qQO Jk`Q
xKi.
`= =^# x+^= J# ~Q= ''q*# ^ J# ''"*xH
" |$`O\ #O_ QO|_#k.

=`# HQ* `Q <#~ =^=

J"@ _ @ <QiH H}
=Q K=} Q@ K qO` q+ =.
=Y=Q L#` =[= KOk# =#= =^# "#~@
=~^ w@~~Q qOK@ =iO` qO` q+ =. Hx PK<
~ Q =`< J<H H= h =^#= hKK~=Q
QiOK@ =#"iy# q+". OK=`H=Okk H@x
HK~_ nxx O K#. <, J=n<, KO^Q _ , =^ Q_ ,
NH$+^=~, B~OQ*| "^Q KH=~ f==Q x~OK@
Ki` =# =#= `eH#=K#. ^ = # =`= `=
=^#"#~@ H~=Q iQ}O K@ Q=xO^y # JO=. D
q^=Q ^K~=Q iQ}O|_# =^#= =# s~H
=#H~Q= q^ = Q#. =^=# J"@ _# "~O`
^$_Q `~#\Hx `^ tk" J+QKO_@ =#=#
k#=# Q=xOK#\ ` ". ^= # HQ\ =iy# POQ
<
H= =^#= qHe `O|_#k. JO^=# H@Hk
96

~= u O=`~= "i ^= K~KO__q. ~H=


=^= "i ^= #O_ =# ^=# kQ=u Q KO__q.
=^#= =# HQ ^~} ^+e `= ~H \ #O^H#@K
nxx O~= Q x+kOK@ =# *f < J<H `=
K<~. XH_ K@=# H#Q}=Q J"iH =O\ ^=#O^ ~k
x+kO|_#^x# =`, <uH O~=`=Q ~`^=# nxx
x+kOK@ J^=Q<? *u` l P^~=# *f =
~`O` H= nxx x+kO* #<H q^= H$+e#k. 1920
=i 1930= O=`~= H, ~~ ^H}=# H\"
=#kQ *f = (Indian National Congress) P^ ~=# KO ^
= ^=#O^x O`=O^# K~"#i<~. J\ `
`=# u\Oz, g~ =^== ^H}=xH~
`Q"ix, J="ix H Q_= @Hx =^=# x+kO_x
"_Hx, ^~}"# b s^| Qi<~. `= K
K~=# `"x P@OH=#, H+#+=# HeOKK##,
HKH J<H O$uH "*xH ^~# ^~ =^#= =#
HQ ^+e`=# $^= H~Q#@Q K~"#ii.
O~=O`Q H ''Q$H =#Q K#z`= ^~
=^#= =# HQ =# [ ^e|~z<~.
ZxH ==# `"#i# ^ = ##iOz 1937 `=
=Ou=~"~_#_ *f ="~ ^= Hx ~R=O^
=^# x+^=# J= iz<~. L`~^=#O^ Hx
=O_=O^#, =^ ~R=# |i, O =#Q lO^#
=^# x+^= # HOQ =Ou=~= J= iz#k. Hx, ~O`
HOQ =Ou=~= ~r<= K < H~Q~ "Q@K` h
`= q"#k. =~ ` `= =^#=# J=
\#k. H"Hsu Q_=^H^!
1947= O=`~= PQ+ 15= ~A# q` ~`^ = # `O`
#_^~Oz<_. *f `= L^q OK@` =^# x+^=
97

`H}= J=xH =z#k. =# =^, O~, "~,


PO^ ^ = , H ~, `~ O*|, L`~ ^ = =#Q ~R=Okk
J= ##k. `
= PO^^ = "^Q ~R=O^ x+^=
^. W\=e =~ `q<_ #O^ x+^= J= ^. =^#=
P=H=x iQ}O|_# #=#O^# <_ x+^= `O|_@
=^==. ^"#O` =~ ` qO^O^#, q<^=O^#
=^ qxQ=# `yO KK<~.
=^ x+^= =# `=# # ~|_ K|_ PiH
OH"~_@ QH `~`~Q =KK# ~ ^~K~= [
K`#= HQx^, `= J=#O^Oz# K@= =O`=
H<~^. JO^=# [H #u H~=, JO_^O_
x^ ~ x =~=Q Q#Q^. [ =^# x+^=#
J#"# "`=~}= QeOK=# J=~= ZO`x ##k.
~= =< <_# O$uH "*xH ^~#= <~@ K@,
H~ `= g^#, Q_ HO\OK Hy`= g^# =^#= =#
HQ H+ #+= Qi ", KiH K@, L<=,
K~"kH# U~~z nxx QiOz kOK@ =#Q "x ^~
=^# x+^=# J#=Q *H~=# O^=K#.
~_, K~ K#z`= =i ` H =## xk
^= HQ^.
=^# x+^=# =u~ HO^~ `= =H `O`=
JiH@|_K#^x ^ Ja=# ~HuOKK<~. =H `O`
=##k q`" # =i J="# . H^#=. Hx, ^xx
OH==Q x~zO=. =H `O`=# OK #_=
w`w@ K H+"# x. JO^=# `= =^<Q U
Hk=OkH~H, J`kH OM `=Q J`kH `~=#
=#H#~^. UHk=Ok =^=# JH~=Qx iqu
fH# O tH`Q "~#\Hx, ^~}=Q =^#=
# ^~K~= J#H ` ^. JO^=# `= P~Q "^ kH=Q
98

` H O^~ = O^ ` , J#^ =^# x+^= # J= @@


<".
=^# x+^= =# HQ P^ #+= #O_ `~ H#@
Jx ~R= HO^ ` = P=H=. ^=O^e PiH
i` =#Q#q KH|_ ^=H= aOz, ^=O`@ =^#
x+^= J= [~|_ k#= H~ =#= Z^~ KK^=.

J^# "kH
J~= :
`H= =, ^~}= ~=, P@OH= J_O,
K`#= =~, x+= =~=, ^H}= JOQ_,
H~Q~= *.

O^ :
D HOk "xx q_n Ok~#, `=# "=.
^K~=, J+, J`k.

== :
D HOk "xH qQ "H= ", == ~# "=.
=`H=, H~=. J+, H+#+=, f=
~=, k#=, ^K~=.

J~O^~= :
1. OK=`H=Okk H\.
2. H"Hsu Q_=^ H^.

99

:
1. =^#= QiOz =#~ U=x Ki?
2. QOnl =^# x+^=# K# `= Z\q?
3. ''[ H~= xk =^# x+^= J^=''
q=iOK=.
4. =^#= ^+e`=# q=iOK=.

q^~ K# :
=^# x+^=# Qi [ `e*=.

100

7. N <^#i QOQ^~O Q~
("i [#^ "V =)

-- . *Q~=
.*Q~=Qi i~ t "OH@ *Q~=. g~ 2101928
`n# ~f O|t=~ H= [xOzi. g~ 1952 PO^
qHi+` `Q Z".Z. ^=} ~^=Q Lf~~i.
g~ K._.@=H "# HQ# "V Ki` L`= i^#
QO^=Q iQ}O|_ =~`Hx JO^<~. PO^, J"iH
qq^=#O_ _.e\. Q~=@=#_ Oki.
=^~ ~u, =Hq, f~`H~, i^H ~"~, Ja#=
H$+~, `Q `h, $OQ~ ~[ =#Q#q giHQ a~^.
g~ x<Q_ qq^= `Q ~Q# PO^
qq^O, W`~ qq^#, *f ~H# J<H
O# =Y ^=# Jk+Ozi. ^= =^=,
OKH}, =^~=^==, ~` h~[#=, ~^~= =#Q
J<H QO^# ~zOzi. O^ Q J<H QO^# i+iOzi. PO^,
POQ, O$` ~`, O$uH q+# QiOz PO^, POQ
uH, q*# ~= J<H " ~zOzi.
gi ~"H} 25 =OkH Q _H~ @^i. ~, ~,
J"iH, H#_ =#Q ^# ~\OK~.
` ~Q= 'H<~ uH KiO|_# gi "=#O_
QO|_#k.
101

"V = rq`" XH L^==Q Q_ # "~ =#

"i J~^Q Hx~. J\"i `~} Q_z# `~O


NHO^i g~eOQ= O`Q~, N y_Q ~==i O`Q~
<_ N<^#i QOQ^~OQ~. HO^i"~ QO^= JK
"Q" ~Qx ~A P^~= J> H#@x ~A 'PO^H= Ki`
O`iOK~. y_Q"~ e< Z~Qx =~+ J##"
OHeOK~. "i "=iH ^== ~i. P Hx^ <^#i
"i *#^ "V H$+_. P i^# `=kH~ "~.
<^ #i "iH ''`@ QOQ^~ O Jx =~ ==~<=O L#k.
"iH ''"q~^ ''HqHH J< a~^ x L< J=h XH `.
W^H\ XH `. Wk "iH ~+<=O. P =@ J<iH K@# "iH$+
JO` JO^ iOk. P `@ i^# =@ H^. @
i^# >Hx =@O^H=`On. O_` "V i^# OQ
i+iO|_ q iH` JO^OQ JK_QO^. "\x k~K
QO^ J<H=#q. P i^# HH=~"# H=,
H}QO^=, H@Q, WOH J<H q^= ^^ aOQ=.
*#^ "V i^# H\ ^^= =. iH^ P "[ H~}

H_H+=. =^ @Hx =lb KO@ `\
H@, `` HO~ P~Oz, JH_H =H, WH_H=H Ui`z
P=H# =__`Qx XH@ `^. J>i `z# ^ \H
`~K P ^ =~ J~=, H}=, Q O^=,
H"# O~=` qKiOz "xx K~=# `z# Qx "xx
HiOz# [#" ^.
=~ uH H`O "~ `i`"# J~"=_ OK qh
=H |OQ~x H<OQ =iOKHx P ^Hq` =^=ux
`KH<~. QOQ^~OQi QiOz "i "V H$+H O|OkOz#O`
=@ "i rq` q# $t ~O_ =H K_O q^HO.
P# |^HO` z# |_O`Q Q_`# n~. P#
L^`"H =$uQ HO_ ^, =[# Lz`
102

q^q`~} =`OQ Q_~. P# K^= <~_=<k ZO` =`"


<~H `y#^ <~H_O JO` =#O. P# z#_ `e^O_
QuOK~.
O L#O`HO `#Q HO`@ O\ HHO K~
Jk H ~ ^ _Q< L^ =$u =iO` x+
kiOk. `=`"^_Q@ =O^ `# `"^#
KKH#@ J=~=x QOz<~ QOQ^~OQ~. JnHH `#^
=$u LO@< =r== q^iQ ==iOK =H P#. P#
z#_ |_ \ sH |=`e g~eOQOQ~ nqOz# n=#`
a=#O @HzO^@. `~"` N *#Q_ ~AQi =^
J=~kH=, PO^H==, N=#=e ~=H$+ HqQi =^
KO^=, ^~K#, N^H$+=i Qi =^ HO` +, N
# KH=~ N~=K~ "i=^ Ow`=, N HO^_ ~
<^K~ =^ *u+=, N =_O "OH@ H$+=K~ "i =^
O$` H==, N S=A "OH@Q i =^ P~ ^=, Q = n`
K ^ = Hxi. nxx|\ Q O Q^ ~ O Qi q^" O Q = Q~ = =
q^=`Ok.
N =#=e ~=H $ + H qQi ` = H~ }=Q 1926
O=`~= #O_ ` `QO^= H ~ @# ~OaOK~ QOQ^~ O Q~.
|_ = ~*H \ =$^ H O_ qk q ~=O O_, q +
= <, `Q < <Q K~Q uiy uiy J^H
=#=Q @ =O_eH ^, xH Q^, "`, _
H^ `O "`O JK <Q " r QO^O HiOK~.
HiOz#"xx N >= H"~~=Qi ~u, Q$H
"^# uH O"~. N zO` nH`Qi jiH q^#O
[iyOk. N y_Q"~ ^= e H_# |\ Jq \# ^ Q=
x~tOK `= kOz<~. N =~=O_ ~=~=Q~ Ki`,
i = Q _ ^ " ~ # q n H iOz<~ @. N^
QH$+=iQ~ =O_eH ^=, "` "^Q q+=`
r=^+ xO@= xiOK=x xzi. W\ P# Z\H_
103

P ~OQ= Pi`i# ^ \, i=# H=OQ


y =K~. P## OOx $^_ _.
\ U|k UO_~Ok. *#^ "V= K\ uHO_ |_#k.
Z\ ^^= H~##, OkOz# O~ Q~= =~H QeH
O_ J<H O OK~. QO^= =O^ z ~zOK~.
QOQ^~OQi O~= Z "q^=#^ "i QO^ ~K## P
"q^= +_Ok. "i QO^ OK= "
==
*u=kH ~`k G QO^=, ``QO^=, =~+
rq` Ki`=, `=, `H=, K=`~ ^ QO^= Q
OH#= "^Q#q Q=. WOk\H =k~O_ QO^=
=k`=#q.
Hx Jx\H# =Y"# QO^= J=k`=Q #O_~#q.
Jq 1. r=^ xO@= 2. *#^ Q= (3. O@=) J<
"i *#^ "V i^# =. "x =^} [, `",
O P^H#@ J=~=. Jk QOQ^~OQiH^ L^iO J#H~^.
^xH HO` " K#@Q#.

J^# "kH
J~= :
~} [O^OKH#=#"~ O`iOzi ~zOzi
~}= *H= =#= J"@ = <Q +
= xO@= ^ ^~=# `e* QO^=.

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok~# `=# "=.
"V=, ^==, `i`=, q^i, r=^+,

104

== :
D HOk "xH qQ "H= ", == ~#
"=.
"V=, i^#H, `e^O_,

J~ O^~= :
1. ''K^= <~_=<k ZO` =`" <~H`y#^ <~H_O
JO`=#O
2. ''`#Q HO` @ O\ HHO K~
3. ^xH HO` " K#@Q#.

:
1. N <^#i "i r=#= Qi q=iO=.
2. QOQ^~OQi *#^ "V= Z=~, Z@ `Ozi?

q^~ K# :
*# ^ ` =# H i OK @ ` =QqO =
*#^@ LQ_#q <~H#=.

L^ K# :
*#^ `=, "i h@# q~ ` ==Q
q^~ `e|~K@ H=.

V
105

8. "^O "OH@~
-- ~=~O `~_
~=~O `~_Q~ 1896= O=`~= " == 26# [xOzi.
gi O =|#Q~ l PO~ O`=. x*O x~O i##
f==Q x~Ozi. `Q [# K`#=O` KO^, `Q
O$` qHxH Z#x H$+ ei. ^xH 'QO_ uH# XH
P^O yOzi. u Q=O# QO^O U~@H.....
QO^ L^=xH NH~O K\i.
PO^ OH Ki`, QO_ H= OzH` @...... ~=}
~, "Q~ H^, O^= O_Q "^Q J<H ~K#
Ki.
` ~Q= ~=~O `~_Qi '" #O_ QO
|_#k.

"^= "OH@~ `ex `Q "~O_~. "iH

''O_`~ # a~^= K ~H=x < =`=. U# gix


O_` qO^ ^H}=# ~x <# qOK"_#. gi "^+=
g~ "# O$`O^ QO^= "M#= K@K#q. $OQ~
<+^ QO^ "M#=O^ | `= `= Q~=Q `~=K~<
`|\ "iK ~z`=Q ''| ~`H~= x ~=<H= ^
Jx x~Ozi. =i= P=H =^x ^=<H=, ~
"M`# iQ =# ~H `x x~~OzO_ "~ `=
"M#=O^q ix x~Oz, =iOz KOz# O_f ==
H_OQ_ `=.
106

g~ H= "M#H~ QH q=~H tM=}#< O_i.


=~ 15 O=`~= HO^@ Q="^= |^~ #. P "^=#
HHO_ "OH@ ~`= O_` =O\"~ ^=# "O_ |OQ~
^=# qq` $+<H^xx HeOz _i. P O^~=#
"~ Q=^ x~#=# <H H=# " f==Q
YO_Ozi. =i "OH@~`= O_` =# H~. =
=^ a~^OH`. J\H =# "iH a~^=# ^.
=^Q "OH@~`= O` "# POnH$` ''#~=
<@H= "~H q=~#= "i. Jk <@H= HO>#
~O_O` KQ ##k.
"~<= =Oz ^~} Q"~. gi <=,
O + } = Z H=O^ # ~ i` " O_ _ q .
g~#OK#_ # `# H^#=K #qO`~. Hx `#
=`= #=@^. POQ O_` "x q^= #O_#x
x~OKK h q^=Q = K Oh"#^x " <~.
'' J_< (Swift Adison) =#Q O_`e\ =< z
KKO__ "~@.
"~ P^xQ H= < "KO__"~? "~ =
=K "Q=@= x"~. J< "i ^Q~ =z `= #`#
QO^= `e "=x iOK_"~@. Hx "~
"i QO^=# "KH, "i ^@< f==Q q=iO, "~ "i
#~~#=# ="~ H~@. x~O`~= H$+ K q^i= K^=K,
O$`O^ QO^= xOKqOK #xO\x K^=@ QH, J<
^~Hx QO^=# Q_ kOz P +O^ x~=# O_`=#
Q_Oz# "iH x`~ O_` "K^y#"~ QO_@
<~"q? "i ~ Ja= H== O+} O^ QH
gi QO^=O^ H\`" #k.
$OQ~ <+^ "M#=# "#_ ^x x@ qz<~.
107

LII "u =< `H^ O_`=# QO_ h~Q


"u "# #+ q"= ^ ^ "=<
"~H <+^= q x^ <K ezu<
*^ xOH ``~`=# K_ _` ^qH<
"i ~K#xO\ Qq`=O^q, z` O+}
=#<q, H^ K=`~=O^q `~n <@H= +=x <
^z#k. gi ~ K # =O^ QH O^ <@H =Okk kf
=#=K#. D H^O^O`@# PO^^= "iH\ Q_a
=#=#^ "_QK#k. iQ_ ~y `~^_ Hq Q+ #O_
Hq`=# QiOz HO` =K\OK#. Hq iQxx Pj~kOK#_
L`Hu` = = =@` OkO "x Hq ~zOH
~@##.
''~^O H~`O ~k ` H~`=O> ~Q! u =x+H
`ee.
''i! ~H ^~= K^#..... Jx ~@ iQx nqOK#.
HII = =_`H =<
e |_^ _# " =h
H h=, =_
eQ h =< HeH H~!
iQ_ : ''`z# <~ =H ` zz qx #" #"
#... JK~#K....... H~~_ ~O\ H~`O
~OH=~< Q~!
`~n <@H=O^ QO^~_ "]"x= _b g^O^
uiy ` # z x ^ iOK # _ <#` = = xK x@
eHOKK<~. =# "~ "] <u=O^~ ~`~ hu
Q= U\` =iOK^ Q>OQx"~ H=# ^+Ozu#x
`O`~QH H=Q ~[#= <# Hg~}. J_
<Hq`x << =iOz<_ _O_
108

'' "^ "^ H=


^ |] g^
Q^< =^@
'' K K H=
KK @ g^
zK <"K @ D H~=Q xOH# K=@ P
"]"xK _Oz<_. WO^Q_ N "~ `= u# x`~
H=H# q#Q HOz#@ ^x =KK#k.
"~ ~zOz# J=~ `H "Y, ~$i `H "Y
Kz#O^# "~^iOz# QO^x J<#_# q##\q Q=.
h` #^ iOKK J<H hu QO^= zOz <~. J@ $OQ~
<+^=#, P=H =^# q=iOK#_<H =} QO^=
#^iOz <~.
N "iH `~n= a=#= "O_. "~
H~ XH "~= k#=O_i. J_ ## KK#_#
x@#"~.
''x# KK#_# P `~^_ *H= =K# Jx
"i` <H ` i "~ " # ` ~ n q+ =#
=K\OKK #O^e =# `=# =\_OKK "i ''`~H
`#Q# QiOz q=iOzux. "iH"< L~ Q_ `e<"
x `Oz O\x. ^xH "~ `= L~ q `e^x,
Jk H== T[x`" x qzi. "~ _# @
`= ^=O^" # K~=O^#" x _yux. `= ^=O^
`_#_ K @ _^~x "xx OiOz =Oz
@ _@ K g H^x K@H ~@ "u#x Ki.
"~ ^~ ^q_. "i ~O\ `e` "~ J~==#
=\_@# <# qx<_#. W@ ^q_## g~ PO^+ K#
= Jkf=. POQ "V=# ''*## Z\" _ =# PO^= #
109

g~\"~#@ <q O^= ^. ''_H#s *## Jx `_@


~O^< @ gix Q_ ''xO@ Q q O_` O`u
OOz O_#.
=# "i rq` Ki`=# H\OK@ K =Ozk. P^xH
H = Q } #" H # ~ O_ ` K ` # O A_ ~ ` O `
==^, O_`~ ~`k a~^=<H= OkOz
H=#, O_`# OH~_ x~+"# Hq`=# " O_`
O^_# #Q[ Ok# N"^= "OH@~Qi Hi
PKO^`~~" " QH!

J^# "kH
J~= :
"^+= O_`= u Q`#= Q+
JQ[ Q~== ``= `\ QO^=

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~# `=# "=.
O$`O^=, a~^OH`, Q_a=#=, PKO^ `~~=.

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= " == ~# "=.
H=, JQ[.

J~ O^~= :
1. H_OQ_ `=.
2. W`~ O_` "K^y#"~ QO_@ <~"q?
3. K_ _` ^qH<.
4. Hi PKO^ `~~" "QH!
110

:
1. `~^ <@H=# iQx =, QO^~x "] K+
q=iOK=.
2. Qi L<=, q=~, "M#= Z@O_#?
3. "^= "OH@~"i`_ ~=~O "i J#==#
q=iOK=.

111

9. "=# Hq`=, =, h`
-- N ~e J#O`H$+~
N ~e J#O`H$+~Q~ J#O`~O l ~e 1893 OII
[xOzi. gi `e Je" =OQ=. `O_ H$+=K~. 'Q#H~
'Q#HO^ J##q gi a~^=.
Ow` ` =kH g}O Q_Oz ~` q=~# L`=
=} K# ~K~`. J#=K~ H~# ~~z KiOz#"i
^= g~. g~ "~ =~*"i H, N "OH>~ K
x O J^ Q, i ^ Q x K i . gi ~ K #
O^sux`"# O` xt`"# ij#` _O_#.
g~~, " = #, <@H < = , ~ ` < = , `~^ q
e"#Q^ u (J#"^=) "^Q#q gi ~K#.
` ~Q= '"=# J# QO^= #O_ QO|_#k. WO^
"=#Qi Hq`=, =, h` Qi KHQ q=iOK|_#k.

"=#

PO^ \x =H. JfOk=# ``=#


^eH#=## <. "x##=~H=Q kOK =, `#
^e# "xx x~=Q OK=# kOK ^~=, ^xH ^#"
~~HO^# ==x =Oz ^# Q K~Hu =O\ Hq`H,
^xH "yK#\ OH` ^+`=Hx OK ==~=O^e
H;^$+ W=x "=## $+ K#_ |^=_yOz#
=^==. Hq`=# +, KO ^ "^Q#q |~OQ=.
J~==O`~OQ=. Jq XH qt+ q^=Q f==Q##< Hx
Hq`=# ~ ~^.
112

=#=Q XH ==# Qi `# QQ ==# +


==# W`~ =#H #@ "=K@ Hq`=#=K#. J#Q
qOK"_, J`x ==, ^xH q+"# ==, ^xx "_OK
+, ^xx qx QOK D^# Hq` $ O^e
OK=`=. DkO\ Uk ## Hq`= H~Q^.
=Q Ez# OQ=, +`, ~` "^Q#q Hq`
+O_=# ^# Q}=. z# "# ^= P@"k Q^!
^x# =# K~Hx ~`_ K# ~"# = K__:
''P. Px k# "H ` H
HH# H k?
"] H ^~.......
H=# `Q KO ^ < z#k Q P@"k x`_ iQ OK
##=K#. HO^=, `@wu "^Q ^= Q_ x`_ "_<_.
Hx "x K= D =^, D KH# KH^#=, D aQ= ^.
nx W`_ u Hz# =~^, JO^=, J^`"#k. ZH_H u
O_=< H_H ^" H^, Ja=# `y xK#.
''P. Hu|\ `z H`@= Q\
HO_ =K Hez #@
hu # <^ x~QO^~........
W`x == @ H$u== Hx" ~`x +#>. Wk
x["# K `#Q. `Q =@_ <i# "x <=xHx W`x ^=
~= Hxq O_=. `# K u <=## XH =#=
` H O_#. P =#= Q_ THe`=QH, ~O\
K@=@ Q == Q@K ^x Q # aQ=# JO^#q Oz
#OkO`~.
''P. =<" H =~=
+*u " [ H\
^~#= " ^=O|^H\.....
113

XH = q# `~"` O_`_Qx =~_ Qx gxx


==Q_!
W`x Hq`=# HO` "Q\ ^xx ^~~|=Q^xxQ
*#k =. =# = H$u ~`~ O^e `#
@@@. JO^# `H^# #a" =# [# #\ K@
O^e `# PHH=Q \H f#_ =# |"=.
W\ H;^$+ Q"_ `# O^e `# Q_ Q=xOz KHx
`#< #=H##. XHi `# @\#^ =Q<~^.
"=# Q ^_#, O~, `O` |k H"_
H=#, XHH= `#x `# =z K"# =` `$
HeyOKH##.
P. Q~= # =oOz# "_
Q ~O_ H~< ?
# =z#k. `H # ==O^ W=x ''|@H ~}
H^ Jx K O_#. Hx ~_ ^H= ^.
''Z^\"i = "iH f......
Wk q#"_O` H$+_## #=H O__.
=#=Q W`~ = <u YO_O |#H#_ Q_,
^xHO` Q=< O`\` `$ O^H, ~`~ #=
QeyO=## #^= K`< Hx H~ =@ Ki "@
~`x ^`
<H\. a"x #_Q@ x+=. Q_\
=# auH#@,
"H "_ K# Q_z#@ Jx K# *# Q^! W`x HO`\` `$
^ .
''P ''Q_\= a`H QO_ QO~#
O_ ~^# h^
a"x #_Q O| ^.....
114

''P ''"H uH |\ "_ K# Q_=Q


PH =# < QH
a"x #_Q O| QQ<.......?
WO^ O_ QO=@, uH |@@ "^Q#q `Q="x
P`=# += Q E, "x *#=# =# #qOK#.
PO^^ = # < KO^~~Q *# q W`x h`. D h`#
~=x, ^~=x ~O_ `QQ#. ``"^= = W`x
h`# J#=" == Qx H= H=. H=#< q
_#, W_# J<#@ W`xH H= "@#
W`~#OK@# =`= H=. =Oz K_# ~O\x `# *
O^e ``=# KHQ <y, ~`~ kOz#"_Q@K =#
hu QO^= x f=` ~`x ^ = Q^.
''P. q# "xH# H# "_kO_
H# "_ H# He"_
J# =@ ~`x h`O^# J#~OK#. W\ ~~ H~=`
"=#H= a=`"#k B^~=. W`~ `# zOK@
=O^ ^#= K # "_ ^` x ~` x a =. D
q+ =Ok`_ Ju"kx "#H< q#qOzux Q^. H=#< `xH
a"ig^ K J = \# k. ^ "# K O K=O^e <
\ KO## = ^x ~`_ `z#@#k. "ix KO@H`x
=O^.....
''P. a"x [O HO|
=O^ =^, "=`= Q^
H =_y#O` Q#_ KK.....
W`x =#O^# = H^. WOH# q#_.

115

P. ''x "x ~O@ c#Q "_e #


H>H# H ez
"K=##K "H "H_~......
WO` ^~ |k ## "=# `` q"H= H^.
^#=# H =_ `= Jx x~~ Oz#_ W`xH =, *u "^Q
"x=@ @O_xO_. Q}= Q_ #H~^. =Y"#k
^H=. Jk # `H#^=## ## J`_ `".
P. ''^Hi# ^iH_#
Q`_# "^ _#
=\ x ^ "xH^Q hq
^x# <OQ^Q^ "=
W`x ~h`` #==, q"H=, WOH# Z=Q
Q#=K#. =#+HH=O^ <=kQ |`@H==Q F~,
q"H= "^Q Q}=xq kOKK #O^Hx =Q
#O_#. ~= =Ozk, Hx ~k =# q+=O^ =`=
xH=K#.
''P. J#=Qx K@ #k =#~^
HOK=O_ > H^= Q^
HO_ ^ =O^ HOK" O_^?......
W> ~`~ _=_# # `#^O_Oz# _ OH u~Q|_@,
~=Q< `=K Qx J@ ^O_OK@ =# `# " Q H=#
OK Hx O_@ q"H= x "=# =`=.
''P. KH HHkH pH _*
" n =_z#@
|k *"_ Qk` <=?......
~ O_ q^= h`# H`Q * @ H f. W@ ^~ =,
``=, hu, ~=` YO_#= "^Q<q+= K##, W`x
116

^ =O^ J##^~}"# ~ =, ^~`, KH _ x, x~H =


"^Q Hq` Q}= xO_ O_#.

J^# "kH
J~= :
H= _|, ^#= B^~= ^Q}= Q`_ `=

O^ :
D HOk"xx q_n Ok ~#, `=# "=.
Hq`H , ^~=

== :
D HOk"xH qQ "H= " == ~# "=.
H;^$+ ``"^= huQO^= ~h` Hq`
Q}=.

J~ O^~= :
1. '' "] H ^~
2. ''^~#= " ^=O|^H\
3. Z^\"i = "iH f
4. ''a"x #_Q O| ^....
5. ''J#=Qx K@ #k =#~^
6. ''|k *"_ Qk` <=?....

:
1. ''"=# PO^ \x =H =iO=.
2. "=# q^#=# Qi q=iO=.
117

3. "=# h`# Qi "=.


4. "=# Hq`= Qi KiOK=.

q^~ K# :
"=# hu ^=# HxO\x HiOz HO~= QqO_.

118

"H~}=

"H~}=
O^ :
Ok : ''~ ~~O| ~~OH^=Q@ Ok
#|_#. Ok "^\ ^=# ~^=x, ~O_= ^=#
L`~^=x JO^~. D ~O_ ^= H~H Ok.
L^ : ~=_ { J`_ - ~=_`_.
=#= { LO\q - =#=O\q

1. O$` O^ :
1. q~ Ok : q~=# +
~=Q#_ H==Q + =K#
L^ : K` { `|= K``|=
{ _|= _|=
` { ^#= `^#=
2. q~=# H Y ~=Q#_ q~==~^
L^ : =# { H==
` { H=
`[ { O[=
` { =

=#H==
`H=
`* O[=
` =

3. JH~= gk q~ = ~ Qx,
JK Qx, =~ ` $ f K ` ~ O K = H ~ = Qx
~=Q#_ J H~= ''F H~=Q =~#.
L^ : = { =$^ ==$^
120

` { =#= `=#=
t~ { ~`= t~~`=
~[ { Ja+_ ~*a+_
4. ''q~ K K ~=Q#_ =~=Q#,
@ ~ ~=Q#_ + =~=Q#,
` ^ ~=Q#_ =~=Q# =~#.
L^ :- ` { K~
`~
^# { @OH~= ^#+OH~=
=# { ``= =#`=
5. q~ Hx `=O^ ~Q==Q#.
L^ :- ^# { }= ^#~}=
JO` { P` JO`~`
^# { q^ ^#i^

2. `Ok :
` ^ ^ ^ KK[~ ~=Q#_
=~Q #q P^=Q#.
L^ :- =# { Ou =#Ou
` { H
`H
` { Ki`= Ki`=
[Q` { [##= [Q[##=

3. [ Ok :
=~^=H~= =~`$f K`~H~=, = ~
Qx, JKQx ~=Q#_ H==Q Q [ _
^ | P^=Q =K#.
121

L^ :- "H { ^= "Q^=
~\ { ^`
~_`
~` { = ~^=

`Q O^ :
1. uHOk :
P D U uH=. uH= gk JOH #
k`=#, uHn~=# = |=Q #Q#.
L^: P { H#, P { H#
JH#, PH#
D { q^=, D { q^= Wq^=, Dq^=
U { "~, U { "~
Z"~, U"~

2. @QQ=Ok :
1. H~^~=O^ L`#HK ~=Q#_ @QQ=O|Q
L^ :- O_ { P O_\
x= { J^= x=@^=
2. H~^~=# ~k |= JK~O|Q#_
@QQ=O|Q#.
L^ :- ~ { L~= ~@~=, ~~=
zQ~ { P zQ~\, zQ~.

3. ~QQ=Ok :
1. H~ ^~ =# ''^k |= ''P |= ~= Q#_
~QQ=Q#.
L^ : ^ { P ^~
[= { P [=~
n~ { P n~~
122

2. H~^~=# ``= |= P |= ~=Q#_


J`O|# `O|#, ~QQ=O|Q.
L^ :- ^+ { P ^+~
^# { P ^#~
O# { P O#~

==
''=~O|Q ^O| UH^O|Q@ == <|_. J#Q
#<H ^= He XH^" J~=# kOK@# ==O^~.
+# |\ O$uH=, PzH=, q== Jx ==
=_ q^=.
1. O$uH= : i O$` ^= O|OkOz#
== O$uH=.
L^ :- 1. ~*[ 2. `\H^H=
2. PzH= : (PzH= JK`Q) i `Q ^=
O|OkOz# == PzH=.
L^ :- x#u K=h~
3. O$` `Q ^= q= == q==.
L^ :- ~A<#u, x[, `\Hh~

1. ^O^== : ([O@^=)
^~ ^#= ^O^=. J#Q ~O_ ^= H J~=
^#=Q Qk
L^II ~=_#, H}_# ~=H}
`e#, `O_# `e^O_
~#, H# ~Q.
123

|^ ^O^= : WO^ ~O_ ^=HO> Z= ^=


J~= ^#=Q #O_#.
L^:- ~=_#, H;}_#, ~`_#, `_# ~=
H;} ~` `
B.

2. kQ== :
WO^ "^\ ^= OM "KH q+}=Q#, ~O_= ^=
q+=Q #O_#.
L^:- =_# H=
=H=
k# k#=
kk#=
#= OY Qe# Q= #=Q=
^ OY Qe# k
^k

3. |g == : J# ^~ ^#= |g. WO^ qQ

"H=O^ z=~ Qk, Q"_, Q"~ J# ^= K~#.


L^:- KO^ =^#= =O\ =^#= Qk KO^=^#
q"# J Qk qH
^HO~= Q"_ ^HO~_
}`Q"~
}`

4. ~H == :
L=# ^~=# L"=#O^ P~OK@ ~H=.
L^:- Q~=<_ JO^H~= Q~O^H~=
H=<_ Jy
Hy
L^~=<_ Jy
L^~y

5. J=~ === :
J== H}=Qk. WO^ ~^= ^~}=Q J="
O_#.
124

L^:-

J~"\ J@ ^~=
Lz`"\ J@ ^z`=

6. #& ``~+ == :
O$`=# ''# J##k =u~H~=# `#. `Q Hxk
J~= =K#. ==#O^ D..... ''# "^\ ^=Q#O_, ~O_=
^= "^@ #K ''J Q =~#. JK#K ''J< Q =~#.
L^II
# { `= - `= Hxk J`=
# { = - = Hxk J=
# { J= - J= Hxk J#=.

7. H~^~ == :
q + } = <="K H = `Qx, L = #= L "
=`Qx == K@ H~^~=.
1. q+} ~^ H~^~ == : WO^ "^\ ^=
q+}=Q#, ~O_= ^= q+=Q #O_#.
L^:- ~"# =$Q= ~=$Q=
J"# = J=
^+"# H= ^=
2. q+} L`~^ H~^~ == : WO^ "^\ ^=
q+=Q#, ~O_= ^= q+}=Q #O_#.
L^:- J^=_# =
^=_
=$^"# (=e) H`= H`=$^=.
J^=_# #~_
#~^=_
3. O=< ~^ H~^~ == : WO^ "^\ ^=
O*"KH q+}=Q#, ~O_= ^= *u <= "KH=Q
#O_#.
L^:- W=# ~Q ~= W~=.
125

# J#~Q ~= <~=.
^~HJ<_ #Q~=
^~H#Q~=.
4. L=# ~^ H~^~ == : WO^ L=#=
~^=Q#, L"= ~O_= ^=Q #O_#.
L^:- #QO^= = n~_ #QO^ n~_.
^= | `= =O\ <`= ^= | ` <`=.
5. L=# L`~^ H~^~ == : WO^ L"=
"^\ ^=Q#, L=#= ~O_= ^=Q #O_#.
L^:- `=~ =O\ H
H `=~
JO|[= =O\ ^= ^O|[=
O= =O\ ~A
~[ O=
J|= =O\ K~}= K~}|=.

8. ``~+ == :
1. kf ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ x<
#< < i QiOz J# `= XH\ O_
== K#_ OK#.
L^:- =~x iOz# "_
=~ ~_
=#^x KO#"_
=#^ ^=#_
KO^x ^iOz#"_
KO^ ^~_
^~ ^~=# `e#"_ ^~ ^~ q^_.
2. `$f ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ K`<
K< `_< `< J#"x XH\ O_, ==
K#_ OK#.
L^:- ^#=K` Jk_
^<k_
=^#=K` =` =^# =`
"` ^= "Q^=
126

3. K`s ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ ''H


H J# `= XH\O_ == K#_
OK#.
L^:- ~}= H ~OQ= ~}~OQ=
4. OKg ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~, =#<
HO>< \ J# `= XH\ O_ ==
K#_ OK#.
L^:- K~=# =
K~=
L"= =# P= L"=.
}= HO> Jk_
}k_
5. ++ ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~ H<
< H < < J# `= XH\ O_
== K#_ OK#.
L^:- ^#=# <^_
^#<^_
H~= <^_
H~=<^_
q=# ^
q^
~=x H <== ~=<==
yi H #O^#
yi#O^#
#~ J^=_
#~^=_
~+ L`=_ ~`=_
6. g ``~+ == : WO^ "^\ ^= z=~, JO^#
J# ` = XH\ O_ == K# _ OK#.
L^:- O= (#O_) #O^ \#"_ OA_
g} O^ g}=
g}g}=
q+= #O^ B#`=
q+#`=
#@# O^ H=
#@<H=

127

KO ^

1. HO^= :

HO^^=# <Q ^= O_#.


1 3 ^= =_ Q}=O_ \Q#,
2 4 ^= J~^ Q}=O_ _=Q #O_#.
QQ # [ J# Q}=# =~H==#QH ~+=
=z#@Q "_=K#. Q}= ''[Q}=Q #O_~^. Hx,
2 4 ^=O^ =_= Q}= [Q}=Qx, #= Qx
O_=#.
24 ^ = O^ z=i H ~ = Q ~ =Q #O_ = # .
x== Q^.
u : 2 4 ^=O^ ^= "^\ JH~=# 4= Q}=
"^\ H~=# uK#.
L^:#

I I I I

UI I

Q Q

I I I I

I IU

I UI

I I U

UU

i Q

UI I

"xH *#

` ~ } k " ^ Q O __<
ui=# H^ O_
~"! QOQ q_=, ~u K<.

2. = :
^=# <Q ^^=O_#. u^=#O^ "^@
6 WO^Q}=, z=~ 2 ~Q}=O_#.
128

x== ^.
u : u^=# ~O_ ` K#.
1. ^= "^\ JH~=# 3= Q}= "^\ JH~=# XH
u K#.
2. 5= Q}= "^\ JH~=# 7= Q}= "^\ JH~=#
=iH uK#.
<Q ^^= z=~ P@"kQx, `@wux Qx Ki#K
i ^=Q#.
L^:~

`

U IU

I I U

U U I

I I U

~[ #=#O^ lOK Q [=O _


I IU I

U I I

UI

U I

Q [~A Ok# Q q
`= : 6 WO^Q}= { 2 ~Q}=

3. k^ :
k^ ^=# ~O_ ^= =`" O_#.
u ^ = #O^ " ^ @ 3 WO^ Q } =, z=~ 1 ~
Q}=O_#.
x== Q^.
u Q_ K#.
u : ^= "^\ JH~=# 3= Q}= "^\ JH~=#
uK#.
129

L^:~

U IU

I I U I

U I

U I

U I U

I I I I

U I U

I I I

H=h HH=Oz =

= u H # ~` K ^=
`= : 3 WO^Q}= { 1 ~Q}=.
1. ~Q}= : ~Q}= ~O_.
Q}= - U I
#Q}= - I I I
2. WO^Q}= : WO^Q}= P~.
#= - I I I I
#Q= - I I I U
= - I I U I
Q}= - U I I
~Q}= - U I U
`Q}= - UU I
K`~` Q}= : D K`~` Q}= HO^ ^=#
"_|_#.
QQ= - U U
#= - I I I I
Q}= - U I I
[Q}= - I U I
Q}= - I I U
130

JOH~=
|OQ~ #Q JO^=# Ki#> +HO^=#
K~#x JOH~=. JOH~= ~O_ ~H=.
1. OH~= 2. J~OH~=.

OH~= : |= ^#=Q Qq OH~=.


1. =$` # = : XHi =z# JH~=# =~ =~
=~ =K#@ K@ =$`# =.
L^:- J_Q^ #x H_=_ K#
#_y#, ^# =Q_ #_=_x #__Q<
"_"_ _ =_ `_|_
#_y_ #_y_^ [_= #_y_<_<.
WK@ _H~= =~ =K@Kxk =$`# =.
2. \# = : ~ ^ = H, ``~ ^ = # =`=
Hey# ^=# "O@ "O@< yOK@# \#=.
L^:- H=~ #iOK H~= H~=
N<^ =iOK l l
WK@ ~=O^ ^=^. Hx, ``~=#..... H~=
(K`) H~= (+"# K`)
l (<H) l (+"# <H) Jx ``~ ^= K@K
xk \#=.
3. =H= : J~^=# Hey XHi =z# ^= =~
=~ =~ =K#@ K@ =H=.
L^:- ~=#O^ JOu ~=#O^.
WK@ ...... ~= @}=
131

'JOu ~= ~} x=OK =#= (JO`~=) Jx


J~^= Hey# ^= =~ K@K xk =H=.
4. JO`= : ^O`= O^ # JO`
Q#.
L^:- N~~= K~ `^^= =H=k$OQ~
Q}a~=! u[Q##` ~~= =.
WO^ ^O`= O^
~= ^= Ja~= = Jx K@K xk
JO`=.

J~OH~= : J~= ^#=Q Qq J~OH~=.


1. L=OH~= : XH ==# =iH ==` e
=<~=Q K@# L=OH~=.
H
L"=# L=#=` e K@# L=OH~=.
L^:- P=Y= KO^aO|= = HtOKK#k.
L"= : =Y=
L=#= : KO^aO|=
L="KH |= : =
=# ^~= : HtOK@...
WK@ =Y=# KO^aO|== HtOKK#k Jx e
K@< xk L=OH~=.
2. ~H= : L=# L"= J^= K@ ~H=.
L^:- ''P=Y= KO^aO|=''
L"= : =Y=
L=#= : KO^aO|=
WK@ =Y" KO^aO|=.
132

KO^aO|" =Y=.... Jx L=# L"= J^=


KC@K xk ~H=.
''`_= ~=
3. L`HOH~= : L"=# L=#=Q TOK@#
L`HOH~=.
L^:- P=^Hi #_HO_ x #_z =KK#k.
L"= : =^Hi (U#Q)
L=#= : #_HO_
WK@ =^Hix #_HO_Q TOK@K xk L`HOH~=.
(L`H TOK@)
4. ~OH~= : XH^xHO> =iH\ Qk Jx K@
~OH~=.
L^:- `< =^~=. ^xHO> J=$`= =^~=. ^x HO>
Hq " =^~=.
WK@ `<HO> J=$`=, J=$`=HO> Hq " =^~=x
QQ KC@K xk ~OH~=.
5. JuH : XH ==# QiOz qHe QQ =iOz K@#
JuHOH~=.
L^:- P @}=O^e "_ PH=# `K#q.
WK@ "_ K Z`Q##=x K@ |^Q, PH=<
`K#=x QQ =iOz K@K xk JuHOH~=.
6. OH~ = : XH ^ = # J< H ~ = K @
OH~=. (H) J<H~= =K ^= K##
OH~=.
L^:- ''~A = #O^H~_
~A : = KO^_
== : OK= H==
133

= OK=# P#O^=# HeOK#. KO^_ H=


= P#O^=# HeOK#.
WK@ ~A, == ^= J<H~= K@K xk
OH~=.
7. LY#= : XH ==# q^=Q HiOK@ LY#=.
L^:- P~A JO^ = # =#^ _ , H i O^ ~ # _
qO\ O^ c+_.
WK @ ~A# .... JO^ = #=#^ _ x , H i O^
J~#_x, qO\O^ c+_x q^= HiOK@K
xk LY<OH~=.
(LY#= HiOK@)
8. H=OH~= H ^OMOH~= : H=OYQ
^=# H=OYQ"x` H==Q J#~Oz K@
H=OH~=.
L^:- ~= H} ~=} ~O^l`# =kOzi.
WK@ ~=_ ~=}x, H}_ WO^l`# =kOK@#
H==Q J#~Oz K@K xk H=OH~=.
''Q= ^iOz#"~ J~O^f #H`=#, q`
"H=#, n x~} QO^=# H#~ q#~ =~#~.
9. "H : *uQ}^ O^e ==# L#^#@
K@ "HOH~=.
(H)
XH == H ==# L#^#@ K@ "H
OH~=.
L^:- PlOH QO KOK<`=` "~u , K= xHOz,
<=OH ^iKz#q.
134

WK@ lOH H` (=x+x) "ix Kz#_ "_ H`@,


K= xHOK@, a`~ K KK@ "^Q K+ lOH
==# L#^#@ K@K xk "HOH~=.
10.O^= : XH ==# Kz Jk? H Wk? Jx
O^OK@ O^OH~=.
L^:- P = Y= ^ =? H K O ^ a O|=? =
x~= Q#k.
WK@ HO^~ =Y=# Kz ^=? H KO^aO|=?
Jx O^OK@K xk O^OH~=.
11.Ou=^= : XH ==# Kz "~H ==x = _@#
Ou =^OH~=.
L^:- =kOz# QO_`"^ P=Y=# Kz H==x
"K#k.
WK@ QO_ `"^ =Y=# Kz `=~=x =
_@K xk Ou=^OH~=.
(`"^ =x =H~O^= P~=)
12.HH : HH #Q " ` . Hx " ` K @
HHOH~=.
L^:- Hx < H# =H#=
Wk "`. WK@ H# =H#=#Q x[=Q H#
=Hx Q_" x H=x J~= H^. ''Hx < FH @
=
Jx K@ |^Q ..... "`# K@K xk HH
OH~=.
(HH "` H=x <#_)
13.J~O`~ <= : =#=# q+=K`Qx, q+=#
=#= K`Qx =iOz K@ J~O`~ <=.
135

L^:- ''#=O`_ =^=# ^>#.


=` ^= Hx xQ^!
WK@ #=O`_ =^=# ^@@ ....... q+=.
= ` ^ = Hx x Q ^!.... =#=. Hx,
#=O`_ =# HuH_. =`_ Q=# =^=# ^>#
Jx q+=# =#=K =iOz K@K xk J~O`~ <=.

136

L"KH=

K}_
- H}N KO^Y~ ~
- H..#~O~=
1. = :
H^=_ @@ =_=O^ W~" _O_ |~= H~
~[=O^ ^K~ O#_#, x` `=`_#, "^^# ~
_ # #Q <H }_ Q _. J`x~ K} _. ^q_
@O|=# *Ok#"_. J`x Hq^= ##=u, =
k#^Q ^=H ~Q#O_#. P [ ^O` ~} =Q
#^qOz#"_ Ki` ^_# K}_. = `* =O`_Q ##
`= `# H^O` `` q+Q _x <=H~}
"#ii. J~##,
"ik H\Q` =Q@=#Q\ _x, =`= N=`
Q`=# *Ok# "~Q@K ^q_x, K}x =~_ Q#H
K}_x #`xH <=O`~= Q=.
`# =~_ = "^qx =#O^ QiOz# `O_ "xx
=~ # Q~= H_* i , = q^ <iOK#. K}_, ^= _O_
= =KiH PO^ O$` +#, `~ "H~}k ~=
#OK#. Hx, ~u H ~=`~=Q "# `# `x =#
H=~ ^# Q#~ kHOK Q= x"_Q@K [}_ `#
=~x ^<=@< =~}OK#. ~$=~}=#H QH, H~x
a_ q+`# QiOz _, < `e, ^=H Jq`=Q ^dO ^_Q#.
=# ## "_, K} _<H ^~ =K#=` ^eQi
~@ QeyOz, P"` = H< [#= g_#. W`~ q^
138

#OK@H HtH ~ K~#. P~O_K@ "^^#=#O^ Q_#.


P `~"` `Ht #Q~=# = ~O_O_ P~^=, ~[hu,
J~= "^Q H q^O^ i~ O_`=# OkOz,
~*#=# ^# O_`_#. Hx, HkH=#H =
#_=_O^ K}# H=yO Hey#k. P H=# w i_#
'PbO^~ (JQO_~) D YO_ =O_= < <HK`=
HOkH ^z, `# _ H=## ^$_ OH=` J~
xH|=# HiOKHx *`` ~OaOK#. `# [~Oz#
~H=, J~a "^# ~[= xO\ ^# ux^ #Oz,
q[`H= <Q~ "K, H==Q O^ ~`= ^\,
~`YO_= ^_ #OHOKKO_#. << ^n Q=
Q@=#kQ P* `= OOK#. OQx"~ ^O_O |_^~x
K\OOK#. =#O^, `Ht u# JOa, JQO_~ =O\ =
|=O`x` ^# i J[=#O^@HO>, <`_ qkOz# H=
Q\ Ok KH#@ H=x x~OK#.
^= =# Q@ HOwHiOx K}_, =~A#
H<H s`* "iOEK#. Hx, ^=# "#HO[ "K#
`Htu K}x `"# _Kqx\ P` Q~==#,
^H==# q_<_, q+ ^# H#H = "#= iOz, JQO_~#
Oy#. P`Q~=" ^# H=Q Q K}_, `Htu
`# `= q#^# OH~=`, J\H `# ~zOz# J~=#
~` = =~A# =iOH, ` <~[=# g_#.
J~_~# U =~A# `# `$+ GQO^=# =
iOz#, ^xH kxQ= HQ## =` K}_O^O^
k~QK, = H< Hj@}=#H =z K~Hx#. "~}
O_` |\x. K^= H=e ~^^q Hk ~=. H=#, K}H
O_`x ^` H =~=#, i*#=# J< QiOz,
`xH t+~i. J>~_# K}x t+H\ WO^~, ^~
_, x}_ J# ==~# =Y.
139

K}_ Hj@}=# x=OKKO_Q, <H<_ `e# ^=H


`#a_ O`# W K~H =@# QiOz kQO^K, "H@
"zO_#. JO` xO^~ " H_ H~^Oz
''J=! D<\ ~[ |O_`Q+ H\ [~QK#k. <
<Q KQ#O_ "OK# kQ[==O\ O_`< Q+O^
#K<~. =# Q~="~ _ <"^#O^ # #
`<~. QOk# "iH Q#Ha+H=@! @}=# <#Q
|O_"# ~yO@! qO\~? J#KO_, <=
''J! << "_! ="_O` ^ O_`` "kOK
Q_? Jx _y# K}H t+_ #q uiy ~@ eH#
''J=! g =~x H =~= g `e= Q!
`Ht ##_ = Q~= O^~ O_`= <_OK^! Zx
#`~= O^^! Hjq<^x # Q =#_,
D<\ Q_ = Q~=^ K~ HQ^. D "~# `@H
#<# g H_ |O#.
Jx t+_OH# Q~= u# Qi =K\OK KO_#O`,
=OQ "^= "`, [ H ^## qxOKQ, t+
_~ O==` #@ uHOz
''J~Q#=! = Q~=! ky[=Ok T~yO` `~e
"OKK<~. g^ xO_ [#= `O_ `O_=Q #<~.
"`oe~=OH N Q~`= Hix Q#= KK<~. JkQ#=!
J@ K__! P [ H ^# q#_!
Jx, O`+ =\_ |K# t+ =K#= <HOz, ^=H
|#O^ ~= ~= e_~, ``==# <``==Q
kHOKK
''<a_, WO`\ *=O` __< H^! =" _O^i xO`\
# `~=# O^KO_ Q#~ QOKQQ Q= < Ha#k
140

WOHq H=#! J#K, <#O^ += ~#. t+x` Q


"Q_ < ~yO ##. =HO` `_=# ~yO
=yQ *}_ `# q` t+H@` x~#. ^=H `#
kQ^_ \, ~`ez # |">#. K}_ `# O_`
QK# iQOK ^=#, J= =}~=#
=`$^qH E, " <#O^Q~ `~OQ= <_OK#.
''J=! < YO_ q[= x\Hx |q`~# =`$^q
j~K#" H~}=. P |==# < x_H H` H~=#
^\ux. JO^ ^eQi #=u, <j~^=# Q=,
#x#.
''<<! =`$^=`_ <=~ H q= HeyO^~,
"iH ~ = QQ#. h [=Q QH! `z# H~=#
q=iO=.
''D<\ @b`= #O_ _ QO^~ O_` ~^O
z<~. P ~[= < #O^~A Q}O^ HQ"~x,
< ~[= H ~` x" +~=` ^^Q
K#^x, <# ~zOz# J~= < =Q^ ~= `H
Q~ qO` ~ x =z# O_` =# ^eHO\x. <# ~zOz#
QO^=# kxQ= QQ@ =M=~=. H#H <# ~
|^i~, K\ uQ`# |ijeOz =K^#.
''<# H^## Hx, h= = <\H kiy =K^"! JO`^#H
x<_O_@ H+^=. U|^O_ |_# ^##. W\ `
|` x^=# #O_@ < ^H=.
''Hjq~ x^ =O`HO># =Ozk H^ `b! J@x < #H
*#k ^. Jz~H=< uiy =K^#. P# h"_ <
x^=# OHeO`", P "#"O@< <# =z h KO` #O_Q#.
H~~" =@ H#[x=.
141

J# ` _<Hs` ^eQiH #K*, " #=u Ok,


=<_ @b `=# |#=#.

2. iK= :
JYO_ =Q^ =[=# =Y@}"# @b`=
|"tOz# K} _k ~ ^"O^ ~== #`O` =#"
qKO_@ kHOz, O^O^ Q q+= =#=# <O`
#|~_K, ^# `ex q+= #H_"i #_y `eH#K,
P #Q~ "== ~@ <O`x =iKO_#.
J~=k<Q ^~= Q = #Q~= _|k |~A`
~ =#" H H_K#k. D #Q~=# H#k# QO`
^~= QOQ#k =OK@ Q##Q#. K}_ =K#
=~ = # H ~ " # ^ ~ ^ @ = Q i y, HO` =Q #
HeOKK#q. J\H HOK "O_ K `Q K#O^# P# #_H
K QOK= zOz, =_ =_Q =KO_#. P ==#
He HH ^~= QKH#Q, <`_ Q_]* <" fH}=Q
kHOK#. `# QKHx# ^~# ==Q H
''F! `$}^=! h"H xH=e# ^#" O_, < ^=#
^HeyOzuq Q# xx_ <#= K^#. h ==# xH =O
k`~ H=iHx Q_ x ~O_ *f~^#.
Jx H^^H=# aQ~Q K#_ =@ H=~=
##iOz =K# XH =xH qxOK#. J` _~=` Oz
xz K_Q, qk ~Y` =Y=# |`[ `O_qO <H =
O_`x= ## "_ KK# qO` K+ Q#O|_#. q#O_
`q H# ^~ #O`\` =^H, ^xx Qe =K h\ HHx
`QK# OQux Qx\# =~_ `# U=#Hx<, "O@<
K}# H^~Q =z #=iOz xKO_#. #Q g=` xQ
xQ_K, = i~=^O_ #==# q`_ ~Ok# =#^x=
#O_, ~H= =\_K ^$_H_ H Kx x=@Owx
142

^_y, iQOK =# ^i Oz, H>^ @ H`iOz `# #=iOz#


=x K} _H ifH=Q kHOz
''Z=~ h=? <` <q x Hey#k? Jx tOK#.
''`= K+# =~=# =K OzO_ uHOzux. ~
~ Y# |\ "^ "^OQ=# riOKHx# = O_``= = #<~.
Hx, g K+ < H~=Q@^. xs="# XH ^~# q#O_ H,
He |_^# h\ Qe `Q@ ? Jk H B+k
O_<<?
Jx = __y#^xH K}_ |^ KKO_#.
''q` QOQ[= #O^^ #~Hx, < =~=# <#
=KO_, h ^~ < HeH QKHx s~^# HeyOz#k. nx
Q~}K=#x He =K qOyux. D ` O~==# <
=# Ou Hey#k H#H, xk B+^=x _ ##=K#.
''g! [_^~"# = `= K+<@ QOQ^?
''Jkq Hx=! ^x=# < H==#=, s~=# ^
Qey#q. =#= Hey#_^\"ix HqOK@ n~H}= H<~^.
fH~" ~ K}x nH=`=
K}x ~ qx#O`<, = _^i_ =iO` H Q~==`
kiy #=iOz ~@x#.
''=`! g ^~# Q==# h<_ < [# =#"#k! =
<#Q~ KKO_Q g Mux qO\< Qx, =Q ^iOK^.
`=~ ="^=x, huHq^x, @< @# =~x
qO\x. D<_ ^===# q= ^iOK@ =Q=! J~#, <HH
O^=
''J_Q=K#.
''gH _K~"#i# ^H J"# `$}=`= H#H, g ~^x
143

#=bQ x~eOz, QkOQeyui. P `" =|=O`_# <q


K^~?
''z"_! D K}x u h |iQ ^e#@#k. |
=O`_ Q^ < `= _## <# HK#. < ~
qx yOz, P ` =# < # = QqOK #O^H x^ ~ #.
^~=H~, <=H~ }= iO`#.
''<^~= b HeQ=# xOH# Q=x #=KO\~?
''ZO^ =! "x| "#\Hx `Q^. ^~~x ^~" ~HOz
f~#. WO`# ~H} H`_"# h"=~" `"q?
''#O^~A H= <<H ^yx.
''F ! @ < ! P_ ~# f~ " ^ ~ # @ # k. = ~^
<kHi# =$+_O^O_< KQ"?
''#O^~A } =~^# ^=i_ #O\~?
''JOu Q^. < < =# ^iO=#.
''P H~= Q_ <# q#=K< g!
''ZO^ q#Q_^ !
''< x _ Ht#O_ H~i< =z#"_#. J^=O^"x
HH~~" <<H ~ =# #`$+ QO^=# ~zOzux.< ~
=# HiOz kxQ= *Q ~ _=~x "^KO_
Q, h =Q^ =[ =O^ ^y#^x, h #O^~A, }
HQ "~x, x@ }x, =~~K=O\ GH~ ^iO |_
K<~x ^e, < G QO^= h ~= =iO =#x
`zux.
''=Ozk g! "^ ~OQ`~# `= i@ #_Q "@K
h =Q^q =iO` }= *H#k. `=~ "^K# ^~kHi
144

=$+_# << x `H#@ O`+_KO\x. ##


KO^Q _O^~.
P =@ qx#O`<, K}_ H}H= OcH$`_ "#"O@<
KO^Q <=` QQeOz
''=~=O ~H^H~_=, n~^`_=, P KO^Q_= h"
<<! ^_=x ==xOzux < ` HqO=.
''`=~ ^ J@#Q_^. <# ^ `= #Q=#
=`" H~KO\x.
''$nuq HQ H}= h =Y=# `O_qOK K#q.
< `" =$^ H<~^. h =$`O`"q?
''g! < =$`O`=# =^#=Q =#q *HO^#. [#H
=uHqOK K#k. D<_ = `O_Qi ^ =Q@K, < H=#
=Hi HyOz, =O^Q< ~O\H =KO\x. <x_ `=
~[^=# Qx~, < |^Q #K@ #O_"xH `=
|iK=K ~@ QqOz^#. `=~ O_` =~^#
#Q#= #OHiOz lO=K#. #O^~A# ^iOQ~.
''=Ozk. J> K=.
J# #_q, K}_ KO^Q ##iOz ~[Q$a=Y=Q
[x#.

3. K}x u[ :
^"O^ "==` xO_# ~[=#= kHOz K}
_|~_ # . J~^O` Q ^= q=Q OQ}=
`_#, q~==H =KK =K #O_ ^^ [#O| `_#,
<<q^ $OQ~=`_# x`H}=Q #~~KO_#.
P ~[ =#=# H#Hx ^~ #k. P ^~ O^
145

|uk#=# =O^k } O_` +_`=Q =~^#


[~ |_KO_#. KO^Q _^~kHi ^q #O_,
H~H==# [iyOKKO_=#. Wk #O^~A ~@.
P<_ K}H O_`x"O@ x_Hx =z# KO^Q_ `#
O`~Oy_Q w~^xH az, `xH" *Oz, K}x`
''J ~`_ `= # |"@ Q_. [<#O`~= `=~
"x`=z, = Q$= Q_ =#= *Q~
Jx #_q, "~ xH~# `~"` `# Q$a=Y_
Kx#.
K}_ =""`=Q ## [#O^ |"tOz,
K@ |OQ~ `=#=i `~=Y=Q "|_#
`qk#, |_=\ =Y=Q "O_ ~=` #=~|_#
=H # |`HO|_ O_@#, WOH #<H=Q ##
"O_ ~=# kHOK#. JO ^"q =~=iHx K}O_H_
kHi <Hx #_QQ
''D `qk `H #=# |=~# #=#O^. "x
H ^~Q ## #= O_` #=. qye# "~ #=# }
=^=#. `= ~ =^= Q~O_=K#, Jx `
_ K#.
''<# O_`_# Q#H h Q#=# Q~O_=, ##K
K} _ `H #=# ~ ~#Q #K\ ^Q#,
}H\ < H` }x =# HK~=Oki. JO`@
=H #`^y =_=_Q =z
''J! `= ~ `H #=# Q~O_ Q_^. #O^~A
~H=# z, } =^=# Q~O__, Jx
Hi#=Q *#.
''D Q# "=iH? K}_ fH}=Q #_Q#.
146

''J@ =O_`~# |O^"~ ~O^~.


''J`_ ## qOz# O_`_x `e#_ < xK\#O_ `H
z~ =^= Q~O^#. JO`= =#.
Jx K}_ YO_`=Q *#^xx qx, ^QO^
<Hw==Q, #k H~=x, |=^ H~}=x s`
#K*i. Hx, K}_ c+Oz, ~O_# Q#=#O_ =
_#. JO` #O^~A "= ^~= H\`= QKO_, }x,
|O^, =~~z, ~H=` i"~"` [# H~^Oz,
Q#=# Q~O_# K}x QOz Hn` i. L^Q
"]Q Ezi.
'' ! ZO`* q#H ~ "O_ }_ = =@ kH iOz
Q#= <HqOz =_! #x |^ ^Q H,
=~[~# H_ K}x A~K~ Ez
''g=~# iQ ~x =_" O_ #Q~
=OHiO Oz# h "=~=? "O@< kQ! =x QkOz eH#.
''<# K} _# q+Q_#. `Ht, Ht "^~#
`=O^ |O_` i+` q[=Ok# ^O_ O_`_#!
Jx eH# }x =@ qx
''H=K# Hx, `= s Q#= #O_ z =^=
Q~#_, Jx =~A uiy eH#.
''=~*! <# `= ~@# a#=Q <q [iyOK^.
O_`+x H H~ |_# Q#=# <# Q~O\x. W@
## qOz# O_` =~<~?
''L<~.
''Z=~ ?
''W~Q! D |O^"~.
147

|O^" ~\H <Q_Q "#H ^y, =#=Q


xKO_i.
''O`+=. U G= "~ < HO> # |A=_# `~ "`,
<h Q#=# "iH =iOz `H z =^#.
''Wk [# Qx, O_` Q^! q`O_"^= =x `H}
= Q~= #O_ z ~=!
Jx =~A H^=` |eH#^xH *}_ [OHH
''`~`
= ^ = QiOKH `= s q^= Q <*O K@ ^~ =!
^~^~} K=# ^~ ~\ ^~K~} HqOz#
_H =O@= OK=.
''OKH #= KQ ^q@! Wk ~*[ ! kHiOz#K
^y#@ |k *=O_#. =O^ ~=# kQ=.
JO^ *}_ #q ''J^~K~}# YO_OK@ < =`=.
## qOz# O_` _K@ Q _# q+= ^= < h Q
#= kQ@ gH^.
Jx ^$_x=` ##Q, #O^~A O^ =Y=#
Q^=` <]Q *=iOz#q. J_K@ <\ = [~Q< x
~# HO`~i. =~A "O@< @# ~qOz
''~*[# kHiOKK# ~ "O_x "O@< |\H QO@
_! Jx *OK#. P ~*[` [# ^^i#. J=`^
=#=^ =Ozi. "O@< HO^ @ K}x ~H \ y
~=#O_ kOz QO@KO_Q, <`x Q=_ g_, ~ r~_#q.
^iOz# == *~KO_Q <# ^x <HK` |@Hx ~+
c+}=` Q]*
''#O^~A q<#=# Hk <Ok! #xO`Q #==xOz, ^~
"#i# ~ #=#O^# <#"#i Qx, ~_ g_# ~ Q#
148

=_"#. D K}x c+} u[` #O^ <#=, ^~ O#=


[~QQH!
Jx #O`~= ^^i #@ eH }_ ~q+
_ [## g_ "_e #. `~"` =Hx H}==
<=i<@ Qx H H~# "=_^. JO`@# QOc~"# x|"
=H#k.
WH_ =K~= #\H_ K~x=# ^eHx# KO^Q
_ ` #Oz# > [iy#O^ =#=# O`Oz, }x
=#< `# = <"Q^x qOK#. w~^x "O@ ^#
~O\H =KK# K}x QiOz, ^~y H Q~==` ^_z
z`<#x *
''g! lOzu~? #O^~A# ^iOzu~? Jx, `e
^ex"x@ tOKQ *} _K@ [iy#^O` q=iOK#.
JO^ [O^Q _O` <KHx
''J! g! ZO` K~= [iy#k! `=\ "^ O_`,
~G x^ x"` ^#= Q=iOz# #u^ QQ~! =~#
< ^~ H\ ~Oy`= H~#k Jx H *}!
_K~=Ok
''h= #O^ ^k"? Jk@? Jx tOK#.
''g! < n#Ki`# =^#=Q q=iO`#x `= H=H =#q
KHO\x. J~= uiy ~#k. `= iOH# lO^. `$
H~=# =yOKHO\x Hx, <#Q_ xOH# lO^. W@Q_
u~# } =O@ K^~. `=~ =O^ lOz#
Qx <# lO#. ###QOz < u^=# HiO_.
Jx KO^Q_ s` iOQ
''#O^<#=, D =Q^ O#=# [O^Q# |\a+H=
[~Q#O^H K}# x^~=` |x^, Jx K} _<#.
149

''`= ~O`\ u=O` Q^~. Hx, s~ +} H~ x^^


=H= Q^! `= ^ex q+= =O_#! "O@<
[#=# ^K_.
Jx KO^Q _# #OwHiO*, #O`~= `## lOz
~~=~ =^# #_# ^# ~Q^ h q^=Q
q=iOK#

4. ~Q^ :
''D YO_ =O|# [QkM`"# =Q^=[=
<H_ ~~k # ^~}_ ieOK#. W_O_# ~H
==Ou ~x `~=#O_ |^x, `# * |=K
~[=# ~H`= *KO_#. ~~k =~A# Hu
[Q #O^^q H ~Q#, =~ # ^HO` ~O_=
~Q# #O_i. P ~ _~=~ ~=# O`H z~H= QO^#.
H<HH } _ =~A# HukQ =K#. ~A `# ~
e~=i`_# }# H ^` |[K qOz, P#
^^H=# ^# ~^ ~ t~ O^[#. P ==#
=~ t~#O ^H [ aO^=#, #O^^q t~# ^qk aO^
=# ~#. uH"k Q < }_ =~A H q +`#
QOz
''! giH O`qH QO^=#k ^. ~ e~=i=##
gH H` fQ^ Jx #_q "_e#. #O^^q =@
O^ #qHH <^~} E#. =~ } "#O^
q=Oz H Q~==` <^~ KKKO_#. ^# =#O^Q
=~ Q~=u, #===# ^\# #O`~ "H =~=#
|` O `#=# Q < # . =~A =#O^=` |\# a_
*`H~kH~ [iyOz, ^#^~=, "_H qiqQ <#~#.
=~O^ Qey# "_Q@K < a_ =~_x =|_#.
150

`# x O`#Q= =uH QeQ## ` QO^K#


#O^^qH = H< `=O_Q~ t= ^qOz~@. "~
#=#O^.
=~A =~ O`#=##, #O^^q `# Q_
Jk Hq^ <iOz, H==Q A *#. J\ H
=~A# =$^ =#=Q@K, #O^ ~[< ~=
#yOz, =~xH ^O_<H ^q <y `# =x=$u QH<#.
#=#O^ _k HH~Q =~[ ^q` O# =k+Oz,
^~#= KO_i.

5. ~i :
#O^`x `O_ `` Hz# ^" ~ ^Q=< KO^Q x H
Q_ xzi. Jk_ <HO^ =Oz^#Hx KO^Q _
^Q=< KKO_#. KO^Qx ^~ = <y#
#O^ #= `_ `= <_Q =z#O^HO`x O`+Oz,
"xx ^=xQ <Oz H=*zi. H==Q |[ ^~a=#=
KO^QxO ^=QKO_@# QiOz, #O^ i`
QKO_i. W@ #=, J@ [ [O^Q_ ` <H
Q~= `_Q@# "~ OKH ~i. J`x <^ =OH\
~[= #O_ `iq"@ =Oz^x Ozi. q+~ "O^##
|=^H~}" x, ^xx OiOK@ hux ==Ou
~H_^tOz# `= #O^ #K#. KO^Q_ xu
## == Qx\, ^ <~= <~Oz |OkOK= #x,
##O`~= qK~}`O` #_, J`x ^OQ H= *Oz,
t~^#tH# qkO= #x Q@#K, ==#H HKHx
O_i.
Wk ~@O_, K}_ `# q`_#, *u+, "^, =O`
= = \ _# #~# WO^~# QH# Qi, @b
151

`=# H~=kH ^~= ## =~=#~"Q#. q`


_ ^ H=# ^# ~O\H =K#x, WO^~ =#O^= Ok
K}xH Q`= ez, =` HQeOz =_Q#.
K}_ @b`=# #O^~A H= ^# Qey#
==#=# QOz q` q=iOz, `# fH~ [=#
HiO =#kQ Q~#. JO^ HO^~ O`+=` #OwHiOK#.
WO^~ XH ^ *u+x "+=` #O^ H= *~= #x,
"iH ^# =O` `O` *u+ G= ^~ H q= |\OK
H#=#x#, ^# #<H=~# pH J<~Q= \OK
@HH, "i ~K# <\ H_ `# ^KO_=#x
Q~#. WO^~ = x r=k# = ~` ^ O_`x
"+= ^iOz, @b `=# |"tOK@#, K}_ [iyOK##
fH~ [=# #=#O^# |e =Q <#~@#
#i, <_ q`x` Q #=#.
J@ KO^Qx H~=` WO^~ r=kQ =, #O^~A
H= K~@ O~q[= #O^#. JO`HH, `# =O`=
==K`#, B+^ Q}==# "^ x "xH "^
|\OKK, ##"iH ^yOKK #O^ ^==_ lO |_
KO_#. ~"O^ "~`xx ^= _[== <OKH#KO_i.
H==Q "~ KO^Qx =~}=# QiOz H x=#
=K@# r=k QOK#.
XH<\ `"*=# <= _ "~ KO^Qx |OkOz
K~
O ^OK@ =~= x~~ Oz, `y# =#+ <~@ QqOzi.
r=k "i~@# =O^Q< K}# ^_ KQeQ#. P
~u ~O_===#< K}_ KO^Qx |~, `xx
x^#O_ #. J@=O\ H= Q~= ~H H` _K~=O^#.
K} _H *QKH KO^Q#, ^`O`=# "_K,
`x` "+= =~Hx |^#. ` <HK@ ^=Q #Oz#
|@|O_ <=x KO^Qx H^tOK#. K}_ |O_ `"x
152

=#, KO^Q_ |@ "iQ# #O_, " ~|O_g^ }=


yOz, `"~H =# #Q~ e"~ ^@Qeyi.
L^= HQ< KO^Q_ K}x` ~i# =K~=
#O^^ ^e#. "~ H_# OHOzi. `=K #==x`_#
}_ fH~ = K@H KO^Qx ^#` Qx~
O_#x, |keQ ~H=`_ =Q QOK#. KO^Qx
`^ =\OKQ `= `= =$^Q@ HH, `O_ K}
x` *i `= QuH@ ^KH#O^ #O^ =O`
OH@_i. "O@< =~# HO^ K~# |OOz, KO^Qx
|\ `z#"i H~=k" |OQ~ }= |=# q` =x H@#
K~Ozi. JO^=# K~, x`~ =Y f= `= *
^_yi.
K}x }q`_Q WO^~ r=k# =~`
#O^ H= #O_, = |_x OkOK#. K}x
=# < ~A = "\O_ *@ Q#, J`_ [=,
== "^~#"xx *KO_#. B+^ Q=
K#O^ [~=, `=# |\OKK, JkO` =O`
`O`= <i# K}x Q e`=x KKO_#. uiy q~Q
\ "iH `# #kH q "~_#@ KKO_#. K}x @
QxH `xx =~}== K^#x Q=
KO_#.
H==Q Q< H=i<@ q## r=k H =" q#
|_KO_#. K}H^=#O_ #O^# ~HOKQ" _^ O_`
_H_ x KH#yi. Z=i H@=O\ W|Ok Hey##, r=k
H_~ x"iOK H#KO_i. @b`=# r=kH |_
k#k#=# ~QKO_#. #O^~A#, ~H =`_# #`x <H
=`~ ~+xQ <OKKO_i.
P <_ KO^Qx |=^=#O_ `Oz, |@|O_
<HOKHx ~# K}_ PQ ka=Y=Q |xOz =~=#
153

~=~= ##iOK#. QO_= <xO\< ^\ K}H KO^Q


=i =_ k#= =~=#~= *~Qeyi. J@ QO` q`=
#Ok, =O^ H~H==# QOz n~K# KQ_yi. ''<<!
=# qH #=OaO =# ^`# QiOz KK<# q#=.
x# H_`~=#x #O^ QqOz# `O`=# QiOz, r=k =#
^_ K@=#, < QO_=#Oz `OKHx \ |@
|_uq. WH [~Q=# ^=#Q, `y# |=# *~Hx,
#O^~A# ^^=\OK@ x# =Q^ =[=# |@^x
*@ x K}_ KQ KO^Q_ =^#_ HOz
''H#x xH == Qey, =|=O` #
#O^# [~OK@ @? Jx tOK#.
''P q^=< KKO\x. H~~~# "i H^ =##k
O_^. J*=x ~"# ~H ~[=# [~Oz# PbO^~
~H==# QiOz h= qxO^=. J` x_ `# ~#=`
QO^~ ^=# ##"_. =# "HO` \#, #`_ =#
HiO =K#. H, H~` HOA`_#, `HtHj~ =
`_# =#= "u KH#=K#. J=~=x `z#_ ~Hk
"K` #~## =#= _=K#. q` O`= "#
~`_ ~[q~=# || `= KK<_. J`x
HHO` \u "x =#H= =OaOK#. W\Hi x |\, H~ =#
HiOK Q~.
''=Oz^ Hx g! JO` |=O`` ==~= @H#,
z=~ "~ =#H ^~ uiy, =Q^=[=# Q|oO`~" x
< =Q ##k. ^=# q^j Q`= *@HO>
#^~=~# ~## ^^ #qOK@ < =`=!
''=~! K}_ h ^=# ~ HyOK #O`\ q"H
Q_.
Jx #_q K} _OH# [O^Q # H<H = ~# s` ^K ,
`x` <=<_ OK=# |^#. H< *}H
154

KO^Q =< f~=Q WO^=# Kii. Hx, _


#Q~=O` ~^ Q[ `~Q ^`` xO_O_#. Z@ =@#
=# _^. XH xx "i <H ^~= KO` "iOz
''Z=~ g~? Z@ =#? Jx tOK#.
''"= u=. D H`=# Ez =#x =zuq.
K}_ [OHH |^K#.
'' H ` = # qOK @ H k = =H^ . ^ ~ ~ _ #
PbO^~, O^ ~[= x\x [~OK `O# ~ # #^
_ | ^#. ~` <_Oz, `Ht# =KHx, OQ Hu
#==xOz ~OH# q[` yOKK<_. P=# ~
=~=# #_Q @O_ *=#x, =Q^#= b ^~=# Q#q.
D #= ^_ <_, Jx #O^ x <H_#
|^` _#"_ KQ
''D #=O^ KO^Q_ _ <<? Jx K}
__Q#. JO^ |^`_ x@i
''J! P OqH=_ P^~=`~# #O^ ^=
* OHeOK@ K`<, P# ^=# g_ #x K#.
KO^Q<_ "xH Q a=#=# QiOz# K}_, `=
x[ux "xH *, #O^ #= ^= zHO_, =<#kx
^\Oz ~HOK =#^x H~#. |^` _O^ O`+=`
#OwHiOz, K}H KO^Q# ~H`=Q =<#kx ^\Oz
O#.

6. |O^q =H :
qq*` H^z# PbO^ ~\ H^~x ^O_` <
yOz, ^~ uiy#"ix tHOKK, ~}#"ix |KH#K
qq^^= ^# q[`H= <Q~", #O`~= " #n
155

f~= *~#. q` "^= =^ Q YO_= #O`\x


[~Oz, ^xH |~`x |@^x *#. P _iH |~ kO^
QOQ =# =OK K#=x, "xH= K^=# =Q^
=[ =#^x qx, ~[=# Q|oO #` _#.
=Q^ =[=#Q_ [~Oz, `# =H ~H==#
H=# *@=#x PbO^~O`x `_#. Hx #= O^
HOwHiOKH, `= JO\=x, xH =O^Q ^
^=x zOzi. PbO^~O^ y#H =Oz *#kH,
u~QqOK@H O^_#.
J^==# K}_ KO^Qx` O~n_# q[
Ox E_=#x =z, PbO^ ~O`=#O^ ~#"`
_ q_kK#x, =Q^~[= ^O_`#<_x ^e, `x
QeHx H~= Q~=#kQ [O^Q# ^tOK#. J` _^~
QOc~ Q}= Q"_Q @K [O^Q x ^ H ^iOK#x #_"# .
J`_ ~`^ <Q "_Q @K, "xx =$kQ =iOz#, H~=
^=Q#x K#. WOH#, #^tO=# s` <xO\<
^tOz, K}_ KO^Qx PbO^~ KH=i x^=#
|O#.
K O ^ Q _ w ~ =x ^ ~ #=# =K O_ Q
q[Ox =~
Q Ou=u ^#=#=O^O_ KK@ [iQ#.
#==#^H~_# KO^Qx h" =# ^y#. KeH`#
qKiOz, `_ K}H t+_# KO^Q_x, =#O^ =Q^
=[=# ieOQ n~_x, <O^~=#< PbO^~
= #HO =K<_x ^eHx#. J~ Hx=O\
|_K =#O|#, <"" K# ~Qu#q. `_<
" K# g_ @H #.
PbO^ ~_ ~`x =Ok~=O^O_#. Ou=u ~`
H~lH "#Q_Q@K <" Q_ #O^ O_#.
156

PbO^~ `# ^~#= Qi =z# KO^Qx ^Q =~^`


<xOz, `_ =z# H~=# QiOz ^~=Q #_Q#.
KO^Q_ `#`O_ `` Ki`, #O^ `# QqOz#
^=# q=iOz# `~`,
''L^~Q}O## `= ==# =Q^=[=#
[~OQ~K<#. Jx#.
''=Oz^Qx, <H_ #H~= ^~"#k. "iO`=
[iy# ^= # #"~@! ^O_` e\H =yOz,
^=# Q~K<~. Jk @O_, <<H" h HiOz,
=Q^# [~Oz#_, h W`~= < Oy, H=
Q@KO_=#. JO^ =`=?
PbO^~ x~Q=@=Q #_y#^xH KO^Qx =Y"]
~H=` *=iOK#.
''JO==! =Q^~["HiH =O`"O_@ ~= H
"" O#=# ~ `O`" k+OK=#!
''~`_, JOa "^Q"iH## g~ #?
''==\Hx #". ~`_ g H_<_. H#H =O`
_< _. `Ht k #O_ <HiH =O`! g~ $^ =`
HiOK<_ ^Y~# "= iOKHO^=. J~^H@
|OQ~}=` q= `iOK^=.
''H\@=kQO`q~l`_# PbO^~K@# Qe
^ = K ^ . J=~^ Q =@_ K #O^ x#
tHO=O_#!
''D KO^Q _@=O\ ^iO [O"_ Q_x `=~
QiO=#.
''U<\H~## =Q^# [~OKQ"~= ""!
157

''KO^Qx HO~=# }=O_Q < x [~Q^!


''h }= f@ = H}= @^. P x, ~_
[iy## [~Q=K.
''#q ^iO=z#"xH ^=KQ hK g ~#H#^.
g iO`\ J^~=~#x ~_ `e#k.
''^~= ^H`# |\ =KO_#.
''P =~ g=O\ ^!
P =@` PbO^~ HO@ x ~#.
''U! Z=~H_!
PbO^ ~ = H^ = # #iq# =` QO^
^}# @ # |"tOzi.
''D Q~`# `H}" |OkOz, M^ K_.
Jx *O K#. "O@< @
~*[ eOz, KO^Q x |OkOz
Hx=KO_ <`_ x_
''JbO^ i@=O\ ~H $^ _#H#^ Jx#.
''gxH H~Q~=#, h~Qx ~=Qx ~=^ Jx,
PbO^~ H~~HO~=# kiy *OK#.
KH=i *#~=, KO^Q _H pH\H@ |Ok`_
O_ , ` # ^ + ~ # Q iOz ^ d` _ Q K O_ , #@
K}_PbO^~# ^iO~# KO^Q _O`# kiy
~H=@# QiOz, `Q K# K^_Q#. J`x =#
H_# OHOK@K #<+} |^ #O_, t+_Q ^~_
=_ =_Q =z
''g! =# KO^Qx PbO^~ |OkOz<_! Jx K#.
158

P _Q=O\ "~# qx#O`<, K}_ q=~= _y `eHx


''D ^~~# *@H =zu"! H q_^ H^~# =~=
<zOzu"? Jx _Q#.
''g! `= #uK# = "+=##O_ O`
Qx@K< O\x. =# KO^Q "~ KH=ix ^iO =KO_
Q, =~ =^=#Q H ^@ qiOKK# Ou=u #
<H #="<Oy KO^Qx QOz "OK#.
''JO^=# "q? P" =~?
''P Hx ~`x "#Q_#, O~n~_# q[
Ox =~ #x `e#k.
''J@! KO^Q _" = QiOK<!
''OQu < ^e^ Qx, P" H~= =# =# q_
KO^Qx q_^ K~O Q=.
''Jk@!
''`= ~Hi H## QeHx# ~= ^eQ^.
''U~@ Ku"?
''K =zux. KO^Q _"# ^H |i} =_#x, `=
~Hx "Q#= *=#.
''"Q#" H^ i}" K~OK=K#. P" [#_ q[
O_ < ^ex"_ H_.
''g ^~ #=H H" ^@ HKHx O_#@ K =zux.
`= ~O~^.
Jx KiOz, ="^q# ^~_ "#"O@< K}x
OHuH =# QO#.
159

P<\ #_~ ~x, ^~ ^ "# O^H ~ = |Ok` _ #


KO^Q_ q"K# =~= Q#H i`OKKO_, ##@O_ XH
Q_ #O_ "`~ HxOK#. Z=~ `# =kOK@ =zO^~x
`Oz, `_ }= < =^ H<#. JO` <H =Q"H #
=H ^# =z, |O^= q_Q\
''~=~! h q"K# QeyOK@ <# =zux `~_=,
J#Q, KO^Q _ qO`_
''h"=~? x<@ #==K#? Jx _Q#.
`_<, =H =Q# ^yOz, "O@ Qx=z# ~=
<`x "_ "z
''P~ e _ # ## #==K #! < # O ~n _ #
q[Ox =~#. < ~ Ou=u Jx#.
''~`x "#Q_e"? Uq \=!
''=# QOHO K" iO`HO > < = = K Q~. `=~
*QK# `O Q=Q#. #Q~ =#, HoH= KO` Q~=
K}"~ "zO^~. `=~ "ix QeHx, ~ ~u
~_ Kx Oi = [#x QeHx, `x=^ ~H`
O_Q~. <##, J#u H=< =z, @ ^= *~Q#.
P" ^~ =#, QqOz# ~@## [O^Q_
H$`[`# ^e, "` " =K#. J#O`~ =" Oy#
`== #k~Oz, `_ Q~=# Qe#. P
~ kiy =Q QHx, x[x"a=Y=Q [x#.

7. =~ <= :
x c+= n~@H x~Oz, Pb O^ ~O`\`
160

^O_ ` xe, x[ ~[=# =~#<_x `e, ~ =O_


k`#, =O`#, q`#, KH=ix |~=iOz g_@H
`_ q_# ~`H ~["# q` f~=# =z Kii. KH=i
~ =Q==## O`Oz, H ~Q= *#. <
~# "Q H# iOz, HO~=# =}H~=` #OHiOzi.
KH=i "i "i <#= O^H# `~"` x@x =zOK# D<
\= = Qey# Hx q[=` = |i~=~#
`$Q e y#k. Hx, QOQ =#=^ *~ iH = x x~`=
@@K, < #^# ^\ =Q^ ^O_` K@ Q^. =
#= HiH ##iOz ~\H =~e=K<=. J#uH=<
uiy =z, |b"# =Q^ ~[=#Q_ [~OKQ=. P
*uH *Ok# KO^Q x Q~ Kq Ez#\#O_ , = H ~[=#
[~O=## HiH =O` |b"#k.
"= efHx, `# H=# ^= K=#@! J`
_ `#[# <HiH =O`_O__@! = |OnQ## ~ Qi+
x_ =H=# aeO`#. "xxH_ |OkOz, <# =~e=@
== H<~^. `# PbO^~ =O\ q q*` ^@ |eH#
~^=x, ~` _Hx# HqOz }=` q_z `^=.
^, ~ ~QO|#<, Q~` t~# YO_O`=!...
JO` [O^Qx Q~Q~=#O_ Hx `K@ |O|_#
HO^~ ^O_< ~^Oz, =}K# s~=` |=
q#qOKHxi
''! H~Q~ ^~= =#q =#> #q! KO^Q
_@ Q#~^. ~# =~=Q_ <k QxOK@ ^. ~HH@
H#~ =H ^H~= *Q~Q < <~! D qs`
"@ [iy#^ `e@^...
P q+= ^e, PbO^~ =O__K |~`x Ez, ''D
==# QiOz =#=K! Jx fH}=Q #_Q#.
161

''=! Wk x==Q == Q# ! KO^Qx


Q~"# K} _#}_ x[=Q =H_. =O` `O`=
xO\x <i# ^O__. WO^ =O^*= |g}_. P
K}x [ < <Q^# Q# =#q KKO\x. KO^Qx =Q^
O# "HO`#x ~ }_ ^=x O_@ *,
==i `# O^*eH q^` [O^Qx H~Q~=#O_
=@==*O_# Jx ~`_ KQ qx, PbO^~
KH=i "O@< x` [O^Qx |\ `=#x @ H*Oz,
<\H # *eOK#.
`# #Q~= # |Ok` _# KO^Q _ ~i Q@=#, ^#O
^`O`^~=# EK# KH=i ^$+ ^<qQ qO|_< #
HOK`, #O`~= ~`_ x[ x"=# Hiy n~K<~
_#. ~} `x =##Q kQ# QiOz, ^#*i
P~ =## Q=~@K# q+=# < <Q^#. =xO
`~x =@ ~z#K =#q *HO^# Jx #_=Q
''^g! =# ~~=i #\ ^= "O^O_=#? `H
=xO`#. h ^e# q+=# ^KH K= Jx ~`_
~` #x#.
''J#`~ Ou=u, ^#=#=O^O_Q [H=ix E_
= KO^Qx QOz#k. J`x ~~M q= QOz "Oz#k.
P "#"O@< ~[=~_ KH=iK |On #. qOz#"xx
|i} =_ x ^ `# rqOK @ H x _ #. J` x q_ ^
=# *=#^x < H @Hx |u=e#k. < =#
H~y#k. P a_ rq`=# ~H=* =H\ux. H~Q~=#
Q ~ ~OQ =~= < ^e#^Q@=#, #^x <"
HHz, x q_OKH#=#kQ #^tOzux. P" >
#iOz, KO^Qx K}x` ^# `O_QiO\H *i#k. Wk [iy#
^~= ! g~ tHO ^z# ## tHO _ Qx, H## tHO =^!
162

~` _HO``_ "zOz, H n~ x=#q_z ''Z=ix


tHO |x^. g# ~[Ox `#, n~^`_, qH"`
_ <# KO^Qx =O\ ~ aOK@ <# |~= O`+". D
q+=< g # Y ==# ^e|K^#. J<#.
H =Ok~=# OzO_, "i O+} <HOz# Ou=u
$^ =#O^=` xO_#. "O@< " =z ==#, #`#
|}q#. "~"# Q} H j~kOzi.
J@ K}H KO^Q O~= *~H=# ~`xK
"|_# Y ~[OxH *~#. P`_# ~=#O^ i`_, "~
@}= *~#\H ~=Y= #OH~} *~Oz, #=
<~@ QqOK#. K}H KO^Q@*i, ~AK Q~= =~^
#O^KO_ ==# Ou=u |\xO\H =z K~Hx#.
K}_ `#O`=O ^H# QqOz# "Q#=# QiOz
KO^QxH *Q, #`_"# |i}=_@ HOwHiOK#.
XH =~=# K}H O_`x j~^=` Ou=f
KO^Q q"= [iQ#. JOu HH, ~A# |`O`#=
H =@O *, KO^Qx O# "HOz @= Q>#. K}
_u=# Qi q"=# *~OK<, k <"@=#
<`_ H$`H$` _#. KO^Q _ q"==# ~~#
^<^ " x <^_#. P "#"O@< Zxqk" =^
KO^Qx` Qei. JO` HH, q[Ox q`_# q[~ `#
#=` [O^ QxH ^_ xK#. =i, ~O_" =Ok g~`
=Q^#O_ `~e=z# ~[# _#"_# KO^Qx *~#. W@#
eOz# "`=~}= #yOKH#K *}_, KO^Qx
xH|=# =$k QqOKK, q~^ ==# QeyOK@
HH, #O^ q<# "#~@ H^#H "zO_#.
JO` PbO^~ ~`qx g_## "~ K}H KO^
Q ^e#. Jk `= H#eOz# "`=~} =#Hx, "~
#Q |=` "~ H~~OQ=# kyi.
163

@ ^~=# KO^Q_#, =~ ^~=# K}_#


=@ _ O z, = K Hxi. H = =Q qye# *# ^ = Q _
KO^QxH ==#. ZO`H =kH = Hi, q+
xH #+=` <bO^ ~iOz# q[ `H=x <=@
=#. `Ht =#, ~`_# h q_~=# QiOz qO`Q
<zO ^_ yi. J^ ==# ^=` *i =Q^=[
q[=# _= #^x, K}_ ~ ` # ~~=O#.
=Q^=[=# QKH#_, ^# H~QqK ^u ^#
H~ = a O K #x ~` _ "~#O#. K} _` _
=|= Q"_Q@K, =Q^ q[= ^=Q#x Oz,
`_ Hi# ^x xK@ "O@< OwHiOK#.
Hx, D ~@ KO^Q # =`=Q H #. HiOz#
"x H~~[qz, `= ^=K@ <=H=x `_ K}
x` #x#.
''=` ! WO^e `O` q_ h H~=H^. ~`# H~~[
g= =z #_q [~Q<, h =_ K_Q=. JO`^#H
==~= < =^e, h= #==Oz O_=#k
Jx K} _ K O ^ Q x =$^ =Q =O^ e O , <` _
q#O_#.

8. =O` `O`K# :
J@=@, K}H KO^Q, k#k#= =$kQK# `=
xH|= #O^O^ xK ^= HoOQ=# Hiyi. P~_, "i`
<= Q~#. "~ #Q` "ix Q~qOz, J^# Hey#_
=Q ^ ^# ~ # =` ^ ~ e =` # x #. J` x
$^=# *}H KO^Q O` #i, "#"O@< =~e
=KK =~=# "~`g~` <= QHx OiH =z
Kii.
164

"~ x[x"= *~@ `_=Q, H. . =_=O^ ~~=k


=_= @, qq*` HQi# w KH=i PbO^~ , `# =k=
_O_ = a# #Q~=#O^ =~}OK ## "~#O^Hxi. D
_Q=O\ "~, ~`^=#O^ Q =# #O^# xs~
*#. KO^Qx # `O` `=` =#^~=x\x
=KHxi. =#, K}#<+OK O^~=# w KH=i, O^~
} # "~OK<, O` ~\O w# K}_ =kO
*#. =Ok w <# x~H}=Q |\Oz, t~K^=
*~OK#.
J\H [O^Qx #=x Q =~ XH\#~H
#. =Q^=[= <kiOK@ H \ |= K^x K}
_OK< "#. `= ~ #=# OiH *i, @ QO`H=
"zO_i. ~`H~ [O`=# qOu QHx, `=O`=#
QqOKHx# ~@ ##iOz, K}H KO^Q_ Hi#, #_
=Q^ ^O_`@ ^=Q #O^#x K}# ~"~ #O#.
P"~ [O^Q K}O` O`Ozi. JO`@, =Q^ ^O_`@
HH =~= x~~Oz, P =~=#H ~`_ Q_
^##=` =z, =Q^ |_=#x K} _`xH |uO^=
#O#.
xs ` = ~ = #O^ K} _ ~ @ QqOz# =
#=x =Q^ ^O_`@ `~#. K}_ ^= ~
#=# ~O_ Q=Q q_n#. XH Q=# |~`H, "~KH,
= H `#, = H Q=# K}H KO^Q # #_KO_i.
[~Q## ~ = OQ==# QiOz ^^= ="Q#.
H o OQ _ ` # #` ^ H } =#O_ , q[ O ^
`~=#O_, H=~ =~A `~#O_ @b`=#
|@Hx, KO^Q# HiOK@ ^=^= #= <`
KHx |^i.
165

`# >@ |^#k, K~=# #O^ \H_


"~ #O^H#K ^=# |O_"# =~<= *^_
yi. r=k ~Hk =Y=O`# ~qOz, #O^H ==#
^hux QiOz KiO^_yi. ` # K@=@H =# `y#
*Q` fH#@ H ^tO|_#.
WO`\ =xHOuQ |b"# ~[= "== <\
` =#~# #=bQ [~OK = K #. Hx, P Y O^
xs`# < H~q, q[= O^^" QK#k.
^@, ~+^`, |Q, O|k <` #O^ H~=
<=yOK"~#, KO^QxO ^a=#=, Q"~#< O_i. r=k
Q~} KO^Q q[=< H~KO^~ Q#, "ix QiOz
"~ Q * =#k ^ . Q xH qye#"_ ==Ou ~H =`_!
J`_ = |ke, ~[`O` x}_. Pk#O_ #O^ =O=#O
^kH q=Q"_. K}# H q^= =#"# K~! =O`
`O`= <i# = O_`_. ~ # qxyOz, }"#
<_, #O^u+#, #O^ =[=# x@ QOH}= Q@H#
u=O`_. J\ = =Ou x_ =Q^ =[ "<_
~_ ^#=K#.
P<\ , [~Q## = OQ==# QiOz =~
q^ = Q [~ yOzi. ` =# ~[^ x e" ~
^@hO_, =~=O^ ZkiOz `iq"@ =Oz^x HO^xi.
''J\#i#, `= "#H =~e, |= _Q@Hx, uiy
^_^~. H#H, "ix ~[^x *~xz, J_H`~ ==`
<Hi <=K@ Jx ~<x ^_ eH#. J`x
K # = O[ = Q ##^ x #O^ " kOzi. r= k
`^#Q}=Q< =@_#. "i"i K~ qx, ==Ou =g^
"e_Hx ~@x#
''Wq q K#? `= ^_ "^e_, =~=O^
Q WO^, <~, Hj, H<k ^~= xO\x =KHx,
166

~[^xx A@=@#O^H, =#=#, =# xH|=# QA


^_yOKHx ~O_=<? Wk H_ ^hu? xH ~kH~
HK# =Q ^z#^? H, =~~# * \~? Jx
"=@=H _Q#.
''<# ~ <#`_# <zOz ~ x=# =zux
^_ HQ, <g^@ r=k O^Hx
''^# ^O_< eH#^x #= "k QxO^.
=i, < K# qHe H=^H"#k _<#k. U=O^~x,
`# #k#O_ =z _K#q. "x <^iOK@
|O=##, =# #Q_ K`iQ= K=#. J_ uH
Q=# |#=~ O_#. JO` QH, # pe ~#_,
~[^xH *e#O` ~H} O_^. ~[^xx ^<Q~=# H==
^. H#H ~ ## ~[^xO^O_@ =Ozk. `= x
k#O_ =z##, =#= ^~=#O_ "i <kiOz ~
^=K#.
Jx, r=k q=iOz#^xx #O^` \`~ =Y~
<"kOzi. ==Ou# ~H _ O^~=# x_#.
J` x "^ " @qx O^ # . ''WH _ # =# ` =gkH
|OH~##, Hh =^~= Q=e# #=~##,
`= =@_Oz# _kiOz =#x [ O=# Jx
~H=Ou #Q
''P x `H [~Q=K#! Jx #O^ "kOzi. qye#"~#
H^#^.
#O^ QqOKH# ~ ~@#, r=k K~==#
*}# ^e*#. `_< K}H KO^Q ~ # " `=Q
=<#kx ^\, ~O^=# =@_Ozi. P ^~<_ `#
=Q^~[^x#O_ xH = ~^x =O^Q< `eH#"
_Q@K, `= <ki [#=O_^x QiOz, "O@< ^~^~=#
167

^iOz, H@# KO^Q^ ="#~#. W^H~=, qye#


^~ x `=`= ^~=# ~H K}H
KO^Q ="#ii. KO^Q _ ^~ # |[#
# "QK, =Q^ ~[=# < }HQx, Z=i Qx
x [~Q~^x < <*OK#.
q+ [##+= O_Q#, ~[^x ~H`= QO_Q#,
q[=# O^=#x K} _O@=< KO^Q# ^tOK#.
`^#Q}=Q< "~ ^H==# #_KO_i. P <_ i=,
="~"#k. JOMH=~# `# ~[^xx A@ =\, x
H~^OKKO_#. #O^ eH #H *_^#Hx, =~<\
=OQ"~=# ~#^, `=O_Q~# `qk |OQ~ ~^=
~}~OQ=# |"tOzi. P ~OQ=# x~ `Q# ~ ~=#.
~HH= "= *K#. Jk QiOz# K}_, `#
_ ~`_Q#@ #\O=#kQ, |~`# ^tOK#.
J` _> Q` "xz #=QKO_@# ^e, #O^ "xx
`iq @H#@ ~i. P ^## *}_, `# ##
=~eOz, #O^ ##iOK#.
XH ~OQ=# |~`_ ~`Q #=<, `="
=~#. #O^ `x^\H ^H "#H =~e# ==#, K}_
`# #` "i H^~#. "~_ `==# lH#
q+=# QOz ^~= Q~i. W@ K}_, J@ ~`
_# ^= #` =O^iH, ^kO[@ ` t~
^#=_K, #O^# gOKKO_i. #O^ eOH [#=
^# Hx, ~^= #O_ iH Y _= ` ~<~OaOzi. K}
_ `# #=# ^\ =O^H
''}==#= QqOz# ! g HO^ Hk `y#
e` =#K <H"@` < `=O_Q~ t~# ^Q<, "~ <
Qe# "O@< ~H=` `# r~_ ~# =_"Hx#.
K}xK #O^ <Qe~# "~ `eQ<, =H ~OQ=#
168

[O^Qx` #=H~H=O|# ~K# ~H=`_ xi}_,


H~=#O^# H~"=# <~e H@ =~=#^x, `# ^=
<*OK#. #O^<=` <H_" ~H_ KK^~ Kii. ~H=`
_ K}x iOz, #O^ =$`H|~=# Q@ *iOz# `^i,
#O^=$^ _Q ~~ k K < =$`^ = q `=Q #O`H
*~OK#. JO`HH, #O^=O =O`\` x~=QO_, ~~k<
<~=# =OK=#kQ Q~#. Hx, \H q~_ #
=$^_ ~H=`x _ *qx \ `=#= HiQ#.
J\H Q`O`~=H ==Ou, ``eH=Q [O^QxH
~[~= #yOz, x^#=Q |fH~= * x~OK#. K}H
K O ^ Q # < " #i#Qx, ` # ` Ou O_ ^ x
zOK#. K}H KO^Q i"~=Q @b` ^~=#
|"tOzi. xH |$O^= q[@= QqOKH#K, #Q~=
<HqOzi. Hx, ~H=` ~`=# [O^Q# H H}=#
<=^= OqOK< x, K}_ "~H# Qx@KO_#.
~H, ~~k, ~`=Y# OiOz#Qx, KO^Qx =~=
x+O@H= Q^x ^# u[ O`"O^^x *}_ `#
##Hx#. JOuHH, O^ qq^=~= #<+O ^_
Q#. ~`_ `# H~~[= =K#x q]gQKO_#. ~H=`
_k Q=xOz, H k#=# KO^Qx *i
''"= z~H=#O_ #O^~[=# #=` ^q #O_
qOKK<=. g ~[iH=# Q_, #> [~Q=#x = HiH.
=i g~ =Q@# |[ O`+=` #OwHiOKK<~.
Hx, q^j_# ~`# H~~[qK@# OK~. Jx#.
KO`## K}_k, `# K# H#eOK q+= Q#H
'= x#. ~Hx =OuQ< Oz, ~`xH `# =#
#~~[ qK@# =#=K#x zOK#. J\H ^# =Ou^q
xeK# Q^ x ~H_# O`OK#. `= H=^=#
HiOz# HoOQ, H=~k `, q` K}_
169

KO^QxK ~`=~^# qiqQ xOz, `iOz, uiy "~~


KO^Qx \a+H =`==# ~Q~x KiOz, "i "i
^= |O#.

9. =~}O`= :
~H _^=` =Ou^qx Q~< ` _ ^=#
"O@< #= [iO Q#. =#=O^ `x+ ## ~~k
KO^Q# ^=x ^= O#x K, q+= Qe# ^~=#
KO^Q# HQ#. K~_Q ^~x=# K} _=K~=#
=O^Q< y q+ ^~=# ^#O^Hx, KO^Q#
"^~= O#. P q+^~=# ~H _O#@ uiy ~~kH
O#. q+ ^~= HOz ~~k =~}OK ##"~ "O@<
~HxH *~#. `# `= =HOz#^x `eHx, ~H=Ou
qO`_#.
=$^=~A =~}Oz #\Hx, ` #O`H= H=#O_
"i = k#K#O^, =~_ O# "HO_ * ~H = Ou
#O^ |}= n~H# <OK#. KO^Q , ~ ` "~ = QeOK@
Hx #Hx, ~H =Ou "O@< ~`x QHx, `xx
KH=iQ <#~#x, KO^Qx OiO=#^x #^tOK#.
KO^Q_, `# "#Q_~# Ou=uH ~Q@*, ~`_
KO^Qx OiOK@ HOwHiO^ Qx, `x ~[=# Q|oOK@
HOwHiOK#. JO^=# ~H=` _`~ `= |#
Hx#.
XH<\ ~~, ~`H KO^Q K^~OQ=_K H_ q<^=
Q= Q_ KO_i. P ==# ~ ` _ =^ #=* _
=z O_#. P q+= ^ex ~H=`_H q+H## $+
* "# KO^QxH Q#Q ^z =iOK#. ~` _H##
QOz "OK#. P ==#, #O^# K} _^# *~q_=H
''~` ^ = q+Oz Q~=h, "i HiH n~@
170

= qk. H#H, "~ HqOKK# ~ H## "iH =iOK=#


J<#. KO^Q_ "O@< `# =iOK|_# "<Oyx |~`#
HQ#. =^#=`_# ~`_ ""_, @x #O^=`
H < H ~ Q }= =$` ^ = ` i Q }=x ` e H , P" `
=Ok~=# HQ#. [iy# qs` O@# ~H=`_ <@
=@ H, >\ K}H KO^Q^ = nHx \H
"_e#.
`"iH, ~`_ Q~=# =~}OzO_ ## "~
Q=x#. q+H# ==#. ~H=`"~ q+H##
$+Oz ~`x [O~x K}_ #Q~=O`@# \OOK#. D
~^= ` |_#x `OKH#@ ~H=Ou ~a_#
KO^#^_# <H =~x~O@ #Oz, `# #Q~= =^e ~i
#.
~H=`_ ~i ^# fH~ `= O`\`
=#^. KO^Q# \a+H= [iyOK@ =~=
x~~OK|_#^x `eHx, ^~=~ #<HteK KO^Qx
[OOK@ HH =~} O`=# xiO *#. P =`=
==# |OQ~ `~}= < =~}O`= #=i, KO^Q
_Q=~=#O ^OH~=Q ^xx " Q\OK#. ^~=~ QqOK h
=~} `= ~H=`# =H q`_# "~O`
_# ==\"_ HiOK#.
~H=`xK |#|_# ~ `O`=# *}_ K~=#
=O^Q< `eHx, =~}O`=# H=ix |eK=< x
zOK#. `@=# *Ok#"i #\HH '"~K_ =`"
qye#@ ^eHx, "O@< `xH_Hy ~@ K#.
''<<! h q` QuOz#O^ h "= qK~_KO^=.
Hx ~`H, ~H^ <# QqOz# H$u Q~O`# ^. Z=~
`=H# Qu "~ _i. KO^Q_ "## ~Hx <\=
171

=OuQ #Oz, `x HiH# <~"iux. Hx, `_ xH#H


#. ~`# H~ ~[qz _O|_H# <"~ <# ^=Q
## _`_, q+H#K ^~~}=#O^#. h `x, H=~_#
=H`=#H `O_ H=# J~~[ g^z# _` _iHx
*H ~i#. "i H~# "i h "H_=Q^ <=!
P ~ ~[=# hH~# xz, = _O|_H# <"~=#x <
HiH! JO^ h "=O^=?
''i~ <=~ "H _^~ g! g ^~ OH= K
=Ozk. Hx, < H~ ~[qK@# [OwHiO`~ x! ''[
#OwHiO *"_# <#! Hx, OQu "iH =O^Q ^e
Q_^.
''Jk@?
''h= KO^Qx =< ^ ^iOz, ` _k~OK
^Q[=< k~Oz, OK# H=Q #a+H =# H~^Ozu
"x ~, h" KO^Q_ =#HO^~. hH \a+H= [~Q#.
P `~ "`, [ ^e## #+= ^ . "iH * Q s`#, XOK
Q ^ux <h =H zOKHx O\x. < O^ q=#,
h g~@# HOwHiOz, =Q^ =[=# ~= _=Q=.
Jx K}_ s` *Q < ^~ |^_ H^#H
#. K}_ K#@ K@ HOwHiOK#.
K}_ H\Oz# =~=#, [O^Qx \a+H
=`==# Q#~ kHOK@ qq^~[= #O_, ~
=Y ~^Ozi. @b`#Q~" ~ ~OH$`, `=~x
"==# E_=zi. #Q~=O` ^"O^ "==Q $OQiO |_#.
P ==# "~K_ KO^Qx ^ ^iOz, `x
~~}= `_< OHiOKHx, K} _^tOz# H~"
^Q[= <H a+H =# H~^OKKO_#. [~`_
KO^Q_ #Hx, HO~=#O_ =M~Q= =, |=`
172

#OHiOzi. =O^ "#H, xH i"~= ~^~ s, _OH, =$^OQk


=OQ "^= q#=@KO_, < `== =OQ `~}=
gOK ==#, ^~=~ H # #HO_#. J#K~ _# ==\
_ ^~=~HO> =O^ `< #H~=# <"i, ~H=`x
=## #O^= #x, "O^OKH# # y, KO^Q
_Q ## "~Kx _= EK#. J`x [_H [OH ^Q[=
"#HO["#. JO^=# "~Kx |_=# =~} O`=
==\"x |_Q, `< #Q H, "~Kx _z KO#.
KO^Q_ `_## H~= K~Q#. x "#"O@<,
^~=~# |\ `<`x #ii. K} _"#"O@< ^Q[=
<H xKO_ LK~=`, `K|_#"_ KOQQ_ Q
_x, <`_ ` H=# *Ok# "~K_x, KO^Q _
`H}" ^Q[= <#x |H\OK#.
K~= ## KO^Qx H_ ^Q[= "HiOz t~= =OK#.
J`_ Q*~} "#i ~ #=iOz
''~H=`"~ ~H=# #O_, <H =~} `=
*K< <~! J~##, Q~^=# K}"~ <O_
#O_#O`H=, <# r=_< O_ ~ =Q^ =[=##,
WO^ e [ # H = OK # H = * ^ #x = }=
HiOKKO\x. D <\ =~= H==, ``O`=#
qK k OK @ H ~ |_ # k Q#, K} "~ \ a +H
=`==# O`+= *~Q~. <# KH=i #~#\H
|*=_< Hx =# Q#!
Jx H |*== #i# ** ^ #` #O`~=
xO_#.

10. K}Hhu :
K} _< _HO` =#H=# <HO`_ # ==#,
KO^Q_ ^~<~" ~^Oz, # f~# Q=xOz
173

''P~ bk#=# qK~Q #@ ^KK#k. H~}


=~=K<? Jx tOK#.
K} _O^ "O@< |^ KH=@=# [O^Qx
=# =O` H=~_#. ''`= u[ <"i#k ! =| O#"#
=Q ^ ~ [=# [~Oz, ## =Q <#iui! \ a +H
=`==# =~=# Q_ x~~Ozui. W\ ==#
^= qK~=# Q~}= ^e~#k.
''<<! Zxq^= |uOz## ~H=`x *_
^e@^. J`_ @_# Qx, < =## Q^@ O_^.
h ^q ~= H*^. =Q^=[=# H==O_^. JO^#
QiOz < =#_ q+=Q Q=~ _K#k.
''J`_ =# || `=Q^!
''H#H< "xx|\ f~=#.
''\ =~}^O_# qkOK^~?
H^ "x Jkf"^Q} Oux, * q+=# =#
="kOz f~=#. #O^_ <`xH Q qH q= J~=.
J\ |k=O`x =OuQQ# ~[= Q ^$+= *Hx#^
O_=#. <|k HO`\ =# HeyOKK# J`x^ [! P`x^
u! U<\H~# <`x kOz, \ `z, h =OuQ *# Qx,
< =## Ou HQ^.
''|`=# =OuQ Q OK@! J`_ ue Q
QH ! = " ^ q Q QH ! Q ~ q ~k < = ~ ~ # =OuQ
x~~OKHO^~ g!
''J`x ``= < Qx, h <O` =`=Q^. ~H_
x["# ^ _. J`x H=Q^ =[=##, #O^## J~" #
=! W_ #O^ ~Q#H, `x = q= h =
174

Q=. hH` _=`_# <_, =Q^ =[H h K` QH=


=#Q^.
''Q~`=! W _~H=` _O^# k ^e@
^O^~?
''J=#, `e@^. q`= *, q =<~^
_ #QKO\x. `# $+Oz# q+H#=# |~`_ =~}Oz#`_<,
<~= `# |_#x QiOz, `_ ~i # Q^! J@
=#_ P a_# KO^# ^xO@ Ju ~=Q #OK#.
K~=# < < q+= <Oy, ^~ #@ |Oux. J`xH
~H=`x =kH=`" aOz#k!
''Jk@ aOK#?
''P =kH <`x ~ ^iOzO_, U=iH =# Q@H#k.
J^xx =# ^~ _\ OkOz < HOQ#. < <=kH
# yOz, Hx H~= kO Qeyux. Hx, P=Ou Y~ _OH#
|@_#@ ^.
Jx K}_ KO^Q# HOH# =Hx s` eH, "xx
Q#O# Hx H}= ^~ _~^OK#.
''g! `=[ ##iOz KO^#^# Qx =zu #x `
_ H, K} _ "# "O@< KO^#^# # |" \OK#.
JO`, KO^#^ K}# #=iOz
==# QQH~"\^ qO_!
''~ ~A= KO^Q_ g#O_ ^#=# QOHO
_. g~# HH$u *O_@ =H~=.
uiy

KO^#^ _=@ ^o_, HO` `_= OoOKHx


175

''<# QqOz# H$u q g!


''`@O|=# h~O@ ^z@@ ~[ ^= H^?
""=K# =Y=` [O^#^
''g! "~ <~O@ ~. XH" ### <# "ix |\ ~z
q`^=# _"_#Q#.
''~[^=# _^"?
''~[^=x g^z# tHO_.
''~H=`x ^O`" h ^e^O^"?
''`e## *^ ^#KO\x.
''K=# Q_ ^=Q #O\x.
''KO^#^! `~ x #iHO|= <HOz t~^=*
==# <q`_# =z, x# ~HO*_. =~_" h
a_ < =$^ k=e#"ix *^=? `= #OwHiOz,
~H=`x @O|=# = HyO=.
''~=#= }= _ H_ =#". XH q`x
H, J`x @O| ~H} H, <}= Q_K#O^
<<O` O`OKKO\x Jx, KO^#^ `# x=# ^
Q *} _~=O^#. JO` ^~_ HO^~ ~[@#
Qx=K#. KO^#^# QO=#kQ *}_ @ <*Oz
''D` _#i# ~[^ ~ ^ = # Q#, =~ } ^ O _ #
O^K<_ Jx `=O^# q=~=Q *\OOz#
#O`~= =`" gxH ^O_# [~Q= #x ^~# ^tOz
O#. J#O`~=, @ KO^#^# |OkOz HO~i.
KO^Q_ ^~x=# *}x [<y, "^@ ^
~ , ##O` ~ = ~H =` x|@ @ H k <H ` O ` "
176

O_=K#x QOz, P# Hi#H~= KO^#^# =kOK@


H[ O#.

11. KO^Q q[= :

KO^Qx [O@ ^x# = `O`=, =~}


O`= |~`H "~K |e#^kQ ^#`~H} H
|~i# ~H=` _ <@#O_, =$+~}=O^H
Q |K#=Q Q= Q_KO_#. #O^ #tOz## =Q^
O#=<_ <`xH |[== #tO^. `#O`= Q_z#
#O^~A #=# |`H~= [iy, "i |}= n~=##,
s#"i ` Ou K~=##, "iH Q~q~^~#
KO^Q K}# ^^=\OK@ x ` _Q#. JO^H
f=`= [~KO_ <H<_ ="x "+=` @b`
=# "y, K\ ~"~ ^K q~^ Q _~^~Q #=`
_`=#
''q` = ! @b ` = #O^ e q + = " # ## " O @<
q=iO=! Jx#. JO`@ < K~=Y_ x@i
'' = ! W`~ q+= H qQx, ~O`= ^= O~=#
O~HOKK# KO^# ^# [O^QxK =~}^O_# qkO|_#k.
~\ ~= _ #`xH t~^= [~Q#@!
W@ KQ a_Q=O\ ^~~# qx ~H=`_ "^
#H# `~== Qe
''t= t=! <H HH, < ==# < q` Q_ <\ ~H@
"\#! D =K~=# h"@ `eHO\q? tH Q~}"q? Jx
_Q#.
''~`H^ =~}= Q~}`_#, KO^Qx `
=~ @ |#Hx# ~[^ #~# ~H =` x
@O|=# ^z, `## ~[^ < ~ = QqOK # Q # H ,
177

KO^#^# =~}^O_# qkO|_#^x, `= O^#


*\O [~QK#q. K}H KO^QeH~=# ~=Q
*@^...
W@ K~ = Y_ K K O_ , #=` x < ` =
i`=#.
<xO`^#H |uH#k q` K= H|~ q#@H H !
'q` = ! h @O|= < ~O@ ~ H ` = Q # #k. "~ H
h"O`=`=# kQ _=#k^. xiK~=Q h # [H
@H#=. Jx KO^#^ < "~#O#_ ~=#O^i`_
#QKO__"_#. WOH=#k? KO^#^ |Ok`_ HO|_#_
< ~a_ Qux Ok~
''KO^#^, `# ~## =# =O^Q< Q\ `=
@O|=# =H ~H` =# |O#@. P K@ `#
Q_ ^e^x KO^#^x ~=# ^eHO\x.
''q`=! KO^#^! <H h= }=iOKKO_, <h
~=# #= aQ|@Hx O_@ hu ! WkQ, <# h
"#"O@< =KKO\x. `@=# #H, q`~H}=<, H,
=~}=< O^"_!
W\ QOc~` #=`_ ^M^H= =#=# x#=_O,
Q^=# g_, X_^ex "x= |~e_KO_, K~=Y
_# q~^ Q_#, "x ##iOK#, "i~=~ <Hi`~"` <H~
H = =Q | }= e , <\ = ^ =# @b `
g~}=#O^ *ii.
J=`~H _ =#=# xezO_## "~, \H_
K}_ `# Q_K~ =# <Q#. x}_# t+ <Hx
aez, ` _KiO=#s` #xO\x *, J=` ~H_O_
=#=# |O#.
178

J@, =#=# ~HxH H#K"~ <HK@ #=O@


kHOz, =_=_Q <`=# #. J=~|_# H zu#O_
H"`# HQ # =O@ #H #^_# H
~_ QxOK#. ~H=` _`x `=# "iOz
''F~! xO_ }= n H # hq\ H~ =# H
#HO\q? Kz kOK#^=ix? |uHO_#Q^ Y=
=_=K! #<#.
''<# ^#_# <H =~_#. @b ` x"x. <
^xk# <H ^~_ H_. "xHx, [O^#^# <H "iHx
} =. P K O ^ # ^ , ~H =` _ # <H ~[^
@O|=# ^ # ~O@ ^K#@. Jk y# = `xH
=~}^O_# qkOzi. < ^~_, q`_# KO^#^# ~HOQi,
"# KO^Qx ^iOz
''< q`xH |^ ##n~O_. KO^# ^ Pa_
Q"_. < #q"`_<# HHx. < q`_ =~}Oz# #`x
^~` =~}Oz# ~= `Q< Qx, JO`Q ^d` <
<^ ~ _ "~ ~ . H # H , ^ Oz K O ^ # ^ |^
##n~O_ Jx s` iOK#@.
JO^ =~A #q
''Wk #O^ i# Q^. H#H h= Hi#@ [~Q^. <~= K#"
_ =`" tHO|_! #x K O"#.
''JO` < ^~_ qux ^Y=O^K ^# } Y_
=~}OH=# ` <`` KHx =~}O< O_#. ^xk
q`xHH O`\ `Q= *K# _`_ < ^~_Q^!
UHQ~[x`x ^~~}=# qx, <<O^ |^H=#? JO^H
~_\ =~}=#H #HO\x. `=~ ## "HO |x^.
Jx ^#Q_ KQ qx, ~H=`_
179

''B~! <H ^~~}= #O^K# KO^#^ H, < <KiOx


`Q= <`x q`_ KKO_#. ~A_#x ==Ou
#x *H#|_K# <# =#= Q_ |=iOH
~ux.
Jx `# <HO` `_= qKiOz, ~H=` _#O`~ =
^#Qx` x@x#.
''J! P KO^#^ <# q`_! "xH g\ `Q=#
<## KQ#. J`x }= ~HOK@H ~^ |^KO\x.
KO^#^ }=# <# Q_ f~^#. h "`` H~=#
q~qOKH=h ^~# Q_ < u[ q=iOz, `xQ_
|kHOKH=.
J#K ~H=`_ =^H=# <#O_ Hux ^ |
^KO_ < #`# =H "iOz
''J! `=~=~ <^e^. g~ ##k =^#" #,
@ Q ~ " k P ^ = # Qx~^ . P ^ } @
|"tOz# ^~ =#O^ "i< =kO`~. JOuHH, @b
`=# <^= ^iOz# H`"~ H#Oz## "O@< =kO
=#^x ~*[ Jx#.
''o~! KO^Qx ~HOK@ *} _x q^ <~K#!
J`x ~[huHx, i< ^H`# <# *~ iO=#^ Q^!
Jx ~H=`_ `# ^Oz J#_ #=#.
JO` ^#Q "+^i # x}O_#, Q~= ^tOz#
`OQ# ^# Q$`H$` _ Q^ x O`OKK < `=#
g_#.
J@ =^#=# [O^#^ |e~=# x |_#. W~=~
KO_~ Y_^~, "x H~^ xez P[H "zO_i. K^i#
$^=` <`x ~ eO^=u ~`@ `# Q_ =kO_x
180

`~# "_H#KO_#, a_ ~H}H " |^H=#x KO^#^


~ `= QKO_#. JO`, "#H Q_ #O_ O^H#
"xx Ez `~ ^i_i
''Fs! D ^O_# [~Q@ g^. <# ~H=`_# =zux,
~ g = * _#K q`_# KO^#^# Q
QeOKHx
''q`=! <=O\ x~Qx H h= }= iOK@
^~=H^. h=O\ }`b q xez#, H=# "!
~<#=~# ^ <H\ #O_Q_^ h |^ <#
*=<Oz =zux.
J#KO_ #O` *}H, KO^Q @ H~^Ozi. K}_
=O^Q ~H=`x gOz
''P=`Y~! K} _^ #=iOKK<_. =~x
g~`=#, < |k|=# O`=Q |sHOz, q[=Ok#
hHkQ J=` Y_= #iOKK<#. nx` h H+"#"i <Hix
=kOz, h Q kOKH=. J#K ^# Y_= <`x HOkOK#.
K}x K+ ~H=`_ _=_, uHOKKO_
''h | q~k =~ "xx "O@< YO_O =K#! Jx K}
_ uiy KiOK#.
''=`! g |k===O^ <<\"_#! g `
HqQ <*~! =`~=K Q# =Hx, ~O`^#H, g
=`=# QiOH~ux. KO^#^# q_z, <` ^y#
tH# qkO_. Jx ~H=` _O[e \~Oz iOK#.
''^O_# qkOK@ H~_# =O_Q < <O`\"_#? Jx
K} _@## KO^Q# O[ *#. KO^Q_ "#"O@<
~H=`x gOz
181

''==O`"iH [O^Q_^ #=iOKK<_. `=


= ^ O _ < k H ~ = # *} " ~ = O = # kQ i O K
K<=. J<#.
''J~#, `=sH}=#O_, KO^Q# |^<=`,
=Q^=[HH $^~H"# = K=#. KO^Q_
g a_ x, h =Q^O#=# ^=~ O~Hx,
QiO`~QH! `=~ QuHQ |eH# # ~H=
K^~QH!
K}x ~# ~H=` _OwHiOK#. KO^Qx *~n,
HQeOz ''KO^Q =~A [=! J<#. KO^#^ ~HO
|_@, K}H KO^Q, ~H=`H=Q@ ^e ~#
[ [ ^ #=#ii. J^ = =#, K}H , ~H =
O_`e~=~# [O^Qx \a+H=`==#H H
=~=# x~~Ozi.
K}_ xs` =~=# [O^Qx ~`O#=
Q~O_*, J= =Q^=[ =@=# ^< =Q <`x
t~=#O^OK#. }OQ# H~~~`ez, =OQj _i.
O_`j~^= q#=>#. K}H ~H=` #O^ +=
~ei. *== K **^#`_#, <<q^ =OQ
"^=`_# #O`~= xO_#.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

K}x =, u[# q=iO=.


KO^Q_ ~[=#O_ ~~Q@ H~}= q=iO=.
KO^Q_ JQO_~ |O^= #O_ `OKH# q^"\k?
KO^Qx K}_ H_# q^= q=iO=.
K}x ~[hux q=iO=.

V
182

You might also like