Comparative Anatomy

Circulatory System
Note Set 10
Chapter 12

Circulatory System

Aortic arches- within

pharyngeal arches
Arteries

Veins

Carries blood away from

heart
Muscular, elastic fibrous
walls
Regulates blood pressure
Terminate in capillary bed
Carry blood toward heart

Heart

Modified blood vessel

Figure 13.1: Cross section of

artery and vein.

Figure 13.2: Basic circulatory pattern of amniote embryo.

Figure 13.3: Embryological development of aortic

arches.

Portal Systems

Veins drain organ and dump blood into other

organ instead of heart

Figure 13.4: Portal systems.

Portal Systems (cont.)

Hepatic

Renal

Drains intestine into liver

Drains venous channels of
tail into kidneys

Hypophyseal
Drains hypothalamus into
sinusoids of anterior pituitary
Smallest

Figure 13.5: Hepatic and renal portal

systems.

Portal Systems (cont.)

Figure 13.6: Hypophyseal portal system.

Heart

Typical tetrapod blood pumped

By pulmonary arteries, from heart to lungs
By pulmonary veins, back to heart

Heart (cont.)

Figure 13.7: Chambers of the primitive

vertebrate heart.

Heart (cont.)

Figure 13.8: The heart tube elongates and bends.

Fish Heart

Fish heart- tube like

4 chambers:
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus

Figure 13.9: Four chambered heart.

Fish Heart (cont.)

Sinus venosus
Thin walled venous chamber
Receives blood from: duct of Cuvier, coronary veins,
hepatic veins

Atrium
Large and thin walled
Dorsal to ventricle

Fish Heart (cont.)

Ventricle
Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous with aorta
Chambers separated by valves: sino-atrial note, sinoventricular node, semi-lunar valve

Conus arteriosus
Short in bony fish and amphibians
Not found in adult amniotes

Heart

Figure 13.10: Heart chambers, oxygenated blood

flow (red), and septum modification.

Lungfish and Amphibian vs Dogfish

Modifications of partial or complete partition in

atrium

Left and right atria

Advent of lungs
Double circulation
Modification in conus arteriosus
Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated
blood to lungs (spiral valve)

Spiral Valve

Figure 13.11: Spiral valve in

dipnoans; longitudinal folds
of conus lining.

Figure 13.12: Spiral valve in anurans; single flap.

Amphibian Heart

Spiral valve directs oxy. blood

entering ventricle from left
atrium
Conus (truncus) arteriosus;
also called bulbous cordis
Bulbous arteriosus

Swelling of ventral aorta

Smooth muscle

Figure 13.13: Three-chambered frog heart.

Amphibian Heart (cont.)

Urodele- partially divided

circulation

Right and left atrium

Sinus venosus dumps into right
atrium
Pulmonary veins leave left
ventricle

Reptile - fully divided

circulation, but additional
chamber (as in turtle)

Figure 13.14: Turtle heart chambers and

circulation path.

Reptile Heart

Cavum venosum (CV)- internal pocket; e.g., turtle

Blood collected from post cava through sinus venosus
to precava

To right atrium
Venous blood to CV
Cavum pulmonale
Into pulmonary artery to lungs
Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in left atrium
Back to CV
To left and right aortic trunk

Blood Circulation

Figure 13.15: Single loop fish and double loop amphibian and mammal circulation.

Crocodilian Heart

Mechanism for breathing and diving

Lungs not utilized
Blood not pumped to lungs

Foramen of Panizza
Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood
Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when
right ventricle closed

Underwater right ventricle helps pump systemic

blood

Diving

Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above water

Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in water
to divert pulmonary circulation

(a)

(b)

Figure 13.16: Crocodilian blood circulation when (a) diving and when (b) on the
surface.

Two Aortic Trunks

Figure 13.17: Turtle heart and

two aortic trunks emerging.

Figure 13.18: Crocodilian foramen of

Panizza connects two aortic trunks at
base.

Amniote Heart

4 chambered heart

Birds and mammals

Sinus venosus- 5th chamber in reptile heart

2 atria and 2 ventricles

Becomes sino-atrial node

In embryo, right and left atria are not separated

Foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis

Auricle - flap on side of atrium

Adult Heart

Figure 13.19: Adult heart blood flow.

Aortic Arches

Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches

Major arterial channels
Ventral aorta
Dorsal aorta
6 pairs of aortic arches connects ventral and dorsal
aorta

Reptiles - additional aortic trunk

Aortic Arches (cont.)

Figure 13.20: Basic pattern of

aortic arches and dorsal aortae.

Figure 13.21: Ventral perspective of aortic

arches.

Figure 13.22: Left aortic arches.

Aortic Arches (cont.)

Teleost
1st and 2nd arches lost
Dorsal aortae become internal
carotids

Lung fish

Pulmonary artery from 6th arch

Tetrapods
Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
5th arch lost

Figure 13.23: Aortic arches, internal

carotids (ic) and pulmonary artery.

Tetrapod Aortic Arches

1st and 2nd arches lost

Dorsal segment dropped
between 3rd and 4th arches

Ductus caroticus

Figure 13.24: Adult aortic arches

(book figure 14.19).

Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)

3rd arch extends to internal

carotids

Ventral aorta extension

Carotid arch
External carotid

Common carotid at base

between 3rd and 4th

Figure 13.25: Aortic arches, internal

carotid (ic), external carotid (ec) and
common carotid (cc).

Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)

5th arch lost

Dorsal segment of 6th arch lost
4th arch- no anterior connection

6th arch

Aortic arch
Pulmonary arch

Ex: adult anuran

Figure 13.26: Adult aortic
arches.

Figure 13.27: Modifications of aortic arches

and dorsal aortae into mature vascular system.

Aortic Arches

Urodele
Ductus caroticus
Ductus arteriosus- dorsal segment of 6th arch

Reptiles
1st and 2nd arches lost
Ductus caroticus lost
5th arch lost
Ductus arteriosus lost
Additional aortic arch introduced
Arch from left side loops right
Arch from right side loops left

Mammalian Aortic Arches

3rd, 4th, 5th, & 6th retained

embryonically
Adults- 1st and 2nd dropped
3rd carotid arch
4th systemic arch
5th lost
Dorsal segment of 6th lost

Retained embryonically- ductus

arteriosus (becomes ligamentum
arteriosum)

Figure 13.28: Adult aortic

arches.

Figure 13.29: Left aortic arches.

Bird Aortic Arches

Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left is

lost (opposite to mammals)
Birds have right aortic arch
Mammals have left aortic arch

Venous System

Shark renal portal systemdrains

blood from tail before entering

post cardinal

Sinus venosus- where all blood

returns
Duct of Cuvier or Common
Cardinal--Cuvier was a
foremost French comparative
anatomist

2 ducts of Cuvier (or derivatives)

in most vertebrates

Figure 13.30: Modifications of basic

venous patterns showing sinus venosus
(S).

Venus System

Major venous channels

Cardinals: anterior, posterior, common
Renal portal
Lateral abdominals
Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal system
Coronary veins

Additional characteristics of higher vertebrates

Pulmonary
Posterior vena cava

Venus System

Common Cardinals- directs blood to sinus

venosus
Anterior Cardinals- receives blood from head
Post Cardinals- receives blood from kidneys
Renal Portal- receives blood from caudal vein
Lateral Abdominals- receives blood from
abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of body)
Hepatic Veins- receives blood from intestine into liver

Modifications to Basic
Venous System

Post cardinal lost in adult anurans

Post cava- new vessel

Post cava drains kidneys in turtle

External iliac vein connects lateral abdominals and

renal portal system

Modifications to Basic
Venous System

Most mammals lose renal portal system

Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher verts
Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veins
Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retained

Modifications to Basic
Venous System

Azygous- vestige of right

post cardinal veins
Hemiazygous- remnant
of left post cardinal
Inferior vena cava- post
cava

(a)

(b)

Figure 13.31: Ventral view of anterior venous

channels of cat and human (a) and ventral view
of azygos of rhesus monkey (b).

Azygos and Hemiazygos

Figure 13.32: Ventral view of venous

channels of rabbit.

Fetal Circulation

Figure 13.33: Circulation of mammalian fetus.

Fetal Circulation (cont.)

Figure 13.34: Fetal circulation before birth.

Fetal Circulation (cont.)

Figure 13.35: Pre birth fetal circulation: liver (I), inferior

vena cava (II), rt. atrium (III), lt. atrium (IV), ductus
arteriosus into descending aorta.

Fetal Circulation (cont.)

Oxygenation at placenta
Umbilical veins supply fetus
with oxy. blood

Vein passes through liver and

unites with post cava

From right atrium, oxy. blood

goes 2 directions

To right ventricle
To left atrium through foramen
ovale

Figure 13.36: Foramen ovale in

fetal circulation system.

Fetal Circulation (cont.)

In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary artery

Lungs nonfunctional
Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs

Figure 13.37: Adult aortic arches

of mammal.

Figure 13.38: Left aortic arches with ductus

arteriosus.

Circulation At Birth

Placenta shuts down

Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform ligament
Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis)
Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum arteriosum)
Deoxygenated blood now enters right ventricle,
pulmonary arteries, and continues to lungs
Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum)

Figure 13.39: Post birth modifications in fetal

circulation.

Literature Cited
Figure 13.1- http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006777.html
Figure 13.2- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.html
Figure 13.3, 13.4, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11, 13.12, 13.14, 13.17, 13.18, 13.19, 13.21, 13.22, 13.23, 13.24,
13.25, 13.26, 13.28, 13.29, 13.30, 13.31, 13.32, 13.33, 13.37 & 13.38 - Kent, George C. and
Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 13.5- http://www.teachnet.ie/farmnet/Circulatory.htm
Figure 13.6- http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookENDOCR.html
Figure 13.7- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.html
Figure 13.8- http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-cardev/cardev_htms/cardev017.htm
Figure 13.13- http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab9b/Frog_Heart_Model_3/frog_heart_model_3.htm
Figure 13.15- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/bloodflow.jpg
Figure 13.16- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.html
Figure 13.20- http://connection.lww.com/Products/sadler/imagebank.asp
Figure 13.27- http://connection.lww.com/Products/sadler/imagebank.asp
Figure 13.34- http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/hrnewborn/nicuintr.html
Figure 13.35- http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unitcardev/cardev_htms/cardev042.htm
Figure 13.36- http://www.medizin.unikoeln.de/kliniken/innere3/assets/images/HEART_PFOcombo2.jpg
Figure 13.39- http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/ScienceDetail.asp?SID=1&iPin=H926