UNIVERSITY OF SANTANDER

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTATION PROGRAM

CARDIOVASCULAR HEMODYNAMIA AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
COLLECTIVE WORK
Based on Dissection of the porcine and / or bovine heart
Study guide and contextualization of cardiac anatomy
Based on the anatomical dissections of the Faculty of Medicine, in the Anatomy Unit of the
National University of Colombia
Zoila E. Castañeda1, Ananías García1, Jorge Longo1, Carlos Florido 2.
Based on the anatomical dissections of the Faculty of Surgical Instrumentation, at the
University of Santander UDES
Lidy J. Higuera
Alexander Díaz Navarro
Summary
The heart morphology of cattle and pigs are the most similar to those of humans. For this reason, and taking into account the
relative ease of its achievement, the dissection of the bovine and porcine heart will be used as a pedagogical element, to
strengthen the theoretical knowledge referenced in the theoretical guide on cardiac anatomy and the pre-knowledge of the
students.

Keywords
Cardiac anatomy, human heart, dissection, porcine heart, bovine heart.

Objectives
• Recognize the different anatomical parts of the heart.
• Properly dissect the heart.
• Relate the anatomical characteristics of the human heart with those of a pig heart with its functioning.
• Consolidate the theoretical knowledge acquired, referring them to practice.

Materials
• Pork heart
• Beef heart
• Gloves.
• Metal container and / or flat fanny pack, large disposable plates and / or large tray
• 6 fr nelaton probes
• Round tip scissors.
• Fine tip scissors.
• Scalpel handle (scalpel blades) or conventional scalpel
• Kelly forceps or gripping elements
• Claw dissection forceps.
• Clawless dissection forceps.
• Pointer and / or pins.
• Methylene blue and / or fresh royal blueberry concentrate
• 1ml or insulin syringes that allow connection with the nelaton tube
• Sharpie markers or fine permanent markers
• Pork and / or beef hearts thawed completely
• Disposable absorbent pads or cleaning cloth
• Texts, anatomy atlas, cardiac anatomy guide.
• Photographic camera and / or cell phone (photos and / or videos)
• Biosecurity elements (gloves, hat, mask, glasses and gown)
• Red plastic waste bags
• Computer
• White sheets to cut out pieces of paper to identify names
• Erasable colored markers

The heart of pork and beef

The pig and bovine heart are anatomically very similar to the human heart, therefore it can be used in the study of cardiac
anatomy in a satisfactory way.

The human heart.

• It has four chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.
• These cavities are separated by the interatrial and interventricular septums
• It has two atrioventricular valves: Tricuspid valve and Mitral valve
• It has two outlet valves: Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve
• It has two large arteries: The Pulmonary Artery and the Artery

STEPS TO FOLLOW
According to the mechanics of video dissection assisted by the teacher and according to the anatomical pieces of each
student and their implements (paper, pins, scissors, graphs) we begin the recognition of the external anatomy and later we
will perform the internal anatomical dissection:

EXTERNAL CARDIAC ANATOMY

1. Take the anatomical piece and point with a piece of paper and a pin
• The base of the heart
• The ápex

2. Take a graph and identify now

• The interatrial groove.
• Anterior interventricular groove.
• Posterior interventricular sulcus.
• Auriculoventricular Groove

3. Identify the four chambers of the heart respectively

• The Right Atrium (RA)
• The Right Ventricle (RV)
• The Left Atrium (LA)
• The Left Ventricle (LV).

4. Recognize the great vessels:

• The Vena Cava Superior (VCS) reaching the AD
• The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) reaching the AD.
• The arrival of the pulmonary veins to the LA
• The Aorta Artery (AA).
• The Pulmonary Artery (PA).

INTERNAL CARDIAC ANATOMY

Cuts to be made

1. Cut through the right atrium

A circular incision is made on the outside of the right atrium

2. Cut through the Left Atrium.

An incision is made on the outside of the left atrium the same way that the incision was made on the right atrium

3. Cut in the right ventricle

Locate the pulmonary artery and make an incision with scissors in the anterior wall and prolong the cut towards the right
ventricle following the interventricular septum

4. Cut in the left ventricle

The anterior wall of the aorta is divided with the scissors, passing through the two anterior sigmoid valves, and the cut is
prolonged towards the left ventricle following the interventricular septum

After the cuts, we will carry out the verification of the internal parts of the heart as follows:

1. Layers of the Heart

1. Epicardium.
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium.

2. In the right atrium

In the right atrium, recognize the following structures:
1. VCS entry
2. VCI entry
3. Right ear
4. Orifice of the coronary sinus.
5. Oval fossa
6. Pectineal muscles

3. In the left atrium

In the left atrium, recognize the following structures:
1. Left ear.
2. Pectineal muscles.
3. Interatrial septum.
4. Entrance of the pulmonary veins

4. In the right ventricle

In the right ventricle, recognize the following structures:
1. Tricuspid Valve.
2. Papillary muscles.
3. Tendon cords.
4. Semilunar valve of the pulmonary artery
5. Semilunar valves of the pulmonary valve
6. Pulmonary artery

5. Left ventricle
In the left ventricle, recognize the following structures:
1. Mitral valve.
2. Tendon cords.
3. Papillary muscles
5. Aortic Valve
6. Birth (ostium) of the coronary arteries.
7. Semilunar valves of the aortic valve.
8. Lunula
9. Corpuscles of Arancio

Identification of coronary vessels

Locate the coronary ostia at the level of the aorta and insert a nelaton tube; After this, take the methylene blue or tincture
and inject it with the insulin syringe.
With this injection recognize the following structures:
1. Right coronary ostium
2. Left coronary ostium
3. Right coronary artery.
4. Left coronary artery

Cut through the Auriculoventricular groove (the great vessels and atria will be sectioned)
Recognize:
1. Right Atrioventricular Orifice (Tricuspid Valve)
2. Left Atrioventricular Orifice (Mitral Valve)
3. Outflow of the Aortic Artery (Aortic Valve)
4. Outflow of the pulmonary artery (Pulmonary valve)
5. Exit of the left coronary artery.
6. Right coronary exit
7. Artery Aorta
8. Pulmonary Artery

Cross-section
A cross section is made that connects the lower middle third of the right ventricle with the middle third of the left ventricle
towards the apex of the heart and recognizes the following structures:
1. Left ventricle.
2. Right ventricle.
3. Interventricular septum.
Compare the thickness of the ventricular walls.

Corte coronal
El corte se realiza a lo largo del eje cardiaco, desde su ápex hasta su base, pasando por el plano coronal.
En el corte coronal reconozca las siguientes estructuras:
1. Septum interventricular.
2. Válvulas aurículoventriculares.
3. Músculos papilares.
4. Cuerdas tendinosas.
5. Ventrículo derecho.
6. Ventrículo izquierdo.

DELIVERABLE
Each group after the anatomical dissection performed in class; You must make two mental maps whose keywords will be
external anatomy and internal anatomy; following the sequence used in the anatomical dissection incorporating the external
and internal anatomy (identifying each of the parts that make up the internal cavities of the heart); determining the layers of
the heart, the irrigation, the venous drainage and the innervation of the heart; In addition, she must identify the great vessels
according to the design of her mental maps.
Remember that a mental map is a type of diagram that allows different concepts, words, ideas, readings or tasks to be
represented, arranged graphically in different ways around a key word or central concept; incorporating at the same time
schemes and key concepts.

NOTE: The album must be made with the evidence taken in the dissection using your own writing and design according to
pre-knowledge and knowledge acquired in class.

STUDENT:
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OBSERVATIONS