BAGIAN 2

FOTOSINTESIS:
Penggunaan sinar untuk
pembentukan makanan
SUGENG SETYO UTOMO
SMA NEGERI 2 LUMAJANG

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2.1 Life in the Sun

Light is central to the life of a plant
Photosynthesis is the most important chemical process
on Earth
It provides food for
virtually all organisms
Plant cells convert light
into chemical signals
that affect a plants
life cycle

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Light can influence

the architecture of a
plant
Too much sunlight
can
damage a plant
Chloroplasts and
carotenoids
help to prevent
such damage

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic
organisms use light energy to make sugar and
oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water

Carbon
dioxide

Water

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Glucose

Plants, some protists, and some bacteria are

photosynthetic autotrophs.
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Oxygen
gas

 On land, plants such as oak trees and cacti are the

predominant producers

Figure 2.1A
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Figure 2.1B

 In aquatic environments, algae and photosynthetic

bacteria are the main food producers

Figure 2.1 C

Figure 2.1 D

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Figure 2.1 E

2.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts

In most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily
in the leaves, in the chloroplasts
A chloroplast contains:
stroma, a fluid
grana, stacks of thylakoids

The thylakoids contain chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures
light for photosynthesis
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 The location and structure of chloroplasts

Chloroplast
LEAF CROSS SECTION

MESOPHYLL CELL

LEAF
Mesophyll

CHLOROPLAST

Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane

Granum
Grana

Stroma

Figure 2.2
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Inner
membrane
Stroma

Thylakoid

Thylakoid
compartment

Experiment 1

Not
labeled
Experiment 2

Labeled
Figure 2.2 A

Reactants:

Products:

Figure 2.2 B
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2.3 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular

respiration
Water molecules are split apart and electrons
and H+ ions are removed, leaving O2 gas
These electrons and H+ ions are transferred to
CO2, producing sugar
Reduction

Oxidation

Oxidation

Figure 2.3 A

Figure 2.3 B
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Reduction

2.4 Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages

linked by ATP and NADPH
The complete process of photosynthesis
consists of two linked sets of reactions:
the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

The light reactions convert light energy to

chemical energy and produce O2
The Calvin cycle assembles sugar molecules
from CO2 using the energy-carrying products of
the light reactions
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

H2O

CO2
Chloroplast

Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
LIGHT
REACTIONS
(in grana)

CALVIN
CYCLE
(in stroma)
ATP
NADPH

O2

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Sugar

Figure 2.4

2.5 Visible radiation drives the light reactions

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Light

Reflected
light

Chloroplast

Absorbed
light

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Transmitted
light

Figure 2.5

 Fluorescence of isolated chlorophyll in solution

Heat

Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon
Chlorophyll
molecule

Figure 2.5 A
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Primary
electron acceptor

Photon

Reaction center

PHOTOSYSTEM

Pigment
molecules
of antenna
Figure 2.5 C
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2.6 Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the

light reactions
The electron transport chains are arranged with
the photosystems in the thylakoid membranes
and pump H+ through that membrane
The flow of H+ back through the membrane is
harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP
In the stroma, the H+ ions combine with NADP+
to form NADPH

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting

water, leaving O2 gas as a by-product
Primary
electron acceptor
Primary
electron acceptor

Photons

Energy for
synthesis of
PHOTOSYSTEM I
PHOTOSYSTEM II

by chemiosmosis

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 2.6

 The production of ATP by chemiosmosis in

photosynthesis
Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+)
Light

Light

Thylakoid
membrane

Antenna
molecules

Stroma
(low H+)

Figure 2.6A

ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN

PHOTOSYSTEM II
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PHOTOSYSTEM I

ATP SYNTHASE

CALVIN CYCLE: CONVERTING CO2 TO SUGARS

2.7 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the

Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle occurs in

the chloroplasts stroma

INPUT

This is where carbon

fixation takes place and
sugar is manufactured

CALVIN
CYCLE

OUTPUT:
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Figure 7.10A

 The Calvin cycle constructs G3P using

carbon from atmospheric CO2

electrons and H+ from NADPH

energy from ATP

Energy-rich sugar is then converted into

glucose

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Details of the
Calvin cycle

INPUT:

Step 1 Carbon
fixation.

CO2

In a reaction catalyzed by
rubisco, 3 molecules of CO2
are fixed.

1
3 P

RuBP

Step 2 Energy
consumption and redox.

3-PGA
6

3 ADP
3

ATP

CALVIN
CYCLE

ATP

6 ADP + P

6 NADPH
6 NADP+

Step 3 Release of one

molecule of G3P.

G3P

P
G3P

3
Step 4 Regeneration
of RuBP.

OUTPUT:

P
G3P

Figure 2.7
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Glucose
and other
compounds

 Many plants make more sugar than they need

The excess is stored in roots, tuber, and fruits
These are a major source of food for animals

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2.8 C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations

that save water
Most plants are C3 plants, which take CO2
directly from the air and use it in the Calvin
cycle
In these types of plants, stomata on the leaf
surface close when the weather is hot
This causes a drop in CO2 and an increase in
O2 in the leaf
Photorespiration may then occur
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 Photorespiration in a C3 plant

CALVIN
CYCLE

2-C compound

Figure 2.8C
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 Some plants have special adaptations

that enable them to save water
Special cells in C4
plantscorn and
sugarcaneincorporate
CO2 into a four-carbon
molecule

This molecule can then

donate CO2 to the
Calvin cycle

Figure 2.8A
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4-C compound

CALVIN
CYCLE

3-C sugar

 The CAM plants

pineapples, most
cacti, and succulents
employ a different
mechanism
4-C compound

They open their

stomata at night and
make a four-carbon
compound

Night

Day

CALVIN
CYCLE

It is used as a CO2
source by the same
cell during the day

3-C sugar
Figure 2.8B

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS, SOLAR RADIATION, AND

EARTHS ATMOSPHERE
2.9 Human activity is causing global warming;
photosynthesis moderates it
Due to the increased burning of fossil fuels,
atmospheric CO2 is increasing
CO2 warms Earths surface by trapping heat in
the atmosphere
This is called the greenhouse effect

Because photosynthesis removes CO2 from the

atmosphere, it moderates the greenhouse effect
Unfortunately, deforestation may cause a
decline in global photosynthesis
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Sunlight

ATMOSPHERE

Radiant heat
trapped by CO2
and other gases

Figure 2.9
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2 buah Kontrol
Kontrol suhu tinggi (air panas)
Kontrol suhu rendah (es)
Kontrol pH asam
Kontrol pH basa
Kontrol CO2 tinggi (NaHCO3)
Kontrol i.c. rendah (teduh)
Kontrol i.c. dg. mika kuning
Kontrol i.c. dg. mika hijau
Kontrol i.c. dg. mika merah
Kontrol kecerahan air
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings