ABriefAnalysisofdeLaval

NozzlesandNozzleShocks
IvanPandev
COSMOS2011
Cluster 3
Cluster3
UCDavis

Outline

Nozzles
DeLavalNozzle
DeLavalNozzleDynmaics
NozzleShock

SupersonicNozzleFlow
S b i / Ch k d N l Fl
Subsonic/ChockedNozzleFlow
SupersonicNozzleFlow,ShockatNozzleExit
SupersonicOverexpandedFlow
p
p
SupersonicDesignConditionFlow
SupersonicUnderexpandedFlow

Nozzles
A
Adeviceusedtocontrolfluidflowoutofa
device used to control fluid flow out of a
chamberorpipe
Inrockets,specifically,thenozzleisusedto
In rockets specifically the nozzle is used to
maximizethethrust.
How?Increasetheflowskineticenergyatthe
H ?I
th fl ki ti
t th
expenseofitsinternalenergyandpressure

De Laval Nozzle
DeLavalNozzle
Reliesonthepropertiesofsupersonicflowtoaccelerate
p p
p
gassesbeyondMach1
Mostwidelyuseddesigninmodernaerospaceandrocketry
applications
li ti
InventedbyGustafdeLavalin1888foruseinsteam
turbines
ImplementedinrocketsbyRobertGoddard

De Laval Nozzle Dynamics

DeLavalNozzleDynamics
Temperature
Temperatureand
and
pressuredropasMach
number of exhaust
numberofexhaust
gassesincreases
HigherMachnumberof
Higher Mach number of
exhaustgassesmeans
greater thrust
greaterthrust

De Laval Nozzle Dynamics (Cont.)

DeLavalNozzleDynamics(Cont.)
To
ToaccelerategassesbeyondMach1,there
accelerate gasses beyond Mach 1, there
mustbeachockedcondition atthethroatof
thenozzle
Chockedflowoccurswhentheexhaustvelocityat
thethroatisMach1.
Inchockedconditions,afurtherincreaseof
pressureinthecombustionchamberwillnot
accelerate gasses in throat beyond Mach 1
accelerategassesinthroatbeyondMach1
AccelerationbeyondMach1iscausedbyadropin
ambientpressure,orbackpressure
p
p

De Laval Nozzle Dynamics (Cont.)

DeLavalNozzleDynamics(Cont.)
Why
Whymustchockedconditionsoccurforgasses
must chocked conditions occur for gasses
toacceleratebeyondMach1?
2
2
(u/u)=(A/A)/(M
(u/u) = (A/A)/(M 1)
1)
IfM2 islessthan1,thenAmustbenegativefor
u to be positive
utobepositive.
Subsonicflowsneedareareductiontoaccelerate

IfM2 isgreaterthan1,thenAmustbepositive
s g ea e a , e
us be pos e
forutobepositive.
Supersonicflowsneedareaincreasetoaccelerate

Nozzle Shock
NozzleShock

ShockWavesformastheexhaustgassesfallbackbelowMach1
Canbeseenasdiscontinuoussectionsinpressurev.distancegraph
Specifically,theyaxisistheratiooftheambientpressuretothe
pressureinthecombustionchamber,orP/P
p
,
/ c

Whystudyshocks?
Why
study shocks?
Tobetterunderstandfluidflowinnozzlesandmaximizeefficiency

Nozzle Shock (Cont.)

NozzleShock(Cont.)
Conditions(a)hasnoshock,pressureis
( )
,p
continuousoverdistance
Condition(b)ischocked,buthasno
shock
Condition (c) shows a discontinuity in
Condition(c)showsadiscontinuityin
pressure.Theshockislocatedinsidethe
nozzle
Condition(d)showsashockattheexitof
thenozzle
Condition(e)showsadiscontinuity,
forminganobliqueshock.Thisshockis
outside the nozzle
outsidethenozzle
Condition(f),orthedesignconditionis
anideasetup,andgeneratesnoshock
Condition(g)showsadiscontinuityin
pressureoutsidethenozzle.Thisis
manifestednotasashock,butas
expansionwaves

Nozzle Shock (Cont.)

NozzleShock(Cont.)
When
Whenstudyingnozzleshock,conditionsa
studying nozzle shock conditions agg
arepopularlyusedasexamples.
Let
Letssexaminetheircharacteristicsingreater
examine their characteristics in greater
detail

Supersonic Nozzle Flow

SupersonicNozzleFlow
Flowischoked
ShockWaveisin
theNozzle
Noticethe
discontinuityin
pressure,velocity,
andtemperature

Subsonic, Unchocked Nozzle Flow

Subsonic,UnchockedNozzleFlow
Flowisnotchoked
Thereisnotshock
wave
Thereisthe
continuityin
pressure,velocity,
andtemperature
Essentiallya
Venturi tube
Venturitube

SupersonicNozzleFlow,Shockat
NozzleExit
l
Flowischoked
ShockWaveisat
theNozzlesExit
Discontinuityin
pressure,velocity,
andtemperature

Supersonic Overexpanded Flow

SupersonicOverexpandedFlow
Flowischoked
ShockWaveisin
theoutsidethe
nozzle
Thereis
discontinuityin
pressure,velocity,
andtemperature,
butitisoutsidethe
nozzle
Pe <Pb

Supersonic Design
Supersonic
DesignCondition
ConditionFlow
Flow
Flowischoked
Thereisno
shockwave;the
flowisisenthropic
Thereiscontinuity
inpressure,
velocity,and
temperature
Pe =P
Pb

Supersonic Underexpanded Flow

SupersonicUnderexpandedFlow
Flowischoked
Noshockwave
present.Thereare
expansionwaves
Discontinuityin
pressure,velocity,
andtemperature
beyondthenozzle
Pe >P
> Pb

Shock
Visulaizations

Nozzle Efficiency in Isentropic Flow

NozzleEfficiencyinIsentropicFlow
Thedesignconditionnozzleflowisassumedtobe
isentropic,sincethereisnoshocktoincreaseentropy.
Inisentropicconditions,wecanstudytheefficiencyof
a nozzle using this equation
anozzleusingthisequation

Where:
EEisthetotalenergythatmaybeconverted,ortheenergy
is the total energy that may be converted or the energy
used
hexit istheenthalpy,orthermodynamicpotential,assuming
the flow is isenthropic at the exit of the nozzle
theflowisisenthropic,attheexitofthenozzle

Nozzle Efficiency in Isentropic Flow

NozzleEfficiencyinIsentropicFlow
Theefficiencycanthenbedefinedas:
The efficiency can then be defined as:

Rocket
Rocketefficiencyistheratioofactualenergy
efficiency is the ratio of actual energy
expendedoverthemaximumtheoreticalenergy
Rocketsoftenhaveefficienciesof0.9
Rockets often have efficiencies of 0 9 0.99
0 99

Thank You
ThankYou

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

JeanleRondd
Alembert
IvanPandev
COSMOS2011
Cluster 3
Cluster3
UCDavis

Life

16November1717 29October1783
AttendedJansenist CollgedesQuatreNationsattheageoftwelve
Ledtowardlaw,art,andreligion
EvenexperimentedwithMedicine,whichwasparticularlytohisdisliking

Alwayshadapassionformathematics
Aselftaughtmathematician
Learnedmathematicsthroughpersonalinterestamidsthishumanitarianstudies
FirstcontributiontoMathematicswasanaddresstothe
First contribution to Mathematics was an address to the AcadmiedesSciences,
Acadmie des Sciences in
in
whichhepresentedanerrorhefoundinReynauds L'analysedmontre.

Wouldgoontobeasuccessfulmathematician,physicist,musictheorist,and
philosopher
Hewasapioneerinareasofmathematicssuchaspartialdifferentialequations,
anddefininglimits

Important
MathematicalandScientific
Contributions
ExplainedrefractioninMmoiresurlarfractiondescorpssolides
Developed his own laws of motion in Trait de dynamique
DevelopedhisownlawsofmotioninTraitdedynamique
Discoveredwhatisnowknownas D'Alembert'sparadox
CreatedtheThe D'Alembertian operator,importanttotheoreticalphysics
d'Alembert's formula a general solution to one dimentional wave equations
d'Alembert'sformula,ageneralsolutiontoonedimentionalwaveequations
WrotethemajorityofthemathematicalarticlesinEncyclopdie
Pioneerinthestudyofpartialdifferentialequationsandtheirapplicationto
physics
Formallydefinedlimits
Developedratiotestsforconvergence
Attempted,butfailedto,provetheFundamentalTheoremofAlgebra
Attempted but failed to prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

DAlemberts
D
Alembert sParadox
Paradox

Aphysicalparadox,provenbydAlembert
Statesthatanobjectinanincompressible,invicidflowofconstant
velocity,experiencesnodrag.
LaterexperimentationshowedthatdAlemebertomittedtheeffectsof
p
viscosity,whichcreatesfrictiondrag
FurtherresearchwithrespecttodAlembertsparadoxcumulatedinthe
discoveryofboundarylayersbyPrandtl
y
y y
y

DAlemberts
D
Alembert sFormula
Formula

Ageneralformulaforsolvingwaveequations
Waveequationsaresecondorderpartialdifferential
q
p
equationsusedtodescribewaves
Usedtoinfieldsinvolvingwavestudy,suchasacousticsand
fl id d
fluiddynamics
i

DAlembert
D
AlembertOperator
Operator

Second
Secondorderdifferentialoperator,shownhereinCartesian
order differential operator shown here in Cartesian
coordinates
p
g
y
DAlembertconsidereditssimplestformduringhisstudyof
thewaveequation
Usedinspecialrelativity,electromagnetism,andwavetheory

DAlemberts
D
Alembert sRatioTest
Ratio Test

JeandAlembertdevelopedaratiotestfortestingtheconvergenceofa
series,

ThenumberLexpressesthisconvergence

IfL>1,thentheseriesdoesnotconverge
IfL<1,thentheseriesconvergesabsolutely,
IfL=1,thenthetestisinconclusive
,

DAlemberts
D
Alembert sPrinciple
Principle

Statesthatthedifferencebetweentheforcesactingonanobject,andthe
derivitivesofthemomentaalonganyvirtualdisplacementofthatobject,
iszero
OriginallydiscoveredbyJosephLouisLagrange
DAlembertsdevelopedandqualifiedtheidea

Limit Definition
LimitDefinition

IndAlembertstime,mathematical
communitieshaddifficultydefining
theideaoflimits,astheyneededa
mathmaticallysoundbasisfor
infinetessimals.
f
l
DAlemebertinsteaddefinedlimits
geometrically,statingthatthe
tangentlineasalimitofsecantlines.
li
li i f
li
Thiswasonlyageometric
argument,withnomathematical
f i
footing
AugustinCauchywouldlaterdefine
limitsinamathematicallyrigorous
way.

Contributionsto
Contributions
to
OtherFields

Preliminary Discourse
PreliminaryDiscourse
WritenbyJeandAlembert,itistheopeningto
y
,
p
g
the Encyclopdie,oneofthemostprolificcompilationsof
humanknowledgeatthetime
Significantfor:
Si ifi t f
Implyingthathumansmaychangetheirconditionthrough
theirintellectandmanipulation
p
Outlininghumanknowledgeandhowitisattained

Music Theory
MusicTheory
Althoughnotamusicanhimself,dAlembertwroteextensively
g
,
y
onthesubject,reviewingotherworksandattemptingto
simplifytheirtheory
DAlembertwasintriguedbyRameausmusictheories
DAl b t
i t i db R

i th i
especially
HeappreciatedRameausanalyticalandmathematicallysensibleway
ofapproachingtheart

Personal Life
PersonalLife
DAlembertwasamemberofmanyacadamiesandsalons
y
heattainedcorrespondecewithmanyofthemostprolific
thinkersofhistime
Voltaire,Diderot,Euler
GotintodisputeswithEulerandRameauoverintellectual
property and theory
propertyandtheory

Thank You
ThankYou