Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies

LedaFlow
Flow Assurance for 21st Century Oil & Gas Production

The New Generation Dynamic Multiphase Flow Simulator

The Key to a Step Change in Flow Assurance
Closer to the Actual Physics
Seamless Integration of Dynamic Process and Multiphase Flow Simulation

Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies

Our Mission

Our Philosophy

Our mission is to develop and provide innovative, reliable

technology and solutions to ensure that oil & gas resources
are discovered, developed, and delivered in the safest, most
efficient and most environmentally friendly way possible.

We commit to adding value to your oil & gas operations by providing you with technologies, processes, and people dedicated
to improving results through innovation and effective integrated
operations. Through cycles of boom or bust, we strive to provide
solutions that allow you to achieve much more, with less investment. Our people are the key to our success and we empower
them to achieve.

Our Role as Trusted Advisor

Your oil & gas operations require a unique blend of complex
work processes, advanced technologies, environmental compliance and services from multiple vendors and service companies.
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies is focused on helping you
manage this integration to achieve maximum operational
efficiency.

Intelligent
Improvement

Introduction

LedaFlow

Multiphase Flow Solutions for the 21st Century

Oil & gas production is changing. Longer and larger diameter flowlines, deeper field
developments and harsher environments are just some of the challenges we face
today. In this context, accurate and powerful simulation tools are needed to assure
the safest and most efficient production.
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies has pioneered the development of integrated
simulator systems, consisting of a dynamic process simulator interfaced with a dynamic
multiphase flow simulator. The next step is the introduction of LedaFlow, which
demonstrates Kongsberg's dedication to overcoming the challenges of 21st century
oil & gas production.
LedaFlow is a true next generation solution that meets significant market demand for
a better dynamic multiphase flow simulator. It is the product of a decade of collaboration between Total, ConocoPhillips and SINTEF, and is further developed as a unique
integrated tool for oil & gas engineers by the experts at Kongsberg.

Illustration: StatoilHydro

Based on real multiphase flow models, LedaFlow provides a step change in fidelity,
quality, accuracy and flexibility over current generation multiphase flow simulation
technology. It has been validated against the best available, most comprehensive
experimental data.
LedaFlow is an efficient and user-friendly stand-alone tool for transient multiphase
flow analysis and flow assurance design in engineering studies. In addition, LedaFlow
is built to exploit the power of high-performance computing to support decisions in
real-time. It is seamlessly integrated with the K-Spice dynamic process simulation tool
and suite of solutions for digital oil fields and Integrated Operations.
Kongsberg is the only vendor currently able to provide a suite of proprietary tools
including stand-alone transient multiphase simulations as well as integrated facility simulation systems and services. Support is given through all stages of the asset
lifecycle from feasibility studies to operation and maintenance, with flow assurance
throughout every stage. Kongsberg pioneered the delivery of integrated flow assurance systems and is market leader in supplying robust, accurate, field-proven systems
80 solutions have so far been implemented world wide.

Integrated simulator solutions from well to oil & gas export

Kongsberg's Unique integrated simulator solutions are based on a dynamic model

with K-Spice process and control and LedaFlow flowlines. It allows modeling of the
complete field: wells, flowlines, subsea processing, risers, onshore & offshore processing, oil & gas export. This model forms the basis for a range of integrated simulator
solutions, for both online and offline use.

Value proposition

Creating Value
Transient multiphase flow simulations are critical in the design of oil and gas production systems. Kongsberg solutions are here to support you through all project
phases, from feasibility through detailed engineering and into operation.
Right level of investment
Choice of optimal flowline diameter:
- limit pressure losses at high rates
- limit slugging at reduced rates
Choice of hydrate control method:
- thermal insulation design
- chemical inhibitors tracking
Slug catcher sizing

Enhance Return-On-Investment
Shorten commissioning time
Optimize well start-up and shutdown
Minimize use of chemicals and
inhibitors
Ensure optimal well allocation
Reduce number of multiphase
flow meters
Allocate revenue to wells

Reduce risk
Manage and avoid slugs
Avoid hydrate, wax and asphaltene
formation
Detect and locate leaks
Avoid erosion and corrosion
Improve performance
Model
Intuitive, easy to use and quick
to learn engineering tool
Support for best-of-breed work
practices enforces consistent
engineering design principles
Graphical configuration of flowline
systems ensures short learning curve
for new users
Import of existing multiphase models
to leverage existing engineering
Text-based configuration files for
power users
Powerful visualization tools
Design
Model flowlines and subsea processing
simultaneously
Model reception facilities and
flowlines simultaneously
Design and validate control and
instrumentation using high-fidelity
models
Set up and manage design cases
using scripting
Integrate with engineering databases
Develop and validate operating
procedures

Training
Train engineers in routine and emergency operations: Start-up, shutdown, ramp up/down, scraper opera
tions, leakage, blockage, dead-oil
circulation, chemical management
Train engineers in flow assurance
Commission
Use integrated model for checking
control system
Try out commissioning operations,
identify problems, implement solutions and verify on the simulator
Operate
Monitor well and flowline performance
Estimate flowline hold-up and profiles
Detect sensor failures and leaks
Predict effect of operator actions
Manage inhibitors and chemicals
Optimize gas lift for both wells and
risers
Generate production reports
Calculate cool-down time

LedaFlow technology

The Key to a Step Change in Flow Assurance

How LedaFlow is closer to the actual physics
LedaFlow is based on a rigorous representation of the fundamental physical and
compositional properties of 3-phase flow. LedaFlow is close to actual physics in
both steady-state and fully transient conditions, and thus offers improved quality
of results.
The LedaFlow 9+ field approach includes detailed modeling of water and oil
dispersions and gas bubbles in liquid phase. It also allows for modeling of 3-phase
flows with solid particles such as sand and hydrates.

3 continuous phases + 6 dispersed

phases (oil in gas and in water,
gas in oil and in water, water in oil
and in gas) = 9 fields

LedaFlow slug flow prediction is

very close to reality

LedaFlow has a multi-temperature approach for gas, oil and water as opposed
to the conventional mixture temperature approach. This leads to more accurate
temperature and heat loss predictions.
LedaFlow has separate momentum equations for gas, oil and water, whereas
conventional tools use only two momentum equations. This leads to an improved
calculation of the oil-water momentum exchange and resulting slip.
The non-equilibrium modeling concept inherent in all LedaFlow modules is
superior to existing models assuming equilibrium or near-equilibrium flow.
This is crucial for simulation of fluid flow in wells (including intelligent wells),
well start-up and well stability issues.
LedaFlow handles various compositions either through PVT tables or through full
compositional modeling. The internal PVT server allows for definition of hydrocarbon components as well as inhibitors and other compounds.
Unique 2D and Q3D capabilities
A unique formulation has been developed which enables simulation and visualization of waves, slugs, droplets and bubbles in a multiphase pipeline flow. This formulation has been implemented in the Quasi 3D (Q3D) and cross section profile
modules.
The profile model (2D) gives information of the velocity profile in the cross section
of the pipe. The Q3D model resolves the dynamics of the flow and distribution of
phases in multiple dimensions based on a consistent CFD formulation.

LedaFlows Q3D capabilities

Resolving oil and water droplet fields in multiphase transportation
Providing crucial information on top-line wetting (i.e corrosion inhibitor coverage)
Accurate modeling of flow in critical regions
Accurate modeling of inception, development and evolution of slugs
Enhancing the understanding of stability, pressure drop and flow assurance in wells

Q3D model

In general, the multi-dimensional capabilities of LedaFlow are superior for modeling

complex flow situations. They also form a unique platform for later extensions towards
the modeling of e.g. sand erosion. Addressing such phenomena in a consistent manner
requires a fundamental representation of the physical development of the flow. These
issues cannot be adequately represented by present correlation-based systems.
Coupling the models
LedaFlow supports a seamless integration of all its models: Steady-state, 1D transient,
Profile model and Q3D. This allows the user to couple the models and to use them
according to the requested information:
the Steady-state is used for the initialization of the 1D transient calculations
the 1D model will give a fast transient solution for long pipes
the Profile model can use the values from a 1D simulation as input for its
calcula tion of the phase velocities and volume fractions across the pipe diameter
the Quasi 3D model will be used to get detailed information in the critical pipe seg
ments of the production system (looking-glass)
A new platform
The LedaFlow platform is based on the latest Information Technology standards
and tools. This offers important advantages for the user:
A fully implicit network solver developed to ensure a robust solution
Robust and accurate numerical methods
Multiprocessor calculations to increase the simulation speed
A powerful 3D visualization engine
A powerful database platform for collaborating on cases and sharing
results across an engineering team
The LedaFlow platform has a modular system architecture designed to facilitate:
Easy development of specialised versions
Interconnectivity with other applications end users proprietary flow assurance
models (e.g. hydrate or wax deposition) can be coupled to or interact with LedaFlow.

LedaFlow models are complementary

The more advanced users can choose to give their input using scripts rather than
the graphical user interface: the script engine gives rapid and efficient access to all
LedaFlow functionality for parametric studies, probabilistic analyses, or risk
assessment.

LedaFlow complementary models:

1D model for long pipes
Q3D for critical pipe segments
(looking-glass).
Fully implicit coupling of 1D and
Q3D within a pipe network.

Product summary

LedaFlow Multiphase Flow Simulator

Product line
LedaFlow is a flexible, modular dynamic multiphase flow simulator for single phase,
2-phase and 3-phase applications.
LedaFlow Engineering
LedaFlow Steady-state
LedaFlow Q3D
LedaFlow Profile
LedaFlow Integrated
LedaFlow Online

1D stand-alone engineering tool including the steadystate preprocessor and the 1D transient code
Steady-state plug-in available for steady-state
simulators
Q3D module which can be used as a stand-alone tool or
in combination with LedaFlow Engineering
2D resolution of flow profiles that can be added to
LedaFlow Engineering or act as a self-standing module
LedaFlow fully integrated with the K-Spice dynamic
process simulator
LedaFlow running online with the process as a standalone tool or fully integrated in K-Spice online systems

LedaFlow Engineering
Single, two and three phase flow
Steady-state point model
Steady-state pre-processor
Fully transient model
Thermal and compositional models
Temperature, enthalpy and mass transfer modeled in each phase
Flow transitions between separated and dispersed phases
Fully compressible solution
Slug capturing integrated in solver
Gas lift for wells and risers, valves, controllers

LedaFlow Q3D module

Mass, momentum, enthalpy and turbulence equations solved for all phases
Spatial distribution of all phase mass fractions
Spatial distribution of droplet and bubble sizes
Wall film model (mass, momentum, deposition and re-entrainment)
Transition between separated and dispersed flows
Straight and curved pipes (horizontal and inclined)
Full thermal modeling
LedaFlow Profile
Profile of the phase velocities and volume fractions across the pipe diameter

Validation

Photo: SINTEF

10

Experimental Campaigns
Access to experimental data is the key to model improvements.
Extensive campaigns have been carried out in the industrial-scale Multiphase Flow
Laboratory at SINTEF in Trondheim, Norway, to provide new high quality data to
support the development of the LedaFlow models. The experimental campaigns
were designed to provide new data on geometries and system configurations where
no or limited data existed and where the new data would be crucial for reliable
design and operation of deepwater pipelines.
This comes in addition to the 10,000+ data points already available through the
TILDA database (the database of test data acquired at SINTEFs Multiphase Flow
Laboratory).
The TILDA experiments include:
Up to 12 diameter experiments
Up to 90 bar pressure
Single-phase flow (gas, oil or water)
Two-phase flow (oil/gas, water/gas)
Three-phase flow (oil/water/gas)
Particle (sand) transport in single- and two-phase flow
Furthermore, the development of LedaFlow has benefited from a close collaboration with its industrial partners, who made experimental and field data available to
validate the accuracy of LedaFlow code.
Access to experimental data is the key
to model improvements

Left: SINTEFs Tiller

large-scale multiphase flow
laboratory.
SINTEF is one of the worlds
leading independent oil &
gas research organizations.
Illustration: SINTEF

11

Validation

Field Data Validations

ConocoPhillips and TOTAL have validated LedaFlow against a large number
of measured data from fields covering:
- both gas/condensate and oil dominated systems
- a large range of Gas-Oil-Ratio and Water Cut
- pipe diameters ranging from 2 to 38
- a large variation in operational pressures

Some selected examples:

Field type
Gas/oil 42 km offshore pipeline
Offshore gas field
Gas/oil 2 km onshore pipeline
Onshore gas field
Gas/condensate 20 km offshore pipeline
Gas 81 km offshore pipeline
Oil well with gas lift
Gas/oil 4 km offshore pipeline
Gas/oil 16 km pipeline

Right:
Left: LedaFlow 1D simulation of
liquid hold-up in an S-riser. Good
agreement in amplitude, pressure
drop and frequency.
Below:
LedaFlow 1D simulation of liquid
hold-up in an S-riser. Dynamic visual
representation of liquid hold-up.

12

Type
Pipeline
Pipeline
Pipeline
Pipeline
Pipeline
Pipeline
Well
Pipeline
Pipeline

Company
Total
ConocoPhillips
Total
ConocoPhillips
Total
Total
ConocoPhillips
Total
Total

Proven track record

Kongsberg a Reliable Partner

Providing Flow Assurance Services with LedaFlow
The LedaFlow Engineering tool can be used by our customers in their flow assurance studies throughout the project phases. Alternatively, Kongsberg offers access
to qualified Flow Assurance engineers and supervisors who can perform advanced
multiphase flow simulations and flow assurance analysis by use of LedaFlow and
other commercially available software.
Typical flow assurance analysis work provided by Kongsberg:
Thermohydraulic analysis:
- Flowline sizing
- Thermal insulation
studies

Transient simulations:
Start-up
Shutdown
Ramp-up
Turndown

Slugcatcher sizing
Inhibitor tracking

Integrated system with LedaFlow

Kongsberg pioneered the delivery of integrated flow assurance systems and is
market leader in supplying robust, accurate and field proven systems - 80 solutions
have been implemented world wide. As a well established, stable, leading player in
the development of tools for oil & gas professionals, Kongsberg has a proven track
record in delivering complex system integration projects on time and within budget.
Kongsberg has offices in, or nearby all the major oil & gas production hotspots
worldwide, which ensures that we are in a position to provide unparalleled levels of
service and support wherever you are.

13

Proven track record

Integrated Simulator System References

West Delta Deep Marine
Production System Simulator
Client: Rashid Petroleum Company
Location: Egypt
Field: The Scarab/Saffron Field represents the first deep water development to be
undertaken in the Eastern Mediterranean, it lies in the West Delta Deep Marine
concession.
Greater Plutonio
Operator Training Simulator
Client: BP
Location: Angola
Field: The Greater Plutonio development field, Block 18, is located at the west
coast of Angola. The Greater Plutonio accumulation lies in 1,200 m to 1,500 m of
water. The fields Galio, Cromio, Paladio, Plutonio, Cobalto and Platina form the
Greater Plutonio development and are all located within 20 km of each other. The
subsea system includes 160 km of risers and flowlines and nine manifolds.
Longhorn
Production Management System
Client: Eni
Location: US Gulf of Mexico
Field: The Longhorn gas field is located in the Gulf of Mexico approximately 200
km southeast of New Orleans at a depth of 700 m. The Longhorn development
currently consists of four subsea wells tied back approximately 30 km to the Crystal
platform.
Snhvit
Dynamic Production Model
Client: StatoilHydro
Location: Norway
Field: Snhvit is the first offshore development in the Barents Sea. Without surface
installations, this project involves bringing natural gas to land for liquefaction and
export from the first plant of its kind in Europe and the worlds northernmost liquefied natural gas facility.

Photo: Eiliv Leren / StatoilHydro

14

Ormen Lange
Life Cycle Simulator
Client: StatoilHydro/Shell
Location: Norway
Field: Ormen Lange is the second largest gas field on the Norwegian continental
shelf. The gas field is located approximately 120 km northwest of Kristiansund (Norway), almost 3000 m below seabed. Gas and condensate are transported through
pipelines to onshore recieving facilities. At the onshore gas plant, gas and condensate are separated.
Bohai
Operator Training Simulator
Client: Emerson Process Simulation
Location: China
Field: The Bohai Bay is located in the northeastern part of China, approximately
200 km east of Beijing. The PL19-3 oil field (Bohai Phase II Penglai), discovered by
Phillips in 1999 is situated in Bohai Bay, which is the largest discovery made offshore
China to date. The second phase of Bohai Bay development includes five wellhead
platforms, central processing facilities and a new, larger FPSO vessel.
Frade
Subsea Operator Training Simulator
Client: Chevron
Location: Brazil
Field: The Frade development, which is located in the Campos Basin in a water depth
of 1000 m, approximately 120 km northeast of Rio de Janeiro, consists of horizontal
production wells along with vertical water injection wells to maintain reservoir pressure.

15

Solution summary

LedaFlow 1D Module
Steady-state point model and pre-processor
Single, two and three phase flow
Fully transient flow
Mass transfer model for each field
Enthalpy and temperature model for each phase
Thermal and compositional models
Flow transitions between separated and dispersed phases
Fully compressible solution
Slug detection and analysis
Gas lift for wells and risers
LedaFlow Q3D Module
Mass, momentum, enthalpy, turbulence, particle size for all phases
Spatial distribution of all phase mass fractions and of droplet and bubble sizes
Wall film model (mass, momentum, deposition and re-entrainment)
Transition between separated and dispersed flows and vice versa
Compressible flow solver
Straight and curved pipes (horizontal and inclined)
Full thermal modeling
LedaFlow Profile
Phase velocities and volume fractions profiles across the pipe diameter
LedaFlow Platform
Multi CPU calculations for fast simulations
Input given by scripts or through the graphical user interface
2D and 3D plotting with transient visualization and animations
Flexible database platform allowing for collaboration on cases and sharing of results
Interconnectivity with other applications
Integrated Simulation Solutions
Lifecycle simulation from design to operation
Process and control system design and validation
Control system check-out
Seamless interface between K-Spice and LedaFlow
Simple communication with control systems, information management systems and
digital oil field systems
Training simulator
Field simulator A detailed dynamic model of wells, flowlines and production facilities
allowing for effective process design, control system check-out and training
Production Management System Real-time online flow assurance and monitoring
system for managing operations of multiphase subsea production facilities and long
pipeline networks
Production Reconciliation System Real-time online solution for calculating and
reconciling flow rates throughout the field

Illustration: N.N./ StatoilHydro

16

Support

We are There, Whenever You Need Us

The Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies customer services organization is committed to providing easy access to service and
support, and to responding promptly to your needs. Activities
are supervised from our headquarters in Norway, with centers
at strategic locations around the globe where you are and
the action is. As part of our commitment to total customer satisfaction, we offer a wide variety of services to meet our customers' specific operational needs. We can adapt to the level
of support required by offering service agreements and fast
on-site response arrangements.

Global and local support

Service and support work is carried out
under the supervision of your personal
account manager, who will ensure that
you receive high-quality service and
support where and when you need
it. Your account manager will ensure
continuity and work closely with your
staff to improve and optimize system
availability and performance. Under
the direction of your account manager,
our well-qualified field service engineers will be able to help you quickly
and effectively, wherever you are and
regardless of the levels of support
required.

www.kongsberg.com/kogt

United Kingdom
Kongsberg Process Simulation Ltd.
Waterberry Drive
PO7 7YH Hants
Waterlooville, UK
Phone: +44 2392 247 800
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com

USA
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies, Inc.
11000 Richmond Avenue, Suite 400
Houston, TX 77042
USA
Phone: +1 713 808 6800
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com

India
Kongsberg Process Simulation Pvt. Ltd.
6th floor, Plot no - 29-32, 36-37,
Pudhari Bhavan, Sector - 30A,
Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 705.
Phone +91 22 2660 3666
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com

Design: Moving Minds. Cover illustration: Deon. Photo: Tommy Normann. Printing: RK Grafisk AS. Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies March 2010

Norway
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies AS
Hamangskogen 60
N-1338 Sandvika
Norway
Phone: +47 67 80 48 00
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com