DangtoanchuongII_Nito_NTB

CC DNG BI TP HA HC 11( Nng cao ).

CHNG II: NIT
Dng 1: Cch tnh hiu sut ca mt phn ng:
V d 1: Cn ly bao nhiu lt kh N2 v bao nhiu lt kh H2 o kc iu ch 51 gam NH3. Bit hiu sut
phn ng l 25%.
Gii: S mol NH3 : nNH = 51/17=3 (mol ).
3

N2 +

3H2

2NH3

Theo l thuyt: s mol N2 v H2 cn dng l:

nN = 3/2 =1,5 ( mol ).
2

nH =
2

33
2

= 4,5 (mol ).

Thc t :s mol N2 v H2 cn dng l:

nN =1,5*100/25 = 6 (mol ).

VN2= 134,4 ( lt ).

nH =4,5*100/25 = 18 (mol ).

VH2= 403,2 ( lt ).

V d 2: Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 11,2 lt cha N2, H2 theo t l mol 1:4 00C, 200atm, c bt st xc
tc. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian ri a bnh v 00C, p sut gim 10% so vi p sut ban u. Tm hiu
sut phn ng to ra NH3.
Nhc li cng thc: n =

PV
RT

. trong : p: p sut (atm )

V: th tch (lt ).

Gii : Tng s mol N2 v H2 ban u l: n=

20011,2
22,4
273
273

= 100(mol). Trong

R=22,4/273
T=t 0C + 273 (0K).
nN =20(mol).
2

nH =80(mol).
2

t x l s mol N2 phn ng.

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N2

3H2

2NH3

Trc phn ng
20
80
Phn ng
x
3x
Sau phn ng
20 x
80 3x
Hn hp sau phn ng c tng s mol l: n = 100 2x ( mol ).

p sut sau gim 10% so vi p sut ban u

2x
2x

Psau= 90% Pu

n=0,9n=90(mol).

x=5. Hiu sut l: H=5/20*100%=25%.

V d 3: Mt hn hp kh gm N2 v H2 c t l th tch l 1:3 c khi lng 2 tn em tng hp ammoniac

4000C, 1atm. Tnh lng NH3 thu c bit rng iu kin ny NH3 chim 0,4% th tch ca ton h.

Gii:

N2

Trc phn ng
Phn ng
Sau phn ng

a mol
x
ax

3a mol
3x
3a 3x

2x= 0,4/100*[ ( a x) + ( 3a 3x) + 2x ]

mhn hp u = 28a + 6a =2*106 (gam)

(1).(2).

3H2

x= 468,713 ( mol).

2NH3

2x
2x
200,8x=1,6a (1).

a=2/34*106 (2).

Lng ammoniac thu c l: m=2x*17=15936,24

(gam ).

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Bi tp :1/ Mt hn hp gm 1 VN2 v 3 VH2 cho qua bt st nung 4000C. Kh to thnh c ha tan
trong nc thnh 500 gam dung dch ammoniac 5 %. Tnh lng N2 s dng bit rng hiu sut phn
ng l 20%.
2/ Mt hn hp kh gm N2 v H2 c t khi i vi H2 l 4,9. Cho hn hp i qua cht xc tc
nung nng, ngi ta thu c hn hp mi c t khi i vi H2 l 6,125. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng N2

NH3.

3/Mt hn hp kh gm N2 v H2. Cho hn hp kh ny vo bnh c th tch khng i, k thch

hp ( Fe, 4000C) nung nng bnh mt thi gian ri a v nhit lc u th thy p sut trong bnh gim
5% so vi ban u. Tnh thnh phn phn trm th tch ca N2 v H2 trong hn hp ban u, bit rng nito
phn ng vi hiu sut 10%.
Dng 2: Cc tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng thun nghch.

Xt phn ng thun nghch: N2 + 3H2

2NH3 (

= - 92kJ ). {

H<0:tanhit,.H>0:thunhit. }

Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng ha hc th trong hn hp c NH3, N2 cn li v H2 cn li. Hng s

[ NH3 ] 2
cn bng Kc = [ N2 ][ H2 ] 3 .

S di i cn bng ca phn ng thun nghch ny xy ra theo chiu hng chng li nh hng ca cc

yu t bn ngoi ( nguyn l L Sa-t-li- ).

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V d 1: Nn 2 mol N2 v 8 mol H2 vo bnh kn dung tch 2 lt( ch cha sn cht xc tc vi th tch khng
ng k ) c gi nhit khng i. Khi phn ng t trng thi cn bng, p sut trong bnh bng
0,8 ln p sut ban u o cng nhit .

1.Tm hng s cn bng ca phn ng

2/Cn bng di
a>.Tng [NH3] cn
theo chiu gim
b>.Gim nhit

2.Cn bng di i theo chiu no khi:

chuyn:
bng di chuyn
[NH3]: chiu nghch
cn bng di

-Tng nng mol NH3

-Gim nhit
-Tng p sut
1/.Gi x l s mol N2 tham gia phn ng:
N2
+
3H2

2NH3

Trc phn ng
2 mol
8mol
Phn ng
x
3x
Sau phn ng
2x
Psau
nsau
2x+2x+83x 8 3x
chuyn theo chiu
=
=0,8
x=1
Ptrc
ntrc
10
thun.
cn bng di
[NH3]=1M,
[N2]=0,5M, [H2]=2,5M.
gim p sut
phn t kh ):
[NH3]2
KC= [ N 2][H2]3 =0,128
Dng 3: Phn ng

2x
2x
ta nhit : chiu
c>.Tng p sut:
chuyn theo chiu
( chiu gim s
chiu thun.

oxi ha kh

Vn 1: Nhit phn mui nitrat.

Ch : Mui nitrat tan hon ton trong nc , l cht in li mnh.
KL ng trc Mg
( Na, K, Ba, Ca,.)

R(NO3)n

t0

R(NO2)n

O2

KL t Mg n Cu

KL ng sau Cu
(Ag,Hg,)

R2On

NO2

O2

NO2

O2

Ch : S mol kh NO2 lun bng 4 ln s mol O2. Dy hot ng ca kim loi:

Li+ K+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn4+ Pb2+ 2H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Hg+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+
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Li K Ba

Ca

Na Mg Al

Mn

Zn

Cr

Fe Ni

Sn Pb

H2 Cu

Fe

Hg Ag Hg Pt Au

( Cch nh: Lc kia ba c nng may o ma zt cn phi nh sang ph hi ca st hiu hu phi u ).

V d 1: Nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp nhm nitrat v natri nitrat c 1,89 gam cht rn v
1,064 lt kh (dkc) thot ra. Tm m v % th tch mi kh c trong 1,064 lt.
t0
Ta c : 2Al(NO3)3
Al2O3 + 6NO2 + 3/2 O 2
X

0,5x

t0

NaNO3

3x

0,75x

NaNO2 + 0,5O2

0,5y

Theo bi ta c:
51x + 69y =1,89
3x + 0,75x + 0,5y = 0,0475

X=0,01
Y=0,02

m=3,83
nNO2=0,03
nO2=0,0175

%NO2=63,16%
% O2=36,84%

{
Bi tp: 1/Nung 27,25 gam hn hp cc mui NaNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 khan ngi ta c mt hn hp kh
a. Dn to n b kh A v 89,2ml H2O th thy c 1,12 lt kh (dkc) khng b nc hp th.
a.Tnh thnh phn phn trm( theo khi lng ) cc mui trong hn hp.
b.Tnh nng % ca dung dch to thnh, coi rng tan ca oxi trong nc l khng ng k.
Vn 2: Kim loi tc dng vi axit HNO3 ( tr Au, Pt ).
Ch : HNO3 c ngui khng phn ng vi Fe, Al.
Kim loi + HNO3c

t0

Mui nitrat + NO2 ( mu nu ) + H2O

t0
Kim loi + HNO3long

Mui nitrat +

NO : khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh

N2O: kh gy ci
N2: khng mu, khng duy tr s chy
NH4NO3: mui tan

Nc cng thy ( 1V HNO3 + 3VHCl ) lm tan c Au, Pt:

Au + HNO3 + 3HCl
AuCl3 + NO + H2O
Phng php thng dng: bo ton s mol electron: ne do kim loi nhng = ne do cht oxi ha (HNO3) thu c to ra cc sn phm
kh.

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V d 1: Ha tan 62,1 gam kim loi vo dung dch HNO3 2M long thu c 16,8 lt hn hp kh ( N2, N2O)
c t khi so vi H2 l 17,2. Tm kim loi v th tch HNO3 dng.
t s mol N2 l x:mol, N2O l y:mol. Ta c:

10M + 12nHNO3

n=3, M=27 (Al). S mol HNO3: 12*0,45 + 10 *0,3 =8,4

46 * M
Mn+ + ne
5+
n *
10N + 46e
46M + 56nHNO3

nM=6,9/n (mol )

HNO3

M
X mol

+ 10e

+12H+

Khi lng nguyn t M:

+10H+

HNO3

= 4,2 lt

Mn+ + ne
nx

0,45 mol
N2O + 5H2O

2,4 mol 3 mol

nx=4,5+2,4

M=9n

N20 + 6H2O

4,5 mol 5,4 mol

+ 8e

= 4,2 lt.

2N2+1 + 3 N20 . Ta c phng trnh phn ng sau

46M(NO3)n + 2nN2O + 3nN2 + 5nH2O .

n=3, M=27 (Al). S mol HNO3= 56/2 ln s mol N2O=56*0,3/2=8,4 (mol ).

Cch 3: t nM=x

nN2O:nN2=0,3:0,45=2:3.

S mol M=46/2n ln s mol N2O =46/2n*0,3=6,9/n

2NO-3

3)

8M(NO3)n + nN2O + 5nH2O

Cch 2: Dng mt phn ng vi:

2NO-3

10M(NO3)n + nN2 + 6nH2O

8M + 10nHNO3

; (28x + 44y )/0,75=17,2*2

x=0,45, y=0,3.

Cch 1: t kim loi l M ha tr n ( 1

M=9n

x + y =16,8/22,4

0,3mol

Theo nh lut bo ton s mol electron ta c:

x = 6,9/n

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nHNO3 = nH+ = 5,4 + 3 = 8,4 .

HNO3

= 4,2 lt.

V d 2: Tm khi lng ca mui thu c.

Trng hp 1: Cho m gam kim hn hp kim loi (A, B, C,) tan hon ton vo dung dch HNO3 thu
c a mol s electron nhng ( sn phm kh khng c NH4NO3 ) th khi lng mui khan thu c l:

mmui khan= mkim loi + mNO3= m + a*62

Nu sn phm kh c cha NH4NO3 th khi lng mui khan l:

mmui khan=mkim loi + a*62 + mNH4NO3.

Chng minh: Gi s trng hp n gin nht: Cho m gam kim kim loi Fe tan hon ton vo dung
dch HNO3 thu c b mol kh NO( sn phm kh duy nht ).
N5+ + 3e
b

N2+

3b

Fe3+

Fe 3+

Fe

b
=b=nFe(NO3)3

b
nNO3=3b.

+ 3e
3b

mmui khan=mkim loi + mNO3=m + (3b)*62

pcm

Tng t ta d dng cm trng hp tng qut.

Trng hp 2: Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol HNO3.
Fe

+ 4HNO3

3Fe

+ 8HNO3

Nu b

Fe(NO3)3

+ NO

Fe(NO3)2

+ 2H2O

+ 2NO

8a/3: ch c xy ra phn ng (2).

+ 4H2O

(1).
(2).

mmui= b*3/8*(56+62*2)=67,5b (gam).

Nu 4a<b<8a/3: (1) v (2) u xy ra. Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Fe(NO3)3 , Fe(NO3)2 .

x,y l nghim ca h: x+y=a; 4x+8y/3=b
Nu b

4a: ch c xy ra phn ng (1).

x, y.

mmui=242a.( gam).

Bi tp:1/: Cho 11,2 g Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c thu c 11,2 lt kh mu nu ( l sn

phm kh duy nht ). Tng khi lng mui thu c l?
A.42,2 g
B.48,4 g
C.36 g
D.46,4 g
2/ Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol H 2SO4 c nng thu c ( 56a+48b ) gam mui sunfat. S
mol Fe nhng thc hin phn ng trn l?
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A. 2a
B. 3a
C. b
D. 2b
3/ Cho 36,4 gam st vo dung dch cha 0,7 mol H2SO4 c nng . Phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c
cht rn khng tan M. Cho M vo 750 ml dung dch HNO3 1,2M. Tng khi lng mui thu c t th
nghim trn l:
A.107,2 g
B.125,8 g
C.121,15 g
D. 111,85 g
4/: Ha tan ht m gam Ca vo dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt hn hp Y gm 2 cht kh(
iu kin tiu chun ). Y c t khi so vi hidro l 4,75. C cn dung dch Y thu c bao nhiu gam rn
khan?
A.55,75
B. 47,55
C. 65,25
D. 77,5
5/ Cho 1,92gam Cu vo dung dch KNO3 0,16M v H2SO4 0.4 M thy sinh ra kh NO v dung dich A.Tnh V kh
NO(dkc) sinh ra v Vdd NaOH 0,5M ti thiu cn dng kt ta ht ion Cu2+ trong ddA.
6/Cho 2 lng Cu bng nhau v bng 6,4gam vo l th nht ng 120ml dd HNO31M, l 2 ng 120ml dd
hn hp HNO31M v H2SO4 0,5 M. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.Tnh V kh NO(dkc) thot ra mi l. C
cn dd l th 2 th ? gam mui khan.
Vn 3:

Oxit tc dng vi HNO3 ( tham kho chuyn cng thc kinh nghim ).

Cch 1:

Phng php bo ton khi lng:

Cch 2:

Phng php bo ton nguyn t:

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Cch 3:

Cch 4:

Phng php bo ton in tch kt hp vi phng php trung bnh:

Phng php bo ton electron

Cch 5:

Ha tr trung bnh kt hp vi bo ton electron:

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Cch 6:

Cch 7:

Cng thc phn t trung bnh kt hp vi bo ton electron.

Quy i cng thc phn t

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Cch 8:

Cch 9:

Phng php quy i nguyn t:

Phng php quy i tc nhn oxi ha

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Dng 4:

Cch thit lp cng thc phn t cht v c:

Phng php:
Vi cht v c AxByCzDt ( x,y,z,t: nguyn dng ). Tm CTPT cht v c da vo t l:
x : y : z : t = mA/A : mB/B : mC/C : mD/D (mA, mB, mC, mD, l khi lng cc
nguyn t, A,B,C,D l khi lng nguyn t cc nguyn t ).
Nu bi ton cho % khi lng cc nguyn t th lp t l x : y : z : t = %A/A : %B/B : %C/C : %D/D. T
l x:y:z:t phi nguyn dng v n gin nht.
Bi tp: 1/ Mt oxit A ca nito c cha 30,43% N v khi lng. T khi ca A i vi khng kh l 1,59.
Tm CTPT ca A.
2/t chy hon ton 4,4 gam mui MS ( M l kim loi c ha tr II v III ) trong O2 ly d. Cht rn thu
c sau phn ng em ha tan trong mt lng va dung dch HNO3 37,8% to ra mui c nng
phn trm 41,72%. Lm lnh dung dc h ny thy thot ra 8,08g mui rn kt tinh. Lc, tch mui rn ny
thy nng phn trm ca mui cn li trong dung dch l 34,7%. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca rn kt
tinh ngm nc.
Dng 5:
Cc dng bi tp ca Photpho
Ch : Phot pho tc dng vi cc phi kim trong iu kin thiu th ra P3+ trong iu kin th ra P5+. Axit
H3PO4 tc dng vi kim:
H3PO4 + 3NaOH
Na3PO4
+
3H2O
H3PO4 + 2NaOH
Na2 HPO4
+
2H2O
H3PO4 + NaOH
NaH2PO4
+
2H2O
t a=nNaOH/nH3PO4

Mui l Na3PO4

2<a<3

Na2 HPO4
Na3PO4

a=2

Na2 HPO4

1<a<2

Na2 HPO4
NaH2PO4

NaH2PO4

Bi tp: 1/Thm 44 gam NaOH vo dd cha 39,2 gam H3PO4 ri c cn dd. Hy xc nh khi lng mi
mui to thnh.
2/ Cho Brom tc dng vi photpho v nc ct th thu c dung dch A. trung ha dung dch A cn
va dung dch cha 0,6 mol NaOH. S mol phot pho dng l?
3/Cho s phn ng sau:

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HNO 3

Fe(NO 3)3

NO

H2O
S cht X tha mn phn ng trn l?

{ n tp cui chng: Kim tra 40 cu trc nghim:60% bi ton, 40% l thuyt }.

Nguyentanloi_1989@

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