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13 - Thermal Property PDF
13 - Thermal Property PDF
Thermal Property
Heat capacity
Thermal Property Response of material to application of heat
Manifestation Rise in temperature and change in dimension.
Temperature rise Heat absorption
Heat capacity is the ability of a material to absorb heat
qT
dd
Thermal Conductivity
If there is a temperature gradient, heat will flow from higher to
lower temperature region. This is Thermal conduction.
The ability of a material to transfer the heat is the Thermal
conductivity, k.
TX
dd
k
Conduction Mechanism
Atoms vibrate about their equilibrium positions with high
frequency and low amplitudes. Amplitude increases with rise in
temperature.
The vibrations of adjacent atoms are coupled due to atomic
bonding and this leads to generation of elastic waves which
move through the lattice at the velocity of sound and thus carries
the heat.
Each quantum of the wave is known as phonon.
Conduction Mechanism
Free electrons gain kinetic energy in the hotter region and
move towards the colder region thus transferring the heat.
Therefore, thermal conductivity k = kl (lattice) + ke (electron)
Since a large number free valence electrons are available in
metals, the electron mechanism is much more efficient. This
imparts great thermal conductivity that metals are known for.
Thermal and electrical conductivities in metals are related by
WiedemannFranz law: L= k/T, L is a constant, is electrical
conductivity.
Ceramics do not have free electrons as all electrons are tightly
bound in the atomic bonds and hence, are poor conductors of
heat.
Polymers conduct heat by vibrational and rotational motion of
chain molecules and hence, are poor conductors of heat.
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity of ceramics generally decreases with
increasing temperature due to phonon scattering. At very high
temperature it increases again due to change in heat transfer
mode from conduction to radiation.
Thermal Expansion
T
L Lo
l
It can be expressed as
Where, L is the change in length due to a temperature rise of
T. l is known as linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
l (C-1) is a material property which depends on the type of
atomic bonding. The extent to which a material expands on
heating will depend on its l .
The atomic mechanism of thermal expansion can be viewed
as an increase in the inter-atomic separation.
Therefore, it will depend on the shape of the energy vs. interatomic distance curve.
Thermal Expansion
The energy and vibrational amplitude (width of the potential
energy trough) increase with increasing temperature and so
does the interatomic separation (indicated by the open circles).
For a material with a broader potential curve, the increase in
the interatomic distance is more (Fig. a) and hence thermal
expansion is more.
The increase in atomic distance and hence, the expansion is
much lower for a deep and narrow potential trough (Ceramics).
(a)
(b)
cp (J/kg-K)
l (C-1 x 10-6)
k (W/m-K)
Metals
Alumnium
900
23.6
247
Copper
386
17.0
398
Silver
235
19.7
428
Steel
502
16
15.9
Super Invar
500
0.72
10
Ceramics
Alumina (Al2O3)
775
7.6
39
740
0.4
1.4
Pyrex glass
850
3.3
1.4
Polymers
Polyethylene
1850
106 - 198
0.50
Polystyrene
1170
90-150
0.13
Teflon
1050
126-216
0.25
Thermal Stress
Thermal stresses arise due to
Constrained expansion or contraction e.g. heating or
cooling a rod with fixed rigid ends.
Uneven heating/cooling
Thermal expansion mismatch inside the solid.
Thermal stress due to temperature change from To to Tf
= El(To Tf) = ElT
E is the elastic modulus.
Upon heating, the stress is compressive and tensile while
cooling if the expansion/contraction is restrained.
Example
A steel rod is to be used with its ends held rigid. What is the
maximum temperature the rod can be heated to without the
compressive stress in it exceeding 180 MPa. Elastic modulus
of the rod E = 190 GPa.
2
9
Tf
0
1
6
4
0
1 1
0 9
8 0
1 1
0
9
1
5
2
Solution:
-180 x 106 Pa (Compressive) = El(To Tf)
l for steel 14 x 10-6 C-1. To = room temperature = 25 C
Thermal Shock
R
S
T
References
http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/rollett/27301/L8_therm_condNov07.pdf
http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~pamaggar/403_Thermal.pdf
www.claisse.info/student/Powerpoints/1.3%20Thermal.ppt
http://www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/MSE3/Topics/ThermalProperties.pdf
Quiz
1. What is heat capacity? What is specific heat?
2. Briefly explain the mechanism of heat conduction in solids?
3. What is phonon?
4. Why do metals have good thermal conductivity?
5. Why are ceramics poor conductors of heat?
6. What is the origin of thermal expansion in solids?
7. Why thermal expansion of ceramics is much lower
compared to metals?
8. What kind of stresses will be developed if the ends of a
solid are constrained while (i) heating (ii) while cooling?
9. Is it possible to have zero or negative thermal expansion?
10. What causes thermal shock?
11. What is thermal shock resistance? How can it be
improved?
Quiz
12. A brass rod is to be used with its ends held rigid. What is
the maximum temperature the rod can be heated to from
room temp without the compressive stress in it exceeding
172 MPa. Elastic modulus of brass E = 100 GPa and
l = 20 x 10-6
13. A 0.35 m long brass rod is heated from 15 to 85 C with
its ends held rigid. Find out the magnitude and type of stress
developed if it was free of stress at 15 C. Elastic modulus of
brass is 100 GPa and of brass is 20 x 10-6/C