Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BOOK ONE
By
T.B. SIDDALINGAIAH, M.A.,
Lecturer in Tamil,
Banaras Hindu University,
VARANASI-5.
Selling right :
PAARI NILAYAM
59, Broadway, MADRAS-1.
DEDICATED TO
My Grand-father
SRI. T.M. RAMALINGAIAH,
who was also my first Teacher
FOREWORD
Tamil is one of the most ancient languages of the world
which
are
still
spoken
and
used
for
all
purposes
of
M. Varadarajan
PREFACE
The Indians, after the advent of Independence, are more
conscious, than before, of their values and traditions. The interest
among our people to know more about ourselves--our languages,
literature, culture, customs and manners, habits and beliefs etc., -is
on
the
increase.
This
may
lead
to
perfect
National
hearty
thanks
are
due
to
my
friends
Mr.
S.P.
M.A., M.Litt., without whose help this book would not have seen
the light of the day.
thank
Mr.
P.K.
Krishnan,
the
proprietor
of
M/S.
Varanasi
Siddalingaiah
Feb., 1968.
CONTENTS
Lesson
Pages
Foreword
. . .
. . .
Preface
. . .
. . .
Introduction
. . .
. . .
1.
Vowels
. . .
. . .
10
2.
Consonants
. . .
. . .
11
3.
. . .
14
4.
. . .
15
5.
. . .
17
6.
. . .
18
7.
. . .
20
8.
Number
. . .
22
9.
. . .
23
10.
. . .
25
11.
. . .
27
12.
Conjunction
. . .
28
13.
. . .
31
14.
. . .
32
15.
. . .
33
16.
More Letters
. . .
34
17.
Tenses--Present
. . .
38
18.
. . .
42
19.
Cases
. . .
44
20.
Cases (Dative)
. . .
49
21.
Cases (Genitive)
. . .
56
INTRODUCTION
Four main language are current in South India. They are
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Theses are called the
Dravidian Languages. There are other languages, too, which
belong to this family, but they are not so much developed as
these four. Hence these are important.
Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam languages have borrowed
from Sanskrit, the sounds and words. But Tamil has tried and has
succeeded in its attempt to remain almost unaffected by the
influence of that great language, Sanskrit. As such Tamil is
considered to be the most difficult of the Dravidian Languages to
learn. It cannot be denied that Tamil also has borrowed words
from Sanskrit. But the percentage of words borrowed, compared
to the other languages of the same family, is very much less.
And many of the borrowed words also have assumed a new
form (Tat bhava) according to the genius of Tamil.
2.
-do
. . . . .
. .
3.
-do
. . . . .
. .
4.
-do
. . . . .
. .
5.
-do
. . . . .
. .
6.
-do
. . . . .
. .
7.
-do
. . . . .
. .
8.
-do
. . . . .
. .
9.
-do
. . . . .
. .
10.
-do
. . . . .
. .
11.
-do
. . . . .
. .
12.
-do
. . . . .
. .
Notes :
10
LESSON
Tamil has
e.g.,
TWO : CONSONANTS
, , , ,
(k, t, p, m).
As it is difficult to pronounce a
, , ,
is added to and
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
the ya in young.
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
-do- -do-
is
l.
- do- -do-]
rrh in catarrh
- do- -do-]
11
',
is doubled.
and
is never
doubled.
Consonants are shown with a dot above.
, , , , , ,
(k, , m, n, l, l)
Consonantal vowel.
(consonantal vowel)
-do-
-do-
Two-lettered words:
(ka) -
an eye
(kal) -
a stone
(pal)
- a tooth
(en) -
my
(un)
- your (singular)
(am) -
yes
(ur)
- a town or a village
(a habitat)
12
Three-lettered words:
- (kadal)
- the sea
- (padam) - a picture
- (pagal)
- daytime
- (maal)
- (magan) - son
- the sand
- (magal) - daughter
- a fruit
- (alam)
- depth
- (maram) - a tree
- (avan)
- he
- (ava)
- she
(en)
- why
- (anda)
- that;
(inda)
- this;
- (palam)
- (enna)
Notes :
- what;
, , ,
- (enda)
- which
- (nalla)
- good (adjective)
pronounced as ga, da, da and ba, when they follow another letter
or a nasal sound.
e.g.,
preceded by
kal - a stone.
is
,
Doubling of letters, (eg.,
, ), is a common feature in
, , , ,
, , , , ?
, ?
13
LESSON
THREE :
() is
= (k)
+ =
(m)
= (n)
+ =
(y)
= (ch)
+ =
(r)
= ()
+ =
(l)
= ()
+ =
(v)
= ()
+ =
(l)
= (t)
+ =
()
= (n)
+ =
(r)
= (p)
+ =
(na)
kal
- a leg
val
pal
- milk
vay - mouth
nay - a dog
val
- to live
va
- (you) come
nan - I
ta
- (you) give
na
yar
- who?
- padam
- appa - father
words:
- male
- a day
- a lesson
a tail
- kalam - time
- amma - mother
14
- tatta - grandfather
- madam - a month
- a good lesson
- your mother
- who (am) I?
- a good day
- my leg
(ki)
+ =
(mi)
+ =
(chi)
+ =
(yi)
+ =
(i)
+ =
(ri)
+ =
(i)
+ =
(li)
+ =
(i)
+ =
(vi)
+ =
(ti)
+ =
(li)
+ =
(ni)
+ =
(i)
+ =
(pi)
+ =
(ri)
+ =
(ni)
15
words:
-
eli
a rat
- pani - dew
idi
thunder
kii -
vali -
a parrot
path
- ri - a lake
- i - a ladder
- padi - to read
- nila
- full moon
- ail - a squirrel
- payir - crop
- mayil - a peacock
- tayir - curd
Notes:
is the symbol for the vowel , when it combines with
consonants. is a consonantal vowel. Its consonant is . This is
written with a dot above (). These two should not be confused.
The difference is in the downward oblique stroke from right to
left. However when
16
+ =
(ki)
+ =
(yi)
+ =
(chi)
+ =
(ri)
+ =
(i)
+ =
(li)
+ =
(ti)
+ =
(vi)
+ =
(ni)
+ =
(li)
+ =
(ti)
+ =
(li)
+ =
(ni)
+ =
(ri)
+ =
(pi)
+ =
(ni)
+ =
(mi)
words :
(ti)
fire
(ni)
you (singular)
(kiri)
a mongoose
(ningal)
(nir)
water
you come
( + )
tair
cold water
min
a fish
kil
below.
- your
(-do-)
- genitive case.
Rule :
It can be generalized that , and (I person) change
into , , , respectively. So also and (II person)
change into and , respectively.
(ku)
+ =
(yu)
+ =
(chu)
+ =
(ru)
+ =
(u)
+ =
(lu)
+ =
(u)
+ =
(vu)
+ =
(u)
+ =
(lu)
+ =
(tu)
+ =
(u)
+ =
(nu)
+ =
(ru)
+ =
(pu)
+ =
(nu)
+ =
(mu)
18
words :
pul
grass
- nadu
- a country
- an ear
mu -
a thorn
kadu
pulu -
a worm
- padu
- to sing
adu - a goat
- to drink
aru - a river
- tuni
- a cloth
vidu - a house
- elu
- seven
- odu
- kdi
- to run
( - do - ) ;
- erudu - an ox
- edu - which ( - do - _ ;
- inru - today
kadavu
a door
padagu
a boat
pambu
a snake
kadavu
God
pau
a song
nakku
a tongue
marundu
medicine
kurangu
a monkey
puttagam -
a book
onru
One
iradu
Two
nangu
Four
aindu
Five
aru
Six
19
elu
Seven
eu
Eight
onbadu
Nine
pattu
Ten
Notes :
- This (a demonstrative pronoun). e.g. (This
(is) my house. Wherese is an article. e.g.,
(This house (is) your house). This applies to , and
and , also.
All the numerals end with :
LESSON
SEVEN :
(k)
+ =
(y)
+ =
(ch)
+ =
(r)
20
+ =
()
+ =
(l)
+ =
(t)
+ =
(v)
+ =
(n)
+ =
(l)
+ =
(t)
+ =
()
+ =
(n)
+ =
(r)
+ =
(p)
+ =
(n)
+ =
(m)
- pudu
- garlic
words :
pu
a flower
kudu -
a nest
- tukkam - sleep
mudu -
to shut
- pu
- a lock
tungu - to sleep
- tu
- a pillar
kuam - a crowed
- nl
- a thread, a
book (literary use)
munru - three
kudu - a cage
Notes :
(Three) is the only word which has a long u ().
Other
. (you sleep.)
21
(This is a pillar.)
LESSON
(one flower.)
EIGHT : NUMBER
(kaga) = eyes
= (viduga) = houses.
(valiga) = paths.
(a door) + =
(kadavuga)= doors.
The last letter of the first word (to which the plural suffix
is added) changes according to the sound of , in certain
cases.
+ > () =
palagal - fruits
+ > () =
maraga - trees.
+ > () =
padaga- pictures.
+ > ()
karka
- stones.
22
pkka
- flowers
+ > = -
kka
- flies.
Notes :
. So are -
, , , ,
(flower), , , , , , , .
(2)
LESSON
(ke)
+ =
(ye)
+ =
(che)
+ =
(re)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(le)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(ve)
23
+ =
(e)
+ =
(le)
+ =
(te)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(ne)
+ =
(re)
+ =
(pe)
+ =
(ne)
+ =
(me)
words :
-
chey
to do
- pei
- a box
chedi -
a plant
- bad (adj.)
pe
- ney
nel
- paddy
a girl
kea
- ghee
- eey
- oil
- veey - butter
- periya
- big (adj.)
peyar - a name
- chiriya
- small (adj.)
Notes :
- good dogs
2.
3.
4.
24
5.
6.
7.
LESSON
TEN :
> (for )
+ =
(ke)
+ =
(ye)
+ =
(che)
+ =
(re)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(le)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(ve)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(le)
+ =
(te)
+ =
(e)
+ =
(ne)
+ =
(re)
+ =
(pe)
+ =
(ne)
+ =
(me)
words :
ke
te
a scorpion.
ver
a root.
25
mel
ml
cheval
a cock.
kevi
a question.
ten
honey.
pen
a louse.
ter
a chariot.
vel
a spear
kil
beneath,
kile
below, under.
ang
there.
inge
here
eng
where
upon, above
- see above.
26
+ = (yai)
+ = (chai)
+ = (rai)
+ = (ai)
+ = (lai)
+ = (ai)
+ = (vai)
+ = (ai)
+ = (lai
+ = (tai)
+ = (ai)
+ = (nai)
+ =
+ = (pai)
+ = (nai)
(rai)
+ = (mai)
Words:
kai
- a hand
- malai - a mountain
tai
- to sew
- ilai - a leaf
pai
- a bag
- valai - banana
mai - ink
- parai
punai - a cat
- kalai - morning
ynai - an elephant
- kulandai - a child
malai - evening
- tennai - cocoanut
kudai - an umbrella
- illai - no
velai - work
- kudirai - a horse
talai - a head
- naai - tomorrow
valai - a net
- a rock
27
28
, > () () =
(he and she)
,
> () ()
=
(tree and fruit)
> () ()
=
(fish and tank)
> () ()
=
(dog and boy)
+ =
+ () =
(paddy)
+ =
+ () =
(stone)
+ =
+ () =
(grass)
+ =
+ () =
(girl)
+ =
+ () =
(ghee)
+ =
+ ()
Rule :
29
(ear) + = () =
(door) + = () =
(night) + = () =
(one) + = () =
(two) + = () =
(three) + = () = etc.,
In this type of words the rule is quite simple. Words ending
with the vowel will drop the of the .
III. There is another set of words which take in a medial
letter (a conjnuctive-Sandhi akshara) before the conjunction .
(a precious stone,
a bell
(you-singular)
(head)
+ > + + =
+ > + +
+ > + + =
(This-demonstrative pronoun)
+ > + + =
(That -do-)
+ > + + =
(flower)
+ > + + =
(full moon)
+ > + + =
30
Rule: If the existing word ends with a vowel sound and the
oncoming word has a vowel as its first letter, a medial letter is
required to combine them. and are the two medial letters
(conjunctives).
3.
4. 5. .
LESSON THIRTEEN : CONSONANTAL VOWELS (contd.)
The vowel (short o) has no seperate symbol. When it is
added to a consonant the symbols of (short e) and (long
a) are placed before and after, respectively.
+ = (ko)
+ = (yo)
+ = (cho)
+ = (ro)
+ = (o)
+ = (lo)
+ = (o)
+ = (vo)
+ = (o)
+ = (lo)
+ = (to)
+ = (o)
+ = (no)
+ = (ro)
+ = (po)
+ = (no)
+ = (mo)
31
Words:
- kodu
- to give
- poy - a lie
- todu
- to touch
- moli - a language
- chol
- to say
- pon - gold
- chol
- kodi
- kombu - a stick
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
+ = (yo)
+ = (cho)
+ = (ro)
+ = (o)
+ = (lo)
+ = (o)
+ = (vo)
+ = (o)
+ = (lo)
+ = (to)
+ = (o)
32
+ = (no)
+ = (ro)
+ = (po)
+ = (no)
+ = (mo)
Words:
- kodu
= a line
- to = a shoulder
- kovil
- noy = sickness.
- koyil = a temple
- kottai =
- toam = a garden
- koli = a hen.
- po
= to go
- todu = to dig.
- kol
= a stick.
a fort.
(5)
.
LESSON FIFTEEN : CONSONANTAL VOWELS (contd.)
When (ow) is added to a consonant, the symbol of
(short e) and the small letter used beside to denote
() are employed before and after the consonant, respectively.
+ = (kow)
+ = (mow)
+ = (chw)
+ = (yow)
33
+ = (tow)
+ = (row)
+ = (now)
+ = (low)
+ = (pow)
+ = (vow)
Words:
- vowval - a bat
- owvai
- kowvu
- to sieze by mouth.
- mownam - silence
Sanskrit
words.
- yowvanam - youth
34
There
is
another
consonant
in
Sanskrit,
sa
),
the
( ), later
+ = ;
+ = ; +
= ; + = ; + = ; + = .
Other letters also follow the same pattern.
- , (sha) , , , , , , , , , ,
,
- , (sa) , , , , , , , , , , ,
- , (ha) , , , , , , , , , ,
,
- , (ksha) , , , , , , , , ,
, ,
35
Words:
- roja
- a rose
- pakshi
- a bird
- sarppam - a snake
- pushpam - a flower
- visham
- poison
- hram
- a garland
36
in
the
beginning
or
at
the
end
of
word.
So
an
Palatal).
(iii)
37
38
As such a finite verb has three parts, viz., (1) the root,
which denotes the action, (2) the tense symbol, which stands for
the tense, and (3) the personal suffix. which indicates the
subject.
In this lesson we shall discuss the Present Tense symbols.
The present tense symbols are and .
There is no difference between these two. Either of them
can be used.
is the personal suffix for the First person singular,
. = I; = to go
I go = ++>+= .
[=+; is a short vowel and it gives room
for the long vowel . So it becomes >
++=++=.]
= to do; + + = = I do.
= to write; + + =
I write.
= to run; ++= = I run.
= to sing; + += = I sing.
= to play; ++= +
= I play.
++ = =
I play.
39
Suffixes:
- (I person, singular)
- (I per. Plural, inclusive) - (This includes the
II person.)
- ((I per. Plural, exclusive) - (This excludes the
II person.)
- (II person, singular)
- (II person, plural and honorific)
- (III person, singular, masculine)
- (III person, singular, feminine)
- (III person, singular, honorific - masculine
and feminine)
- [(III person, plural (for human beings only)]
- (III person, singular, neuter gender)
,
- (III person, plural, neuter gender)
e.g., I Person
- I do (singular)
- We do (inclusive)
- We do (exclusive)
Plural
II Person
- You do (singular)
- You do (plural and as well
honorific singular)
40
III Person
- He does (singular- masculine)
- She does (singular- feminine)
- He (she) does (singular-honorific, both
masculine and feminine)
- They do (plural-human beingsboth masculine and feminine.)
- It does (singular-neuter gender)
or
- They do (plural-neuter gender)
(3) He
writes (4) She plays (5) Two girls sing (6) Five dogs run (7) you
(singular) say.
II. Translate into English: (1) (2)
(3) (4) (5)
(6) ? (7)
(younger sister) .
LESSON EIGHTEEN: PRESENT TENSE (contd.)
and are the two symbols which indicate the
present tense. One of these is added to the root of the verb
and then the personal suffixes are joined to make a finite verb.
41
are
certain
verbs
which
undergo a
change,
ie.,
+ + (I per. sing)
+ () + + = =
I read.
42
- to destroy (Transitive). + + = + () +
+ = .
- to be. + + = + () + + =
.
One will come across many more verbs of this type which
get the doubled, when one goes through the texts.
Another type of verbs change their last consonant in
accordance with the tense symbol .
- to learn, + + = () + + = + = = I learn
[ becomes a hard sound, because of the presence of
( = + + ). a hard sound.]
- to sell, + + = () + + = +
+ = = I sell.
- to stand, + + = () + + = + = = I stand.
There is another set, which contains only two verbs, wherein
the root undergoes a change before taking the tense symbol.
- to come. + + = ++= () + +
= () + () + = = I come.
43
(6) Seven
Indian
Languages
have
seperate
symbols
(suffixes
or
markers) for each case. As such the position of a noun does not
decide the case.
These symbols can be called case-endings (case-markers or
case symbols).
There are eight cases in Tamil as in Sanskrit and English.
The first case is nominative in these languages. This case
has no case-marker (symbol). Being the subject of a verb
denotes that the noun is in nominative case.
e.g., .
Proper nouns.
- I Person, singular
- II -do-,do-.
English
the
prepositions
play
vital
role
as
they
determine the cases also. So we can safely say that the English
language
has
no
seperate
case
symbols
(case-makers)
and
45
+=
+ them (neuter gender)
+ = = her.
+=
(Rama-accusative case)
(Ravana-accusative case)
Plural
becomes ;
becomes
II Person becomes
becomes .
46
+> + () + = ++
= + = (+)+=+)+=.
is
another
type
of
nouns
which
change
within
47
= a forest. + = +()+++=
= a country. + = +()+++=
= a tile. + = +()+++= .
= a river. + = +()+++= .
Words ending with , and take a conjunctive,
before the case marker is added. (See page 30)
= a parrot. +
= + () + = .
= a bell. + = + () + = .
= a fly. +
= + () +
= .
= a mountain. + = + () + = .
= an elephant. += + () + = .
There are other vowel-ending nouns which take as the
conjunctive.
=
a mosquito. + = +() + = .
a mother. + = +() + = .
= a father. + = +() + = .
Another set of nouns, we have, which get thier consonants
doubled while taking the accusative case. (See page 29)
= an eye
= + ()
= earth
= + ()
= a girl
+ = + () =
= a stone
= + ()
= a tooth
= + ()
48
= grass
= + ()
= ghee
+ = + ()
=
= .
+ = (+) + = ,
+ = (+) + = .
= two
+ = (+) + = .
49
(5)
(6)
(7) We
(inclusive) take the boxes. (8) He (honorific) spoils the boy. (9) She
touches me. (10) The cow gives milk.
LESSON TWENTY: CASES (Dative)
This is called the Fourth case also. Its symbol is
meaning to.
+= +()+= +()+= = to him.
To enable an easy combination of the noun and one
vowel, is introduced. For the sake of clear, easy pronunciation
of is doubled.
+
+()+=
+()
+= = to the milk.
50
+()+=
+()
+= = to the leg.
+
+()+=
+()
+()+= ()
+= = to whom
+
+()+=
+()
+= = to her.
+
+()+=
+()
+= = to him (honorific)
= +()+= +()
+= = to them (human beings)
+()+=
+()
So +> += + () + =
+ + () = = to us (exclusive)
+ (); becomes first and then takes the
case-marker.
So
+ > + = + () + =
+ + () = =
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= = to us (inclusive)
+ : becomes and then case-marker is added.
So + > += +() += ++()+
= = to you (singular)
In case of III Person, singular, neuter gender there is a slight
difference.
+ : Instead is added before the case-ending.
+ > + () + = () + + =
(+) + + = (+) + = +
= ()+ = = to it.
of a nasal sound, becomes , a hard sound, to go
easily with , another hard sound.
and also fall in this category.
+> + () + = ()+ + = (
+) + + = + = () + = = to this.
+> + () + = ()+ + = (
+) + + = + = () + = = to which. At
times this word is used in the sense why also.
Certain words dont take the extra suffix or .
+ = + () + = = to the dog.
+ = + () + = = to the mouth.
+ = + () + = = to the ghost.
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= to the wind.
+ > + () + =
= to the door.
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> + () + =
+ > + () + =
= to the ear.
= to the night.
A third type:
+ = + () +> ()+ + =() + +()
+ = = to the eye.
[ is a two-letter word. The first letter is a short one
and the second (the last) is a consonant. The suffix is , a
vowel. So the consonant in the first word gets doubled.]
+ = + () + > ()+ + =() +
+() + = = to the earth.
+ = + () + > ()+ + =() +
+() + = = to the tooth.
+ = + () + > ()+ + =() +
+() + = = to the stone.
There is a different type which takes a conjunctive.
+ > + () + = + () + + ()
+ = = to the mother.
[ ends with , a vowel, and the suffix is a vowel.
Just to cement these two vowels a conjunctive is introduced
in between. See page 48]
+ > + () + = + () + + ()
+ = = to the father.
+ > + () + = + () + + ()
+ = = to the grandfather.
+ > + () + = + () + + ()
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+ = = to the mosquito.
In case of the plural nouns, the case-endings are added
after the plural suffix.
+ > + () + = +
+ ()
+ = = to the dogs.
Now we shall see a few sentences:
= I give you.
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) .
II. Translate into Tamil:
(1) You (singular) give the book to him (2) I go to the river
(3) He goes to that house (4) He (honorific) tells a story to me (5)
That boy gives milk to this cat (6) This girl goes to that village (7)
You (plural) give the grass to them (neuter gender).
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+ > + = +()+ = =
our (inclusive)
+ > + = = our
(exclusive).
+ > + = +()+ =
=your (singular).
+ > + = = your
(plural and honorific).
These genitive forms of the personal pronouns are lengthy. So to
save time and effort the short form, ie, the first part of the
pronouns are employed in the genitive case.
ie,,
= = my.
= = our (inclusive)
I-Person
= = our (exclusive)
= = your (singular)
= = your (plural and honorific)
II-Person
= = Its (singular) III-Person (neuter)
We shall take up one more set of nouns.
Words ending with take before the case symbols.
(See page 47)
+ > + () + , just to ease the
pronunciation another suffix is added before the case
marker.
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+ + () + = + + =
= of the tree.
So are others.
+ > = + () + = + +
() + = + + = =
of the tank.
+ >
+ () + = + +
() + = + + = =
of the mind.
As these forms are lengthly, to shorten them, the case symbol is
dropped. And yet they stand for the genitive case.
e.g., = + = + =
= of the tree.
= + = + =
= of the tank.
= + = + =
= of the mind.
Another set:
+ > + = + () + =
+ = = of the house. ( =
of the house).
+ > + = + () + =
+ = = of the forest. ( =
of the forest).
+ > + = + () + =
+ = = of the river. (
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of the river).
[e.g.] = door of the house.
= bank of the river.
+ = + () + , (a conjunctive is added
as ends with , a vowel, and begins with a vowel .)
++= + () + +
= = of the parrot
++= + () + + =
= of the jackal
[ = leg of the parrot; = tail of the jackal]
+ = = () ++ =
= = mothers.
+ = = () ++ =
= = fathers.
+ = = () ++ =
= = grand-fathers.
An easy combination.
+ = + + = =
= of the dog.
+ = + + = =
= of the mouth.
+ = + + = =
= mothers.
Another type: doubling of consonant.
+ = + + = () +
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+ = = = of the eye.
+ = + + = () +
+ = = = of the girls.
+ = + + = () +
+ = = = of the stone.
Plural nouns take the case-ending after their plural suffix.
= a girl. + = = girls.
= + + =
= = girls.
(3)
(7)
(fire).
II. Translate into Tamil:
(1) My book is there (2) His mother comes here. [The
adverbs will be placed before the verbs] (3) a leg of the parrot.
(4) Mothers eye sees. (5) Give me her book. (6) The door of this
house is a big door. (7) Where is his (honorific) house? (8) The
bank of that river. (9) Which is your (plural) school? (10) She gives
me the fruit of that tree.
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