.

Bo "GrAo DUC vA DAo

rAo

N
-I (2051
,

1'rii!

'i

'i

1994

'|Ar UrlI t(A NGAY rb 11ANG 'I'riANG

-F

ff

fw
A ar

l)

"

tot,n$

[Hfl]B[Iitf,lt,llfllEg Ai Gilo

Aithfip
WEfu"L
d'
c'14

Aa

a'*-"*

ALF
H,R

*'O>
Q.s
d.O

SS

I$
RH,
rlr)

-uQ
T
I

F)

Q.
Hr
Hoc sinh_chryryn lo.dry,_Tin hgc, Vat li, Ngoai ngrt tuudng LA Hbng phong
TP. Hb Ch; Mitlh trong ngity ph-dt thu-dng cu6l nam hoi

rHr,ruYE\r yAq; lep ro CituyErrt

TC)AN TiTtDFIG.D}ISP iIA rr[6[ r

riass'

roAN Hec vA rubr rRt

MATHEMATICS AND YOUTH

fu{UC L{"JC
Trang

t
t

Ddnh cho cdc ban phd th6ng trung hoc co sd

For Lower Secondary School Leuel Friends

Nguydn Van Vinh - Phdn nguY6n cria
-"otiO vb. cdc bdi todn chia hdt
Giii bdi ki trudc
Solution of problems in preuious issue
Cdc bdi cria s6 201
Bun cd bidt ?
Do you know ?
Nguydn Cang - Dudng "V6 sb" Nicombde vd
ilng dung ctta nci vdo vi6c dung nghiQm thrlc
cria phrrong trinh bic a
Db ra ki ndy
Problems in this issue
C6c bii tt T1i205 ddn T10i205 vd

Ltl205,

L21205

o Thi tuydn sinh vio litp 10 chuy6n

DHSP HA NOi
c Hoc sinh tim tbi

bdi to6n m6i

Tim hidu sAu thAm tudn hoc phd th6ng
Further study of school Maths
Trl.n Quang Vy - TAm cria h6 didm
vd khoAng cich giila tAm ctra hai h6

10

nOl odtto nlEru

Nguy6n C&nir Tohn, Hoing

Chrlng, Ng6 Dat Trtr, L6 Khic

BAo, Ngrry6n IluY Doan,

NguySn Viet IIAi,Ilinh Quang
HAo, Nguy6n XuAn HuY, Phan

14

15

Hodng L6 Minh. NgaY6n Kh6c

Minh, Trdn \ran Nhung.
Nguy6n Dang Fhdt. Phan

Thanh Quang, Ta

Hdng
QuAng, D4ng llirng Th6ng, Vt1
Drtong Ttrqy, Trdn Thdnh
Trai, L6 86 Kh6nh Trinh, Ng6
ViQt Trung, D4ng Quan Vi6n'

sd tba soqn. :

81 Trdn Hrrng D4o, Hh NQi

231 Nguy5n ven CiI. TP Hd cni

rge

lluy KhAi, Vrl Thanh Khidt. LC

Hai KhOi, NguY6n Van lvlau.

Fun with Muthenlatics

Bia 4
Binh phuong - Ai ho gi
Xud.n Trung - Ai cao ai thdp
drg kinh cdi crich day vd hoc totln
Kaleidoscope : Reform. of Maths teaching and learning
Nguy1n Dic Td.n - DOi di6u v6 bdi
c6ng thrlc nghiOrn thu gon

Trr-1.

NGO DAT TU

o Giii tri todn hoc

NcuYgN cANH t o.it't

Phd tdns bi6n ftP :
HOANG CHI.]NC

12

didm

Tdrug hi0n ffiP :

todn

Young friends' search in Maths

Nguydn Thdi Hd - MQt con drrdng di tdi

DT:260786
nninn DT: 356111

$ian.

ftp

tri stl: VO NtLl THUY

Trinhbay; DOAN UbNc
uit.

Dirnh cho cilc b?n pnd tn6ng Tnung hgc co s6

'?

PHAN NG['Y E N GITA IUTOT SO

UA GAG BAI TOAN GTTIA HET
NGIIYEN VAN VINH
a,

l6p 7 c{.c ban da bi6t : Cho r li mQt sd

Uat ki. Ki hi6u [r] (dec ld phdn

-l

\Jhrru ti

nguyOn criar) ld s6 nguy6n l6n nhdt kh6ng vrrot

qu6

r. Ching

han [2,8] = 2 ; f-3,781

[-3]=-3;[0]:0.

: -4

TiI dinh nghia tr6n dAy ra suy ra ngay mQt s6

tinhchdtdongiAn. Ndu [r] = athir = a*dv6i
o ld sd nguy6n, vd 0 < d < L.N6u [r *yf = x
thi r ln sd nguy6n vi 0 < y < l. N6u n ld s6
nguyOn thi [n t xJ = n + [x].
Dd srl dung kh6i niQm "phdn nguy6n cta
m6t sd gShi cdc bdi todn chia hdt, trrr6c h6t ta
chdng rninh m6t sd m6nh d6 sau diy :
MQnh dd 1 : Ndu

n.[x]

<

ru lit. mOt sd tU

0<d<1.
(i

MQnh dd 4 : Trong ddy n sd tu nhien :

7, 2, 3, ..., n c6 dilng I L1 sd trl nhin chia hdt
LqJ

cho s6 tU nhiAn q hhd.c 0.

Thdt viy, xdt ba trrrdng hop

d,

vdi

> 0 n6n lndl > 0. Suy ra

2,3,

MQnh d6 2 : Vdi moi sd tu nhien n

(q hhd.c 0) ta c6

c<j

L_J

dring mQt s6 chia hdt cho

Q c<i

suv

,u lL1 ,l

c6

c6.c

sd 1.q, 2.q, 3.q, . ,

..., e, Q

* 1,

l3).r rU

Thft vf;y, theo m6nh dd 2 thi q . I L1 <

l;1,

LqJ

"

li

m6t

chia h6t cho q

1,2,3,

g.

LqJ

Nh{n thdy trong ddy sd : 1, 2,3,

uit, q

n<q

..., n.

cci
:

(r.H)

nen s6 trr nhi6n

(r.ffi]) .t

kh6ng ld s6 hang crla d6y 1,2, ..., n. Nhu vfy,

r fL-,

n=tl.e*rvdi0<r<q
Dod<iL=m+LudiO<l<l
qqq
=lrl.

n=

s6 h4ng cria ddy :

177]=71

Thdt vay : chia n cho q, ta c6

r fL;

M4t khrnc theo mQnh d6 3 thi

n.s.(r*L-rl)

Suy ra

=o

lL)

= J . Trong d6y s6 1,

le

chia hdt cho g.

MQnh di 3 : Vdi m7i sd tu nhiAn n

(q hhd.c 0) ta c6
t

: q tr,i

n6n s6 trr nhi6n

Thet vAy theo mdnh d6 1 ta

uJ =

...,

7x

-Neun > o, thilq > l.

uit. q

q.f?<".
' Lql

, l;). [n

Ndu

... n chi

nq=n[x]<[nxl.

n < q thiL <7, suy r^

rdng trong d6y L,2,3, ..., n (n < g) khdng

cri sd.nio ehia h6t cho q.

Vi tml = fn(a+d)J = frw+nd] = na*[nd.]

na - nguy6n)
Do nd

Ndu

RD

nhien thi

[nx]

Thit v6y : Dat [r] = a, ta c6 x =

tt n = mq * r suy ra
- q v6i r - q 5m, n6n
t rflt
ru<(m*t)q= (Lal +1).q
Mat khric,

n = (m + l)q + r

dring

t?] *

chia hdt cho q.

T.d mQnh dd 4 ta suy ra ngay k6t quA :

days6tlrnhi6n

1,

hdt cho q2, c6

dtng

2,3,...,nodd|ung

tc

[{l
L q.J

Tlong

sdchia

s6 chia hdt cho q3,...

MQnh dd 5 : Ndu sd nguYAn 6 P c6 mQ.t

trong phd.n tich ra thita sd nguyAn fi ctta n !
= 7, 2, 3... n thi sd mu cao nhd't cila p bd,ng

t;l . w\. [r]

< 2m + 1. Do dd chi cdn chrlng minh

z>ftlErdri.

+lfi"ai

Theo nh6n x6t md ddu ta c6

pk<n<pk*1

Thdt vAy, theo kdt quf, tr6n dAy : sd cric

nhdn

trl ctaticlil2.3

...

n chia hdt chop dring

Fn1

sd cdc nhAn ttt chia hdt cho p2

bins
" [:l
Lp)',
r llt

dringbingl-l

.l;s

Chring ta srl drlng c6c kdt quA nhin drroc

tr6n dAy vdo giAi to5n.

Vi au 7. Tich

s6 100

!=

cilng lit. bao nhiu chil sd 0

1.2.3 ... 100 tQn

(De thi hec sinh gi6i M6tscova, vdng 1, 1940)

Gi6i : Tich cria 5 vir m6t

cri chfr s6 tAn ctng 0.

s6

chin ld m6t

s6

Trong 100 sd cria 100 ! cd 50 sd chin, 50

s6 16, vi vAy chi cdn tim tdt cb cric b6i sd cria
5 trong tich d6 cho.
Theo m6nh d6 5, s6

mf

cao nhdt crla 5 ctj

trong phin tich ra thrla sd nguy6n t6 100

bing:

= 24
lfl.l9e,;.1#s
! tin cing Id 24 chit

Viy tich

s6 100

s6 0.

Vi aB 2. Chtlng minh rd.ng nau (n - 1) ! chia

hdt cho n thi n hh1ng phd.i lir. sd nguyn t5.
Giii : GiA srl nguqc lai z li s6 nguyOn td,
suy ra n chl c6 hai rr6c sd ld 1 vi n. Theo m6nh

t1. - 7 c6
dd 4, trong d6y stl 1, 2,
.n-7-|
| = 0 s6 chia hdt cho z. T\l dti suy ra

Lnl

tich : 1.2.3 ...(n - 1) kh6ng chia hdt cho n, tr6i

v6i giA thi6t (z - 1) ! chia hdt cho n. Viy n
kh6ng phAi li sd nguy6n t6.
Vi au 3. Ching minh rd.ng n ! khdng chia
hai cho 2n.
Gi6i : Theo m6nh dd 5 : sd mfl h cao nhdt
cria sd 2 cti trong phdn tich ra thr)a sd nguy6n

tdcriaz!li
2

+, ,l*,,1- h

=; ,l;s

CQng

trlng vd rn bdt ding thrlc tr6n ta cd

rL

,7

h*r* rr*...+-:"\r* r,*..-*

,...

lil.l;).lr'1.

cho

lurT

n n

P'J
Di6u nAy cc5 nghia : sd c5c thrla sd nguyOn
t6 p c6 trong phAn tich ra thta sd nguy6n t6
n dring bing :
cria tich : 1 . 2 . 3
L

- l;1.1*5. .lr\v(izn<n<

11
11
.+2m_t+-.
Dets=r+D:
*...
*, 111

Do dd S = 2,S -

,g

25 = 1

Tt

dd suy

VAy

rl h:

2m_2+ 2m-t

'1
= 7 --

<

l\
r*)

n.S < n,haY k < n

n ! khOng chia hdt

c}l.o 2n.

Viaq+
a) Chilng m.inh riing tdng
1
11"1
(n >- 2) hhong
s = I *;*;*i*...+phd.i lit. sd nguyan.

b) Ching minh rd.ng tdrtg

111 +... + 1 hhons phd.i td. s6
S = ;*;*Z
*
nguyAn
(De thi vao chuyen to5n vdng2, 1973)

'n!n!n!
+T * "'*;
2
Gi6i:Tacd:S-I=

mQnh d6 5 ta suy ra m6u s6 z ! chia h6t

cho mQt luy thrla c:iu,a 2 c6 b5c cao hon cria ttr
sd. Di6u niy chtlng t6 S - 1 khongphAi ln s6
nguy6n, do dd S crlng khdng phAi li s6 nguy6n'

Tt

b) Cd thd lam tudng t1t nhu cAu a.

Vi aq 5. Tim luy thita a cao nhd.t cil.a 7 md'

1000 ! c6 thd chia hdt cho 74.
Gi6i : Theo mQnh d6 5, lfly thta o cao nhdt
crla s6 ? cd trong khai tridn thnnh tich cac
thrla sd nguy6n t6 crla 1000 ! bing :

.1ooo. .7000-

r 7ooo1

"=L;)*L *)*lr*)=764'
V4y 1000 ! chia hdt .1ro

7164'

Dilc,8A'n Ng6 Gia TU, Hei Htrng ; Bqch lfdng Y,

Nguydn Phuong Lan,9T, PTTH NEng Khidu

Hh Tinh ; Dd Dang Tao,9F, chuy6n V.T Ilng

Hba,

Hi

TAy.

16 NcuvEN

Bai T1/201 : Tim x e Z dd s6 25x + 46 lit

ilch crta hai sd nguyan lin tidp.
Ldi giai z Cd.ch l. (Cria Dd.m. Khanh Hba,
9A, PTTH chuy6n Luong Ven Chenh, Phri
YAn). GiA sif cd r, n e Z sao cho
25x+46 = n(n.*l)

<+100r+184:4n2+4n
c=+100r+185
Trlc In 100r

=(2n+l)2
185 la sd chinh phrrong (1).

MAt khac ta bd : 100r + LB5 = 5(2ox +37)

Trlc Id (100r + 185) : 5 (5 Ia s6 nguy6n t6)
nhung / 25 (vi2Ox*37 / lYx e Z)

Vly

100r

185 khOng thd le s6 chinh

phrtong (2).

fildi TZl2Ol t Tim cac chtt sd x, y, z, t tnd

xy.yz=ztz(x*y,z*0)
Ldi gini : Ta cd .y y. > 10x. 10Y
= 100ry < 1000 do dd ry < 10
\t y" cri t{n cing ld z nln ly - l)z i
a) z

Y6iy

Gi srl cd r,' n Z sao cho

25r*46=n(n*L)
2.

y=
xhy ra
b)

d6u d6n ddn v6 phAi cria (3) khong chia hdt

cho 25, md vd tr6i cria (3) lai IuOn lu6n chia
hdt cho 25. Mdu thudn nDry cho thdy kh6ng tdn
tai r Z dd s6 ztu + 46 ld tich cta hai sd
nguyOn li6n ti6p.
Nhfn x6t : Cdc ban sau dAy ciing c<i ldi
giai tdt : Kint Ngqc Minh, Trd.n Trung Tidn,
7M, Mari Quyri ; Bir.i Dtlc Minh, 8A, 86 Vin
Ddn ; Trd.n Vi|t Binh, Nguydn Anh Hod.n,
Nguydn Hbng Hit, Trd.n Bd.ng, Nguydn Long,
Hoir.ng Trit.My, 8}J; Nguydn. Dic Phuong 9H,
Trrrng Vtrong ; Hn Ndi ; DQng Anh Tud.n, 7T
Chu Vin Ar.; NguydnVu Anh Thu,9A1, H6ng
Birng, HAi Phdng ; LA Vd.n An, Phgm llbng
Linh, Nguydn Xud.n Tuong, 9T, Phan BQi
Chdu, NghQ An ; Trd.n Thi Khua,98, Quang
Trung ; Nguydn Nggc Hung,9A, Nang khidu
Hoing Hda, Thanli tl6a; Pham Hiti hba,7T,
Vu Thity Duong 8T, PTNK ; NguYdn Hoiti

6,

z chin. Theo

(1

thi di6u niy kh6ng

c)y=1.Tacri*l,T=72
<+100r * lO(rz+ 1) + z = \O0z * lOt * z
N6ur* 1< 9-->r =z+x =z= 2"'+t = 5.

Vdy ta dudib6 nghiQm (2, L,2,5)

Ndurz +l > 10. Khi d6xz*7 -- tOa+b

(a > l) vd. z = x * a. Vi z > r n6n.

*25x *50 = n2+n+4

(3)
+25x * 50 = (n + B)(n - 2) + lO
Ta c6 (n+ 3) - (n - 2) =5 ndn n * 3 vdn - 2

ho4c ctng chia h6t cho 5, ho4c cing kh6ng

chia h6t cho 5. Song, trong cA hai trrrdng hgp

cd

dqng 5t5

1) ni6u

Cd.ch

= 5,y16,;t 1. Do (1) n6ny {3,5, 7,9}.

e {5, 7, 9} thi x = !.YOiY = 3thi

Bing cdch thit ta thdy tich xy .y)

trong_c6c trudng hop niy d6u Eh6irg

thu6n vdi (2) chrlng t6 ring : kh6ng

tdn tai x e Z dd sd 25r + 46 la tich cria hai s6
nguy6n li6n tidp
(

10.

Ta c6 cAc tnrdng hqp sau

z>4.Tac6zx*1:l0a*b+
z2

- za* l. = lka +b.*#=

aeZ

6dd-1<c=b-1<8.
z2

Nhrr va;; ta s6 thrl z e {4,5, ..., 9} sao cho

c (mod(10 +z)lvdi -1 < c < 8 (2)

=
Tacd:

V6i z=4
z:5
z=6
z=7
'
z=8
z=9

16:2
25=10

36=4

(mod14)
(mod15)
(mod16)

49=15(mod17)
64=10(mod18)

81 :5 (mod'19)
Tr) bAng tr6n ta thdy z : 4, 6,9 nghiQm
dring di6u kiQn (2). Cdc $6 tri c:iua xva, hldng
fng se li r = 3, 4,5,

t = 3,5,6

L,2,5) , (3, 1, 4, 3),

(4,1,6,5) , (5, 1, 9, 6)
Nh4n x6t : Dd c6 cdcli,i giai gti ddn d6u
kh6ng hoin chinh (thi6u nghiQm ho4c thta
D6p s6 : (2,

nghi6m). MOt s6 bdn cd ldi giei dring nhrl

Nguydn Ngoc Hurug 9A Hoing Hria, Thanh
H6a,To Quang Chinh Nang khidu Thrii ThUy,
Thrii Binh nhrrng ldi giAi cdn ddi.
DANG FIUNG THANG

Bai T3/201. Bidt

cd,c. canh cila, tum giac

ABC ld 3 sd nguy1n lin tidp. Tim rlQ dtti cd,c
csnh crta tum gi6c ndu :

Nhi6uban khricgiAi dfngnhungvidt ddi ddng.

3A+28:18P
Ldi gi6i

Qwynh,9T Phan BQi ChAu, Ngh6 An ; Trd.n

Thi Khu,98 Quang.Trung, Nguytdn 1tJgO"
Hung 9A NK Hoing Hcia, Thanh LISa ; Vu
Huy Hod.ng 8T, PTNK HAi Hung ; Hodng Bd.o
Nam SArPhong Chdu, Vinh Ph:u; Pham Anh
Tutin gNKThudn Thdnh, Hi B6c ; Pham Huy
Tilng 8A Bd Van Din, Nguydn Hbng HdA 8H
Tnrng Vuong, He NOi..
vO

Tri gia thidt srly ra

nC=24+B

C > A, C >B . Do d6 AB > AC, AB > CB.

Tr6n canh AB ldy didm D sao cho AD = AC.

-,--\\1800-ArC=180"^ rce-i
^

Tacri CDB =

^
=180o-(A+B)=C

rru rnuv

BdiT4lz0l : Cho p lir mdt s6 nguyn duang

16 hhd.c 5, d ld, mQt sd nguyn duong khdc
2, p, p + B. Ching minh rarug til tQp hqp
tl : t2, p, p + B, dj c6 thd tim duoc {t nhdt
3 cQp @, b) khd.c nhau trong dd a, b ld. cd.c
ph71n tit khdc nhau thuQc td.p t qp M sao cho
ab - 1 khOng lit. binh phuon g cfi.a m\t sd nguyn.
Quy udc cQp @, b) uit. cap (b, a) ld nhu nhau.

Ldi giai (cira ban Phqm Huy Tirng 8A, Bd

Ven Dan, Ddng Da, Ha NOi ; La Anh Vu l0
CT, Qudc Hoc, Hu6)

* TnI6c hdt ta chon duoc cqp (p,p

+ 8)

- | = m2 (p+4-nt)Qt+4+m):17*
Thdt vAy ndup(p + 8)

Tr) dd LABC oo LCBD

BC

[n*+-m=7

ln++*m=17

DB

AB: CB+BC::AB.DB
hay BC2 : AB(AB - ACS 1x1
ruAB - BC : t hoac AB - BC :2
a) Ndu AB - BC = 1.+ AB = BC + t vit
Theo bni

AC:CB-l

Thay vdo (*) ta cci

b) Ndu A-B - CB = 2

AC: CB+l

,"

nghi6m nguy6n

+ AB =

Thay vio (x) ta cci : BCz

suy ra

cci

+x2 -y2 = 76 <-+(x - y)(x *y) : 16

V * - y,r *y cing tinh chin 16, x - y < x + y

[x-v=2

BCz-zBC-2=0

Phuong rtinh niy kh6ng

suy ra P : 5 trrii gii thidt,

+ Ti hai c4p (2, p') vd {2, p + 8) la lu6n chon
dudc it nhdt m6t c6p. ThAt vdy n6u trrii lai thi
2p - | = y2,2(p +8) - I = x2

CB + 2 vit

- BC - 2 =

"u"i, *y:8*P=5loai
Tt

3 cqp (2, d), (p, d) vd (p + 8, d) ta lu6n

chon drloc it nhdt m6t cap. ThAt vAy
+

lc

= l-_t ltoai;

Ndu tr6i l+i

Hda,9A Lrrong VEn Chrinh, Phri Y6n ;Vo Nhx

A

lna -

(*)

[O+s)a-1:cr

DodcfBC=2,AC=3,A8=4.
Nhfn x6t :
Giai tdt bii ndy c6 c6.cban : Ddm Khanh

lza-t=o'
:62

Vi 2d

(n*)

1 ld s6 chinh phrrong 16 suy

ra

2d - | = 1 (mod 4) -ud 16. Tn (*) vA (**) suy

rab ch6n, c chin, b < c. Datb = 2b1, c:2c,

n8d = 4(ct -br)(c, +br)

-

2d : (c, -b)("t *b,) :

D6 thdy
"21-bi

hi6u hai sd chinh'phrtong chia cho 4 cd drr 0,

t hodc 3. Vi d 16 n6n 2d : 2(mod 4). Mdu
thudn. + DPCM.

Nhfn x6t

ldi giei-t6t : Nguydn

Trqng Ngh[n, 11A, PTTH, Vi6t Tri ;NgO Xud.n
Phong, 11L, P?NK, Hii Hrrng, LO V6n An,
9CT, Ngh6 An ;Ngo Bich Thdo, 10CT, Hai
Phbng, Sao D6, 9T, Hoang Hda, Thanh Hcia ;
Pham Dinh Trudng, 10CT, HAi Phdng.
: C6c ban c<i

{2

ud

li

q > 0. Chnng

Dit

P(x2) =

"d

Ldi giai (Nguy6nMinhThq (11A, QudcHoc,

Quy Nhon) ; Vu Huy Phuong (PTNK Hei
Hung) ; Nguydn Manh Thd.ng (10A, chuy6n
Thrii Binh), Dinh Khdnt (11T, Lrrong Van Tuy,
Ninh Binh) ; NguydnThdi Hd (Mari Quyri HN)
Kh6ng mdt tinh tdng qu6t, coi q > 1. ViSt
bdt ding thrlc dl cho drr6i dang
(qa _q-ayz > 2@ _q-rf

*qo -q-d >,r, -l

O
f(q) = qo

1
f'(q) :

(1)

- ,t, (, -'), q > I

_,
1.
+ q-n) -'r/, (, *

q-o

f'(q),-ff rr" +q-o)- (n *i),

f(q) > f(l)

:0,

Trrong tu, tt vi6c xelt da thrlc Q\il

ta duoc P(r) la da thric tr6n (-oo ; 01.

-r2

sao cho
(1)

ls(r)
Chon Q(r) = x3, ta duoc P(r3) li da thrlc.
DiLt T(x) = P(x3). Mat khric, tt (1) cd :
T(x) : R(f) vx > 0 vh T(x) : S(rl) vr < o
Suy ra : R(C) = T(x): S(rr). Do drj
rB(r) = S(r), vd didu niy chrlng t6 P(r) Id da
thfc (DPCM)

NhQn x6t

Ban Vit Thi B{ch Hit, IIC

trrrdng Chuy6n ThAi Binh ctngc<i ldi giAi dring.

Ban LO Van An cho ldi giAi sai vi chrra hidu

dring kh6i ni6m da thrlc vi kh6ng hidu dung

de bar.
NcuyEN rHAc urNH

(theo Nguydn Thdi Hd 10M

Marie-Curie Hd N6i, Nguydn Huy Hoitng llB
trrrdng chuy6n Vinh Lac, Vinh Phri vd L Anh
Vit l0 C? Qudc Hoc Hu6) : V6i m6i z e N ki
hi6u E, ld ntta kho&ng (n ; n * 11. D0 thdy, v6i
m6i r R* ddu tdn tai duy nhdt z N sao
cho r En. Xdt hnm /(r) duoc x6c dinh bdi :

r*

fk\

rraAu

Nguydn ThAi
Marie-Curie He NQi) : X6t da thrlc

Ldi gi6i.

Bei T6/20l : Xdt hd.m s6 P : R - R th6a

mdn : Ndu Qk) lit da thic u6i hQ sd thuc c6
bdc >- 2 thi P(Q@) cung td.mQt d.athic. Chrlng
minh rd.ng P lit mQt da thic.

Ldi grai @ia

*a,,

D6 thdy, hdm sd (bidn r) P(x2) lll hdm ch6n

tr6n rB. Do d<i ai: 0 v6i moi I 16 thufic i0 ; 1 ;
2; ...; e). Tt dci suy ia Pk) li da thrlc tr6n
[0, +*1

dPcm

NcuyEN vAN

+ apc

nguyn.

hdm d6ng bidn trong [1, *oo)

Do dci :

+...

BdiT7l20l. Tim mQt hdm s6 f(x), xd.c d.inh

tri thuc cia x, sao cho udi x bd.t hi
:
f(f(x)) -x ud f(x) nhdn gid. tri nguyn hhi x

:'{i | (oc -n\ *Q -Q'I :

g L'' ''' qo*l )tt
,l
:;lr"-q)\1-r"+t)>o

li

+ort*-l

udi mgi gid.

i)l

4la(t"
Yio>r[2,q.-111'6n

Vfiy f(q)

lRtnne'ux>o
P(x\:t-"
zrlux<0

(qo*q-")2>2@2+q-2)

sd

x2. Tir gie thidt cria bdi ra ta c6 P(x2)

da thrlc.

minh. rdrug

X6t hdm

Nhu vdy, tdn tai cac da th(tc R(x) vd S(x)

DANG HTJNG THANG

BAi T5/20f . Cho a >

Qk)

Hd

10M

1 ndu

x e Ervdi n

ch5;n

-r*1n6urEnvdin16
0

Ta sE chrlng minh hdm f(x) th6a tdt ch cac

di6u ki6n cria d6 bai. Thet vAy, tnrdc hdt, d6
thdy f(x) xdc dinh tr6n ,R vd f(x) nh6n gi5 tri
nguyOn khir nguy6n. Tidp theo, ta chrlngminh

f(f(x))=t

YxeR.

r : 0 hidn nhi6n cci Dpcm.

*Vdir>0tacci;

* Ndu x Env6i n chin thi x + 1 En+i

vd ru * 1 16. Do dd : f(f(x)) : f(x * 1) =

:-(r*1)*1:-r

*Ndu x e E,v6in16 thi -r * 1 < 0 vi

x - I e En_r, n- 1 chan. Do dd : f(f(x)) =
= f(-x) + 1) = -f(x - 1) = -(r - 1+ 1) : -r.
* Y6i x < 0 thi -r > 0 vd do d<j f(f(-x)) =
= -(-r) = r. Mat khric, ti c6ng thrlc xrlc dinh
f(r) de thdy f(x) ld hdm 16 tr6n R. Bdi vAy
fV@) = f(-f(-x)) = -f(fl-x)) : -x.
:

NGUYEN KHAC MINH

BAi T8/201 . Xi hieu lo, 16, lr lit dQ ddi cd,c

dudng phd.n gid.c trong duoc kA fii cd.c canh
tuong ttng a, b, c crta tam gid.c. Chilng minh :

abca) tb+L* qU+

lh

la

UU-'ll

lc
oa6

b)

ABC-n3{5
*cos5 *cos7 < Scos

(ddu

":"

xdy ra khi vd ctri

tni

vD.

6=

2
AA-BC d6u).

Met kh6c 6p dung c6ng thric S =

;6c

sinA

AA

, ta d6 ding cd
A lo ,l *-),cos
1. B lt ,l 1,
cosV=Z\b
2=, (;*;),
C l, ,l +r)
1,
(1) suy ra
cosT =
Z \;

sinA

zsin

lb+lc

,cos

abc
,ABC,

J-

r) < 3V3.
,la*1, * lc+la* lo*lb,
Suyrag* (
a
" )*
"
,abc\
" \rr+r,* r,u* rr*u1 =
= 2(cosr+cos
,+cos

< 3\'3

abc

r,. r,* ry r* *

dpcm d a).
6

ru)

,
(a + b)t
(b + c)2 (c + a)2
lABC,
= Z (cos7*cos7*cos7) <
13\[i s- (dpcm 6 b) (vi ta lu6n luon
* ;.;
= i{3
a-L-

c6 (x + y)2 2 4xy).Ddng thdi ta cring dd chrlng

minh ddu "-" trong a) vd b) d6u xdy ra drldc,
khi AABC d6u.
NhOn x6t. Hdu h6t cric ban d6u giAi nhu
tr6n, sd it ban gi6i c:ich khric vA ddi hon. Cac
bAi sau dAy c<i ldi giai t6t'. Trd.n Thi Khue (98.
Quang Tiung, Tlanh Hcia) : Phqm. Dinh
Truitng (10 CT PTTHNK HAi Phbng) ; Phant
Dtc Minh (10 CT PTTH Son Tdy), Dirm Anh
Tdi (Ll CT DHSP Vinh), Dinh Khd'm 11 CT
PTTH Lrrong V,an Tqy - Ninh Binh) ; Vu Huy
Phuong (11 CT'P?NKHAi Hrrng) ;Nguydn Ld.m.
Hidu (llA CT Dai Hoc Vinh) ; Doan Phuortg
DOng (10A, PTTI-I LA Quy D6n, Di Ning).

'

vi

ta

Bei T9/201 . Trn parabol {P: y = x2 ta ldy

A1 , A2, Aj , A4 , A5 , A6. At As cat
ArA,, tqi o, A/a cdt ArA., tqi p, ArA., cat AuA,,
tai y. Chtng minh rd.ng d, F, T thd.ng hdng.
Liri giai. Ki hieu lij = lii(", y) : 0li phrrong
trinh dudng thing qua A, ,Aj (i, i = t, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6 sao cho i

cci

* j).

DAt

P(x, y) = l15126liq + hl16' lzt' lss trong dci A la

mQt sd tiry chon. DAy lh m6t da thrlc bdc 3 d6i
vdi x, y vi v6i mqi didm A;(xi, l) thu6c P ta
d6uc<j P(xi,t) = 0 (i : l;2;3,4,5,6), Bdy
gid, ta ldy didm Ao(xo, Jo) nio drf tr6n sao cho
Ao*Ai (i = 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6) ddng thdi cho k ldy
gte

la+lc lb+la

_L

cd

6 didm

,i)vi trong ^ABC, o . ; ,Z ,3 . t

n6n cosT

ld
bia

oANc vtF-N

3-

=zvJ
b+c* "*o+
Ldi giii. Do him s6 cosx ldi tr6n doan
lo

cAc c6ng thfc (1), ta lai

lc
lb
c*a
a*b
ABC
-a-a-:
2ab cos2
Zbccos2 2cacos

TiI

x V6i

fii ko:

-11s. 126.

131

116. 121. l2s

lx=xo
ly=yo

Hidn nhi6n ta cd P(xo, y,,) :0. Nhu vdy,

ta c5 7 didm thu6c Fsao cho P(x, y) = 0 (1).
Thd y bdng x2 vio vd trrii cria (1), ta cd :
P1x , x2): 0. Day ld m6t phuong trinh da thrlc
nguy6n bAc 6 d6i V6i r th6a min v6i 7 g1d tri
khac nhau cria r n6n P(x, x2) : 0, hay moi
didm thudc Faeu th6a man P(x, y) = 0. Lai
coi P(r, y) ln m6t da thrlc nguy6n bidn y, ta cci
thd viSt P(x, y) : (y - x2) Q@, y) + l?(r) (2)
trong dii Q @, y) Id thrrong vn R(r) ln phdn
dri. Mqi didm ctra (P: y - *2 = 0 ddu th6a min
P(x, y) : 0 n6n ,R(r) = 0 hay (2) trb thdnh
P(x, yt : (y - iS Qk, y). Do P(x, y) ld 1 da
thrlc bAc 3 ddi vdi r, y n6n Q @, y) ld m6t da
thrlc bAc nhdt ddi vdi x, y hay cd dang ax * by
* c, vd P(x, y) : (y - x2) (ax * by + c). Cric didm
a, F, T kh6ng thudc Fndn tai dri y -x2 * 0,
suy ra ot. + by

*c:

0 hay chring thu6c dudng

thingoe*by*c:0dpcm.
Nhfn x6t. 1. Bdi torin -rdn dring v6i moi
hinh cdnic.
2. C6 5 ban giAi bdi ndy vd giAi dring.
oAttc vtE,tt

Bei T10/201. Tu diaru OABC uu1ng d O c6

dudng cao OH c6 dinh, cdn cdc dinh A, B, C
chuydn dQng. Gqi A', B' uit. C' ll.n luot lit hinh
chidu cia H bAn OA, OB ud OC. Ching mi,nh
rang 6 didm A, B, C, A', B', C' cil.ng nd.m trn
m6t md.t cd.u ud. mQt cdu ndry luin luOn di qua
hai didm cd dinh.
Ldi gini : Tt c6c tam giric OAH, OBH vit.
cri ;
99H_ vu0n8_ 6 _ H:_ta
oA. oA, oB. oB, oc . oc' = oH2 :h2
(d4t oH = h) ) (1) Qua b6n didm A, B, C vD.
A' kh6ng d6ng ph&ng cd m6t m6t cdu (8) duy
nhdt. Mat cdu niy chrla dridng tfin (AA'B)
n6n cring di qua B' vi ABB'A' ld m6t tit glac
nOi ti6p. Ctng vAy (?) chira drrdng trdn (AA'C)
n6n di qua C'. Tcim lai, 6 didm A, B, C, A', B'
vi C'cr)ng nim tr6n m6t mat cdu (8) nio d<j.
(?) thay ddi vi cric didm A, B vit C chuydn ddng
tr6n mat phing (z) vu6ng g6c v6i OH A H.
Goi P vd Q 1n hai giao didm cria (8) va
drrdng thing OH, D = (4H) n @C) vi E ld
giao didm thrl hai cua (?) vdi drrdng thing
AII, thd thi ta duoc :
OP . OA = OA. OA' = h2 : (Pol(e) Q)

HP. HA = nA. HE = (pil(e) (3)

trong dd PMI(q li phuong tich

HP . HQ = ZHA. HD (4)

Suy ra

: {Pal(?)

HP . HA = -2h2

(6)

(oP-ottxoe-on:-2ffi2

khi thay OH = h
(6), ta dqg"
Sau

vd.

OP . OQ

h2 vdo

(7)
oP+oQ=4OH:4h;
(7)
(2)
rnng
chrlng
t6
vA.
hQ
thrlc
_Cac

OP = xt vd OQ = x)ld hai nghiOm duong phAn

bi6t cta phuong trinh bdc hai sau dAy :

x2-4hr+h2:o;

(8)

Phrrong trinh ndy cho ta 2 nghiOm

xl

,2:

hQ +t[51

-{ipn

lop_= tz
gn
loe = e +{s
chrlng t6 ring P vd Q li hai didm cd dinh. Dci
ld dpcm.
Nhfn x6t : Dring tidc ld 2 ban giAi chrta
dat (vi ng6 nhAn, kh6ng chfng minh cdn thAn
de kdt ludn P vd Q ld hai didm cd dinh). Chrra
cri ldi giAi nio hodn chinh, hodc vi chrra chr.lng
minh cdn thAn 6 didm d6ng cdu, hoac vi chrlng
minh chtra thdt chinh x6c (do khOng bidt srl
dung d6 ddi dai sd). Ldi giAi tuong d6i dat hon
c6 ld cfia hai ban : Ddn Thu Huong vd. Pham
Diruh Trudng,l6p 10 chuyOn torin Trdn Phu,
HAi Phbng.
BanNguydn Thai Hit.10M, Mari Quyri Hd
NQi, c<i ldi giei dring song trinh biy qua t6t vd
cdc h6 thrlc :

kh6ng s6ng sua.

NGUYEN DANG PHAT

Bni L1l201. M|t mach

ngubn di|n
r) uit. 3 didn bd x,

d.in gbm mQt

di4n trd trong

(sud.t diQn dQng 8,,,

!,

z.

a) Trong 3 cach md.c sau dd.y : 3 din trd ru6i

tidp nhau, 3 di|n trd song song, 2 diQn trd y uit.
z song song nhau rbi nili fiAp u6i x, ngui,i ta dbu
thdy cOng sudt ileu thu bdi z lit. hhOng ddi.
Hd.y tf nh y, z,

diQn qua z) theo

cria didm M ddi v6i mat cdu (9)

- D0 dnng chrlng minh drloc ring.Ff lir trrrc
tAm cta tam giric ABC vd E ddi xrlng v6i H

W. P9, ,g!it ld : HE = 2HD, do dci

[,ai vi tam glac OAD vr6ng 6 O, n6n ta dtloc

(5)
HA. HD = -OH2 = -h2

ti ,a!

,o

ud. x.

b) Ap dt!tug sd : Cho
:
Iu 5A, tinh y, Z, Eo..

O, kr cuitng

d.Q

d.dng

r : 7Q ; x = ZSt ;

Ldi gi6i : Vi z kh6ng ddi, trong 3 c6chmdc

L

c6ng sudt ti6u thu d6u

bing Po =

(JoI,,

t-

v4y Uouit.

Io

cingkh6ng ddi

vi ti

16

=?Io

cring kh6ng ddi,

- Khi x, !, z n6i tidp nhau thi

En : In(r * x I y * z) fl = r I x + y + z (l)
- Khi x, J, z song song nhau, hi6u di6n thd
chung cta mach U, : z.Io vd ddng di6n chinh li
I.z Irz
I:I uvx
-.trldd
," , z.
E=Irt1+-+-\+Izu \ y x/ (,
rz rz
(2)
E:r+-+-*z
yx

ffAn ffuc chinh d trudc F m\t doan a d.d quan

sdt mOt udt pharug cuc ruh6 AB ddt trudc hinh
ud,t sao cho dnh cita AB mit mat nhin thdy d
cdch md.t mOt doqn I (xem hinh). Hdy ching
minh lit d0 b)i gidc thu duoc lit

LD
a,
G: u (I +;)tt
\
fl:

--->

- Khi O, ll z) n * x, hi6u di6n thd chung

y vd z ld Ur, = z Ir: ddng di6n chinh

D lit. khodrug nhin

rO ngd.n nhdt cia mdt

dO diti quang hoc cia

ngudi quan sat, L lit

kinh hidn ui (khodng cdch tit tiu didm dnh
cia k{nh uQt ddn ilAu didm udt cia k{nh ntat.t,
f 1uit. f ,ldn luot ld. ilAu cu cilu kinh udt ud cia
hinh md,t. Tit d6 suy ra c6 ntd.y truitng hcp mit,
dO b1i gidc

sE Oang

cira

M*
I
Itl t

tl

-SIu,Zt
I__+I-:I
y (' (,\l1+_\:taccj
y/

Eo=1,(r.i)(r*x)izro
--->E

Tt

-),

rz xz
=r*x*-*-*z
vv

(1), (2), (3) suy ra

(3)

, = *i9

B"L)"

r:1r +r;

E,,

T:,
V6i r

(x2

+rx +l;1r +ry

r)
= 1f), r : 2e), I(,:
z = 12 !) vi.8,,: 105V.

SAta cdy

6e

NhAn x6t. C<i 42 em giri bei giii trong d<i

ldi giAi dring, dac bi6t la cdc em :
Nguydn Thanh Binh, 11A, PTTH V6 Minh
Drlc, S6ng Be, Dinh Nggc Bdo,9L, Trdn Dang
Ninh, Nam Dinh, Nam Hit, Nguy1n Quynh
Nam, 10M, PTNK Marie Curie Hd N6i : Ld
H6ng Nam., 9L, NK Thdi Thqy, Thrli Binh ;
Nguydru Dic Ph.uong, 9H, PTCS TrungVuong,
He NOi ;Vu Thi Bich Hit, 11C, PT Chuy6n
Thai Binh ; Vu Quang Huy, 9L, Trdn Dang
Ninh, Nam Dinh, Nam Hd, Ngd Van Tdu,l2L,
PTNK HAi Hung ; Nguydn Duy Tir,9L, NK
Gia Lrrong, Hd B6c.
cci 33 em cci

OK

B};iLzlz0l Chim tia t6i m6t hinh hidn ui

uoi truc chinh, sau khi qua kinh
hidn ui, hQi tu tcli F tuAn ffuc chinh sau kinh
m&t (F gqi ld ilAu didm sau cia hA "kinh uet
- kin.h nl,d,t". Mat rugudi quan sat dat tai M
sotLg song

Hudng din gi6i. Y 2 tia sdng di tr) B.

m6t tia song song voi truc chinh vd m6t tia
qua 07, di qua kinh vdt vd kinh r.rrdt.2 tiall
kh6i kinh m6t cci drrdng k6o ddi c6t nhau tai
.B". Dua vA.o c6ng thrlc tinh dO b6i gi6c

a'
AB
G= ovdia=
D,a

A"B"

Dua vdo c6c tam gi6c ddng dang suy ra

lla A
(t':-----:-=.A8.

t liz

TtddrftraG:A'
G co gia

tri

AD

*
ltl :

a
*t)
1,711

trong hai tnrdng hop ld

a:}vdl=0.
Nhfn x6t. Crj 7 bai giai dring, dac bi6t li
2 em cri ldi giei

cci

t6t:VuThi Bich Hi4 11C, PTTH

chuy6n Th6i Binh ; Trd.n Hbng Quang, 12A, PT

ddn ldp XuAn Hda, M6 Linh, Vinh Phf.
MT

Ban c6 Uidt ?

S.udng "o$ s&"

MC0e{fnf

v& t?ng dUng etia n6

vio vrgc dung nghrQm thqc cfia phuonglrinh bqc B

NGIIYEN CANG
A - Dudng "v6 sd" cira NICOMEDE
Nhi to6n hoc Nicomdde 6 vtng Tidu A (thd
H tflf hai tnr6c c6ng nguy6n) da dua ra m6t
drrdng cong dd giAi bai todn chia ba m6t gric
bdt ki.
Ta dd bidt m6t gdc tir ndo ctng phdn tich
duoc thdnh mdt gcic vu6ng vD. m6t gdc nhon.
Chia ba m6t gric vu6ng ld vi6c d6. Ta chi ban
ddn vi6c chia ba m6t gcic nhon bdt ki.
..'.,..
,,,,,.,,,'.,,. .,,..,.",

,
,

:,, ":,:::,::::::::

,::::

,i

,: ,

,
,,.,

,,,,
..

,,,..,,:' .:',' .
.,..:.i , ,,,, ,
,:::,

,,,,,,,,
::,:,:::::,:

VE theo cd.ch Nicomdde dd

ding

Ta dtrng m6t cAy thu6c (xem hinh 2) 6 tr6n

d6 c62

didmM vi.M'

sao cho

MM'

:2.

irtllt:iit,i.ii:.l.1it.:.Miiii,i

,',,.,,,,'
::::::::,

*i,j,i

Didm

.,.i.iii,iiiii:i,
i,.,t,i,i.i.i.i.,

ll:,lltl:lt::l:],li]lll ll

Hinh

M s6 chay tr6n drrdng thing vu6ng g6c (D) vai

AB di qua C vd didm M' sE vach n6n drrdng
conchoide do tr6n thtt6c crf mdt cdi rdnh vd
trong rSnh dri cri con chay. Didm A di nhi6n
drroc cd dinh.

Bay gid ta chri y ln dudng conchoide (N)

gifp ta chia ra ba phdn bang nhau g6c BAC.
Thgc vAy nhin hinh v6 CE' ll AB. Didrn ,E' 6
tr6n conchoide n6n EE' : 2. Ndu F lir trung
didm cira EE'th\ FE = FE' = FC = AC = l.

Ydy cdc tam giric AFC vd FCE' le. cAn do dci

O hinh v6 tr6n, BAC ld. m6t g<ic nhon vi
giA sit AC = 1. Cho (D) la m6t dtrdng thing
vu6ng g6cvdiAB vd di qua C.
I

V6i moi didm M cira (D) ta ldy mdt didm

M'trlang rlng sao cho MM'= 2. Khi M chay
li6n tuc tr6n (D) thi M'v6 n6n m6t drrdng cong
(M gqi ld dttdng "v6 sb" (conchoide) Nicombde.
Cd thd ndi (M ld dudng conchoide c:iua (D) c4
cuc ld A vi m6 dun 2. Gdc nhon md ta mudn
chia 3 ld gdc BAC.
Mudn v6 dtldng conchoide (N) ta
theo 2 cdch

c<j

thd v6

ffi=*;n
J

Dgng c6c nghiQm th{c cria

*+a**bX*c=o

bao gid cring drta v6 duoc phrrong

trinh

bAc B

cci dang

x3+px*q:0,p,qeR
bingcrich dzrtx=**3
Dd cho 3 nghiOm d6u thuc
kien ln

(1)

cA

thi

4p3+22q2<0

Vo tr)ng didm (fng vdi M ld M'sao cho

MM' :2)

mOt

phrrong trinh bdc 3

Ta d6 bidt m6t phuong trinh bAc 3

(Xem tidp trang bia 3)

di6u

Bdi T7l2O5 : Cho da thrlc :

P(x) = ao* arcosx* arncos2x* ...*

nnn

8"+y =,

nhAn giri

tri

duong V"r

Chfng minh : 0,,

RA

KI NAY

ancosrux

DNO I RTJONG GIAN(i

Bei T8/205 : Cho AABC

c6 cdc carrh a, b, c,

Cdcl0p PTCS
Chrtng minh ring, trdn drrdng trbn dle cta
tffi*$ii',ri?
Bai rr/205 : rim nem sd khac nhau rrong
!b1(:?l iyi.r itirjrt9Sr,':t;

d6v tinh sau dAy

DAM VAN NIII

1**+**+**):r.*:**

Bidt ring

a) Trong ba s6 hang trong ngoic, thi cri m6t

s6 hang Ie BSCNN cria hai s6 hang kia.

b) Sd chia

Ii

sd nguy6n td

Bei T9/205 : Cho didm M bdt ki trong

LABC. N6iA]l{, BM, CM c6tc1.c canh d5i diOn
tudng rlng tai Ap B 1, C,. Chrlng minh ring
:

>4

vi li USCLN cria

hai sd ncii tr6n.

NGUYEN KHANII NGUYtlN

PHAN VAN DUC

Bni T2l205 : Chrlng minh ring

nd'i.t

Bai T10/205 : Mat cdu n6i tidp trl

b,

b*c,c*avd
a(l +bc) -b -c all *co) -c -a
a -a
b -c
a(l+ab)-a-b :P
a-b
thi 3p2 - a2 + 1 : 0
TO HAI

Bii T3/205 : GiAi phtrong trinh

(\t, +r - \ (\t1 -x, + 1) :2x
lE ou6c nAN

Bdi T4lz0i : Tam glec ABC vu6ng 6 A c6

AB = 6cm, AC = 8cm.
Goi 1ld giao didm c5c drrdng phdn gi6c, M

li

trung didm cira BC. Tinh s6 d,o g5c BIM.

vO HOU eiNH

Bei T5/205 : Cho drrdng trdn (O; .B) d{ng

drldng trbn (O', R) sao cho tdm O nim tr6n
drrdng trdir (O', R').Ddy AB c.iua dudng trbn
(O, R) di d6ng vi tidp xric v6i drrdng trdn
(O', R') tai C. Xdc dinh vi tri cria day AB dd
ACz + B0 dat giri tri l6n nhdt.
NGUYEN DT,C T,{.N

C6c l6p PTTH

Bai T6/205 : Cho 10 sd nguy6n dttong

a1t ,.,t oro, chfng minh ring tdn tai cdc sd
c, {-1, 0, 1} (i : 1, ..., 10), kh6ng ddng thdi
10

sr

L crai
i:1

bang O sao cho s6

chia hdt cho 1023

TRAN XUAN DANG

10

di6n
tidp xric v6i mat d6i di6n dinh A, tai
Bi tgqi-d,ld drtong thing qua trong tAm mat ddi
di6n dinh B, cua trl di6n B ,BprB ovittuOng gic mat
d6i di6n dinh,{ c',ra tf dran-A,$$gq, fi=I}\
Chring minh ring cic dudng th6ng d' d6ng quy.

A.AA4,

TRAN DUY HINH

C6c dd Vat li
Bei L1l205 : Cho ry li truc chinh cria m6t
thdu kinh, S li m6t didm s6ng thAt nim tr6n

ry, S' Ii Anh thAt cria S qua thdu kinh, .F, Id ti6u
didm vat cta thdu kinh. Bang ph6p vE hinh hoc,
hey tim vi tri quang tAm O c,ia t[au Hntr.

ffi

VQ

Biri LZ|%O1 : Cho mach di6n nhrr hinh v6,

R, : 2Rl - 6R, R., = 2Ro: 8-R. Hai dbn Dt
vd D, gi6ng nhau, cd hi6u di6n th6 dinh mrlc
ld, 24V, 86 qua girl tri di6n trd cria dAy n6i,
khcia K vd cdc ampekd. Khi K dring

a,

chi 0.

chi 1,5A,

1. Hey
x5c dinh s6

chi cria o ,
vi o,- khi ,*
m6.

2. Khi K rii
m6 hai ddn iii:
D.*
D,
) vi ,\
sang
blnn
thudng.
Hay tfnh
a) Hi6u ,ri
di6n thd ngu6ii U';
b) C6ng sudt ti6u thu dlnh mrlc cta
r::,,:i:r,

bcing

ddn'

LAr rHE H'EN

s6c

T7l2O5. The polynomial P(x) = @., * olcosr

+ ... + ancostlx takes positive values for all r.
Prove that oo > 0
DAO TRUONG GIANG

For Lower Secondary Schools

Tll2O5. Find five distinct natural numbers
from the following equality
(1)
1*x + xx * I'-*): ** = ;;
Provided that
a) One number in the bracket is the least
common multiple of the two others

b) The greatest common divisor of those

two numbers is a prime number and is equal
to the divisor of the left side of (1).
PHAN VAN DUC

* b, b * c, c * a arrd
a(l + ca) -c -a

T8l2O5. Let a, b, c,be lengths of sides of A

ABC. Prove that on the Euler circle of ABC
there are two and only two points P such that
p4z16z- a2S + PB21cz- o2) a pg21q2- br)=o
DAM VAN NHI

Tgl2O5. M is a point, inside L ABC. AM,

BM and CM meet the sides opposite to A, B
and C respectively at Ar, Bland Cr. Prove that

lAr

IBM*\lfcM >
*\
'l *.^, *E *",

T2l2O5.Show that if a

a(l +bc)

-b -c
-----b-c:----;-;-=
_a(l+ab)-a-b _,,
a-b
then3p2-o2+1=0

(ttl

-x * 1) = )y
withi

9ff

(i = l, 2, 3, 4) be the straight

line

face opposite to Bi of the tetrahedron

BpF3B4 and perpendicular to the face

LE QUOC HAN

T4l2O5. Given LABC

AB :6cm, AC = Scm.

T10/205. The inscribed sphere of a

tetrahedron A\*fu
touches the face
:
(i
opposite to A, at Bi
l, 2, 3, 4).
Let d,

'Tgl2O5. Solve the equation

-,

NGUYEN KHANH NGUYEN

passing through the center of gravity of the

TO HAI

(\fi +,

and.

opposite to A, of the tetrahedron ArA,yA,rA,r.

Prove that d r, d2, dj, dohavea common point
TRAN DUY TlINl{

.I is the common point of the inbisectors, M

is the middle point of BC. Calculate the value

of BIM.

Th0ng b6o

VU HUU BINH

T51206. The center O of the cfucle (O, R)

lies on the eircle (O', R'). A, B are points on
(O, R) such that AB in a tangent of (O,, R') at
a certain point C.Determine AB such that
AO + BCz is maximal.
NGUYEN DUC TAN

For. Upper Secondary Schools

TG|?O5..

Given 10 positive integers a1t

{-1, 0, 1}

oro. Prove that there are c,

'10

(i = 1,..., 10), not all 0, such that}cra,

i:1

divisible by 1023

...t

is

Nhu de thong b6o tr6n sd s(eo0 nerrr 1994

TC ToSn hpc vA tudi tr6 nhfn ddng c6c Anh,
ph&n 6nh cAc dnh thrlc hoc to6n vd dqy to6n
c0ng nhU c6c sinh ho4t khr{c cia c6c hec sinh
ve thAy gi6o chc l6p chuyGn to6n. chuy6n tin,
c6c trrldng chuy6n, tnldng ning khidu cila c6c
dia phUong (Tinh, huydn, thi xe v.v...). Cho ddn
nay T6a soan chua nhfln dtlQc anh n6i tr6n cta
nh'rbu trudng, nhibu dia phuong, d{c bi$t l} c6c
tihh, thanh phd pl'u'a Nam.

drlqc Anh c0a c6c ban dd

' Bdt mong nhan
, tddng tr6n Tqp cht To6n hoc va Tudi tr6.

TRAN XUAN DANG

TodN

Ho.

c vA

rud:

tnf
11

l--

NGAY THr THU NHAT 20

Cnu I. Cho da thtlc

- 7-

19e3 (150 phnt)

P(x,y) = 4xy(*2 +y2) -6(*3 +f +x2 +y +*y2) +g

1) Hey phAn tich P(* , y) thdnh nhdn trl'
2) Tim tr6n m4t phing toa dO t$p hqp nhirng didm md tqa

dQ @'

(x2 +y2)

y)

c:{ua

chung

th6a mdn di6u ki6n P(x, Y) =

thinq
CAu IL Cho hinh thangABCD' bidt'4.B ll CD vdAB = a, CD = b' DrIdnB
vd
BC
AD
b6n
canh
cin-ce2
AB
v6i
q,r. gi"o aie- cria hai aria-ng chr'o vd song_ song
<
EF
rilng
{@b
minh
vd"chrlng
6 E vitF. Tinh dO dai irqikf theo o vd*b,
cnu III. Chrlng minh ring v6i a > 0, he bdt phrrong trinh sau v6 nghiem :
0.

(1)
(2)

[*r.y2-1

Cnu IV. Cho ba s6

1rr'.2x2+a
(3)
li-u{V<ttz
mdt khric nhau vi c * 0. Bidt ring hai phrrong trinh
a, b va c
AOi

(1)
(2)

x2+ax*bc=0
vd y2+bx+ca=O

phuong
drlng m6t nghiQm chung. chrlng minh ring c5c nghiom cbn lai cta hai
trinh d? d6u ln nghi6m ctra phrrong trinh

cci

(3)

x2+cx*ab=0

CAu V. Cho dudng trbn tim O b6n kinh,R vd mdt didm K cd dinh nim trong
hinh trbn dd. Det Oi = a, O 1 a < R. Hai dAy cung AC vd BD cta drrdng trbn
d6 cho vu6ng g<ic v6i nhau tai K.
glnc
1. chrlng minh ring b6n trung didm crla bdn canh,4-8, BC, cD, DA ct]-trd
trbn'
drrdng
m6t
tr6n
nim
d<j
cr)ng
cAnh
b6n
tr6n
K
ABCD ve bdn hinh chi6u cria
-Z. CnAng minh ring drrdng trdn di qua t6m didm ndi tr6n van cd dinh khi
aC vd Bi quay quanh didm K (md v6n vuOng g6c vdi nhau). Xric
c.ic ddy
".rog
tAm vi b:in kinh cta dttdng trdn drj.
dinh
=a. voi m6i vi tri cira day cung AC vd BD, v6 hinh cht nh/t KALB. Tim tQp
hqp cric dinh L ctra hinh chu nh4t ndy khi AC vit BD q:uay quanh K

NGAY

rHI THIl HAI21 - 7 -

1e93 (180

x*3v
x * -;---:. =3(1)
x" *J"
l

{r*0,

ring tdn tai 4 s6 a,

fo,.

loo .
Cdu VIII.
Chrlng minh ring tich
P = 1a;, -

1",

b2

T2

c
l-

O.

-f
O

,^r
--r.

c<

y'T\>

-l
o

C,
z,
G)

u
J.

[.r1

-o

oj
uo

-",=bp-br,

tiy ! a, ' A2,

a3 , ArvdAt'

a) (% - a)(% - a)(at - a)(az - os) x

x (a2 - a.)(az - a)(as - a)(es - at)(a, - at)

lu6n chia hdt cho 288.

..., brrth6a

< b2 ... . bzt < 200

, aj , bk, b, sao cho

Cho 5 sd nguyn phdn biQt

Z,
D,

D
C

y-3x :0(2)

x." + y'
Cflu VIL CAu 40 =U n*rrrl6n duongo, , e2 , ... arovd"bl
m6n c6c di6u ki6n :
11 *o, 4a2...<atg<200
Chrlng minh

c<
/T\>,

=
-{

J))

--IJ.

phfi)

Ciu VI. Giai he phuong brinh

J.

3,
=
.O,
J

Cdu D(. Tr6n m6t phing toa d6, rn6t didm

A(xo , !) drioc goi -la dldm nguy6n ndu

xo,YoeZ

GiA sir AtAz . . . An ld, m6t n - gi6c l6i c<i

tdt chcric dinhA, , A2 .. . .4r, d6u ln c6c didm
Bidt rang mi6n.da giric dri (bao gdm
l^fl"y."":
tdt ch cdc didm thu6c mi6n tr6rrg vd thuOc Ei6n
-.trJc la hinh da grri.c) kh6ng ch?a bdt crt m6t
dr6-m nguy6n nAo ngoii chinh cdc dinh
41, A2 ... \,Chrlngminh ring n < 4.

Cdu X. Cho tia At vir m6t didm E khdc

E e Ax. ?r) .8, v6 tia Ey. Hai didm C
vA D phdn bi6t, khric didm .E, cho tru6c tr6n
didm A,

tia^Ey. MOt didm B chay tr6n tia Ex. Cric dudng

thing AC vd BD cit nhau d M, AD vd BC c6t

nhau d l/.
. 1. Chrlng minh ring dudng thingMN lu6n
c6t tia Ey tai mot didm r c6-ainh. "
2.Hey x6c dinh mOt vi tri cria didm B tr6n
iia Ex sao cho cd.c tam glac MCD vd NCD cd
di6n tich bing nhau.

LOI GIAI CHO CAC BAI

CUA NGAY THI THU I{AI
Cdu VI. Nh6n hai vdcira (1) v6iy vi cria (2)
vdi x r6i c6ng theo vd ta duoc ?-xy + B By. Tt
=
dri suy ray * 0 vdr = (gl2) (l - t)ly. Thdgi6

tri niy vdo (1) rdi rrit gqn thi dJoc

.4yt + 5y2 - 9 = 0. pT niy cd hai nghi6m
y = + 1. Hai girn tri tudng ring criar ldr = 0
r = 3. Bing thir lai, ta drroc hai nghiOm ctra
hO dd cho la (0, 1) vi (1, 3).
CAU VII. X6t tdt ci 19 x 21 = 899 tdng
af + bj vgi^i = 1, ..., 19 j = 1,.., 21.899 tdn!
-u*d

ndy ccf thd nhAn cdc g1d tri trl 2 ddn 400 (cung
cri 399 gi:i tri). Ta cci nh6n x6t ring c6c tdn!
kh6ng thd nhnn d'i 899 gi*e tri phai
f1gl9t
bi6t. Bdi vi ndu th6thi phAi cri at Ut'= tvd,
=
Q j,t = ar,
= 20A, nghia ld a, * b21 = a1, = b 1,
rniu thudn v6i chinh gia thidt dat ra. Vdy phAi
crj hai tdng nio dci bing nhau. Kh6ng *;tiirl,
tdng qurit, ta giA sit a, * bt = ai i bo, t ong
d6 a, < or. Nhung tr} dd dd
ri'ng 4 sd

ai

, aj ,

x6t 4 sd a2, , . . . a, dd dudc hai s6 khric cfing

crf hi6u chia hdt cho B. Nhrr vAy trong tich p
cci it.nhdt hai hiQurkhric nhau ctng chia hdt
cho 3, suy ra P i 3;
2) Theo nguyOn tic Dirichlet, trong 5 sd da
cho cci it nhdt ba s6 cci cr)ng tfnh chin 16, Do
dd chi cdn x6t hai tnrdng hop :
Ndu ccf it nhdt 4 sd cd cing tinh chin 16 thi
tr) 4 s6 niy, cti thd l6p n6n 6 hi6u khdc nhau
cing chia hdt cho 2. Tich ctra chring chia hdt
cho 26, suy ra P chia hdt cho 25.

N6u .

cci dring ba s6, ching

han

&j, c6 cr)ng tinh ch6n 16 thi hai sd

cbn lai phAi cd. tinh chin 16 grdng nhau nhtrng
kh6c tinh ctriri te v6i ba sa trOn."Vay b6n hi6u
@t

d2

sau ddy d6u chia hdt cho 2

(at - o) , (at - a), (az - ar) ud, (*,r - o).

M4t khec, trong 5 sd de cho, cd hai s6 cd hi6u

chia hdt cho 4, suy ra trong 4 hi6u vta kd tr6n,
cri m6t hi6u chia hdt cho 4, nghia li tich cria
chung chia hdt cho 2-s. ydy p i 2s
CAu IX. Ta chrlng minh bing phAn chrlng.
Gi6 sir n > 5. Vi cric dinh cria da gi6c d6u
nguy6n, n6n toa dQ @, y) cria m6i dinh chi cci
p.6t !r9ng bdn dang : (ch6n, chin), (chin, 16),
(16, chin) vi (16, 16).
Vj ,4y, 5t cci hai dinh crj cirng d4ng,'giA str
d<i ld A(x', y') vd B(r" , y,), tri-ngdjx;ve y,
!1o"g rlng cci cing tinh ch6n 16 v6i x,, vA y".
Khi 61y, do da giric da cho li da gid.c l6i n6n
trung di6m M cria doan AB (nim tr6n canh
hay drrdng ch6o cira da gi6c) cfrng thu6c mi6n
da gir{.c dci, vd cri toa dO (r, y) nguyOn :

x,=(x'*x,)12Zvd
y=(y'+y,)l2eZ.
Di6u

dpcm.

niy trrii vdi giA thidt, tt dd suy ra

Ciu. X. 1) Dtrng dinh ly M6n6lauyt

.
(xem
hinh)

.,.,.,:.,,:,,:,:,',:,:,,,:,

"rry'"u
bo uit. bothda m6n c6c didu ki6n cria

oau bal.

:::i:l:iiii;;::;;llll:lil

CAu VtrII. Ta cd 288 = 25 .32. Vav ta cdn

chrlng minh 1) P i 32 vd 2) p: 2s. Mu6n vay,
ta stt dung m6nh d6 quen thu6c : Trong z * I
sd nguyBn tiy y, ludn t6n tai hai sd i friOu
chia hdt cho n.
1) Tr"ong 4 sd a, t...t alt cci hai sd ccj hi6u
chia hdt cho 3, gi6 sir

at -

a2

B.

Khi dd ta
13

Cho ACDA c6

NA.MC
'Ti;

FC

FC ND
,p .

.fr

7117_

MA
MC

Nhfln x6t :
1) Ngay thi thf nhdt g6m nhf,ng bii todn

1+

(1) cho

cci

chi dOi h6i nhfrng ki6n thrlc PTCS dai trd, v6i
ddi h6i ki ning B mrlg trung binh ho4c trulg
binh kh6. Tuy vAy vdn cci m6t sd thi s!nh'b!
didm O. Nhi6u em da chi ra ring ciu III thrla

^cDA
BD AM 1+ EC BM . AC .^ED = Bo . Ltr4rzt giethidta>0.
ED' BM' AC =
2) MOt s6 em chring minh ciu,!.l) bing
I (A)
Cho AADN
=
chrlng minh c6c ttt gSde n6i tidp, nhypg
crich
Ca
BM
ND
".,
kh6o n6n da m6c phAi nhtng sai ldm
kh6ng
Tt (1), (2) vi (3) suy ra ddnglidc
v6 l0gic. Cd em de bi6t dnng ph6p vi

FD
EC

(FCIFD):(ECIED) = 1+FCIFD = ECIED.

Vay F cd dinh.
2) Ta s6 chrlng minh ring n6u EA = EB
thi1vIN ll AB. Th{t vdy, giA srl rdngEA = EB

drldng thingMN c6t dudng th&ng AB tai P.

Khi dd, ta crlng ding dinh V M6-n6-la-uyt ttlong
tU tr6n ldn ltigt cho c6c tam g76eABC, ABM, vit
CBM iln &tac PAIPB - EAIEB = 1, v6 ly.
Tt MN ll AB, suy ra FM =.FN vi hai tarn
gl6cMCD vdNCD cd diQn tich bingnhau. Vdy
m6t vi tri thich hop cria B tr6n tia Ex li didm
th6a m6n ding thrlc EB = EA.

mi

tU dd giei cAu V. 3) n6n ldi giAi khri gon.

3) Cric bii to6n 6 ngAy thi thf hai ddi h6i
kidn thrlc vi trinh dQ tu duy cao hdn, vi mang
s6c th6i 16 n6t cria chuyOn todn. Do dr5, nhi6u
em dat kdt qui k6m mdc dir de lnm bdi rdt t6t
trong ngay ihi thrl nhdt. Chi cri duy nhdt m6t
em d4t Aidm tdi da trong ngdy thi niy.
4) Cd kh6 nhi6u em m6c phAi sai ldm l6gic
khi giAi cdc cdu \Ti, VIII, IX. Rdt it em ldm
drjoc tron ven cau X.
Tcim lai, ki'thi ndy cho thdy nhin chung,
c6c em cbn ydu v$ hinh hgc vd c6c bdi to6n dbi
h6i trI duy vd lfp luQn l6gic.
,

^l:

NGUYE,N HUY DOAN

Hoc sinh tim tbi

+,[Zc(a + b) > 4.! *

ru6r coN oudrrrc

Dr 16r BAr roAN rvr6r
NCUYEN THAI HA
L6p 9M Trudng Mari Quyri

He NQi

Trong c6ng viQc hec tap m6n to6n, t6i thudng dat ra cho
minh c6u h6i : tri nhrlng ki6n thrlc d5 hgc, c6 thii s6ng t4o ra
nhlng bdi to6n m6i nhrr th6 nAo ? Nhrlng bdi to6n dy c6 th6
de dUdc ai d6 nghi ra tnl6c t6i... nhrlng difu niy kh6ng quan
trgng. Didlmir t6i thti vi li : qua nhrlng ldn nhr.l vfy, toi caln
thdy.drrgc hitng thri hdn trong viec hec mOn toan. T6i xin d6n
ra d bAi viilt nhy mQt trong nhttng ldn tnri vi dv.

Ai hac lu4ng gi6c d6u Ul6t

mQt kdt quA ddn

thi (sin4 + cos.4)2 < 2. Nfu

mQt tam gi6c thi
lA g6c bdt ky

sind

25

= ,"

Tr) d6 suy ra

.25

coM =

vA

xetl

gian: v6i A
la g6c trong

2b,

sin

(l

tt

mOt di6u ddn

2,[7s bz + cz - az
hc
2bc
4,ES+b2+c2-o2<ib"
+ 4,Bs < 4bc + oz - bz - .2 (3). Trtong tg ta c6
4v-ts < 4ac * bz - oz - ,2 141
va 4{3s < 4ab *
- o2 - t',(s).
"2
'

-r?1+

CQng tilng vd cria

(3),.(4), (5) ta c6

+ ca) - oz - b2 - ,2 (6).
n6r lrtr:f rlng : ab * bc + ca < oz + b2 + c2thi tii
12,/3s
(6) ta c6

<

4(ab + bc

4V3s < oz + b2 + cz 1t1. Bdt ding th(c (?)

di t6i bdt ding thirc (7)

^J
b'-t
i"'a'.t

Ding

giin kh6c :
<1
+
coM
+ 30o) < I =+ (,{312). sin4 (1/2)

Bay gid ta l4i xudt ph6t

vi ngoii

PhAi ch5ng, ngay xua ai d6

c(,[Za+,'lZb-c)

thirc xay ra <+ tam giAcABC lir tam gidc vu6ng cAn dinh C'

hiQn 6 c6c k)' thi toan trong

qu6 quen thuQc).

b2+c2-a2

c2=+S <

cl6 xudt

nu6c. (Chic cdc b4n dd

di di theo

con Oudng nay

O6

(i ,*
)- *'o
e (4S + b2 + c2 - ,212 < Bb2r2
<+ l4S + b2 + c2 - azl <
2,[7 bc(1).Bdtdingthirc
:
<+
si
crxA <+ A = 45o. N6r d6i
thitc
rv4
(1) trd thenh ding

Bay gid c6c b4n thrl doSn xem : cAc k6t quA sau dey, tdi
de di t6i theo con dudng rDo ?

vi d6i vai trd a cho b thi

lts + a2 - b2 + ,2\< z,[2 ac (2).'ti(1) va (2) d5n c16n:
z,[Z c(a + b) > l4s + bz + cz - a21 +
+ l4S + o2 + 12 - bzl > 2(45 + c21

k|

hj

hiC.u,4 cho B

1.4

Kdt qud I: Nfu A lir g6c l6n nhdt trong o4c g6c cia tam

4v3s + a2 - b2 - c2 < 4bc.

Kdt qud 1I: Chilng minh ring : trong tam gi6c ABC

gi6c ABC thi :

1u6n c6

1,45<4bc-,8@2+c2-az)
2,2b2 +
- o2 + 4,[3s < 2b(,[3c + a)
"2

Mong nh{n drJdc thd trao d6i

cdra o4c

b4n.

bdt

l.

TAm cria hQ didm

Trong hinh hoc

V6cto chring ta dd gdp c6c bii torin nhu : Cho

ba didm A? A'A3th!_!uOn cri3aOt di{gn 0 duy
nhdt sao cho OA, + OA2 + OA3 : 0 (didm 0
chinh lA trong tAm cria tam giSc A, AA). M.t
cAu h6i rdt trJ nhi6n d6t ra cho chring ta ld cho
z didm A1, A2, ..., An c6 hay chang m6t didm

a+

2 Oa,: O. Ndu cri thi dung didm 0

0 sao cho

i =1
ra sao ? Vn didm 0 dci c<i duy nhdt kh6ng
Ciu trA ldi ld c<i didm 0 vi 0 ld duy nhdt :

z:

Ndu

O=A,

Ar. Ta chgn lu6n

1 trlc ld chi c6

=ii4

to-i,*e}l,

=i oi' = no?':d

___) i=l
+OO'=O+O=O'

Vdy cho n didm A1,A2...A,rlu6n t6n tai m6t

didm O duy nhdt sao cho

2
i-1

&, = d Tr gsi

didm O ld trong t6m hay vin t6t ld tdm cria

h6 didm A,,A2...A,
V6i k6t quA tdng qurit niy chring ta cd thd
coi ci.c bai t{p 10, 11, 12 (trang 9) ; 17 (trang
l0);24,25 (trang 15);31(trang 19) 11" (trang
26), 15 (trang 27) ; 16^ (trang 27) cria s6ch
gieio khoa Hinh hoc 10"- GD - 1990 nhrr li
nhfing trtrdng hop dac bi6t,

Tim hibu siu th6m "Todn hoc phd th6ng"-

Tf,ne ctia he iilidm ve

khoins

cdch

gifra tf;rn cria hai hC cli&n

TRAN QUANG vY"

o,

2. Khoing c6ch giita tana cfia hai hQ

didm
: Ta d6 bi6t mQt c6ng thrlc : Cho tam
A +
sao cho ) Orl,, = -6
gSdcArBrB2cd drrdng trung tuydn ArO (hinh 1)
i:1
+
2AF21+2AF22-BrBr'
Cd th6m didmd*, ta chi cdn chgn didm 0 thi ArO2 =
GiA sr1 dring ddn a didm, ggi didm dd le

sao cho

non, + oZ*r:

didm.-:)cdn tim vi
+
nOO, = OAl +Ap1+.

o6 thdy o la

hay A,o2

-+

Bay gid ta coi hO didm thrl nhdt ld A, c6

tdmA1, h6 didm thrl hai Bt,Bzcri tAm O,v4y
khoAng c6ch gita tAm cta hai hO didm duoc
tinh bing c6ng thrlc (1). Chring ta h6y di tim
m6t c6ng thrlc tdng qurit cho hai h6 didm bdt
ki. Tnr6c hdt ta chrlng minh Dinh li Giac6bi :
Cho h6 didm

--+

.. + OOn+AnO1

=>oZ*2A7,:
i:1
i=1
=2 &, ->
i:t

rr

q",:2
n

i=l

n*l
dd

i=L

+:1

oa, + o1\*, =

___>

= nOO, + O4*1 =
n

ilAi
i=

d<i lA

-__

if r,er...f oI

duy nhdt vi ndu cd O sao cho

n

dvdc6 o,sao

va

cho

n,arr<tl

i--1

a"*4

ccj

tAm Q (trtc

> dr, : 6

i=1

M bdt ki thi

---t

-)

2 oa, =i:1)

Didm O

&,

= * o,ur, + f, a,er,

MQ2

=* qe w) -

i l?:,P/i)(.)

=6

---)
-->
thi> r7a-> o'4=o*

i--1

i:l

*)
i:r

rda,

Fe,1

=i
15

Thtrc vdy

nffq

:2

Lr-P

i:1

MQ:

a1:f)

kk

-Ze-r:\Ir,lP,
i-l
i=l

+ o,o) =

\2,tr

=R

Dqt

o,o,

,kk

+2>ffe, ffrrrzt
=*n- (\*4
i=l
):l
k

= 22
i.i=t

ffP,

Nr'P,

,fr

(3)

- tirl,ueil - Z

:i^ t2mpi)
-ettizj--tt)r,"i)
):1

P,Pri1,
J

co td.m

didm {B,,B r...Bn ) c6 td.m. lit o,

ld. o ,
Hd.y tim cOrug thuc tinh hhod'ng cd.ch O ,O,
Ap dqng (x) vio ho didm {8,,8-,...Fn} cd
tdrn . O, vdi didm bdt ki la Ot :+

o,B,)

i*:rf?

* yt ,r^l) -* ,(*^,,

rL ,o,'i= *

lVfP)

#,(?=,*r)
Td (4) va (5) ta c6 : O,O

t6

3=*l*(>,ua )-

g15'c

ABCD.

> AD2 + BC2

Vn hay grii bdi to6n tr6n trong kh6ng gian.
2. Cho da g;itc ddu 47, A2,..,,An n6i tidP
trong vdng trbn tdm O b5:n kinh ,R
i:::::,,,.,,,,
..,.,
..,,.,,..,,...,,,,,.'.
a) Chrlng minh
,.,.,,,,,,,,.,.,,,.,.,.,.,.,.,,,.

&,:6

t-1

b) Chrlng minh

)-)

Ze4 = n'Il.'
i.i=t

c) Cho M ld didm
bdt ki tron dudng
trdn. Chrlng minh
khi M thay ddi thi
n

(5)

tit

c) Chrlng minhAB2+ BD2+ DC2+ CA2 >

{4)

Ap dqng (*) vao h6 didm {Ar,Ar...A*) ca

tdm O, v6i didm bdt ki la

Bo+ o,Bi =

"pq

V6i kdt quA tdng quSt (x*) chung ta c<j thd

bii to6n v6 tinh khoAng cach.
3. MQt vhi bbi tQp : Sau dAv ta hay gi6i
m6t s6 bdi tnp.
Cho 4 didm -,uBCD. Goi ,I li trung cliem cria
AB, J Id trung didm cria CD.G Lb, trung didm
c,&.a IJ.
a) Clrrlng minh d4. + cB + cZ * c-b :d.
b) Tinh khoAng cdch trJ theo cic canh vd

(dpcm)

ud. hQ

S>

i ApBq :

ci,) _
(>
2
p:1q=l

nLn

c5c drrdng chtio ctra

Bdi tor4n. Cho hQ d,idm {AL,Az...A^}

:*

b,,

giAi drroc nhi6u

1klk

p22

i BF, =

() a; ) (**)
:n. it-j="ii), -;n" icr:t

/=

a)

-i r> n,a?)

r (>
,3

kk

aij

ara')rt

t"

mlt - 2
- 1X>
i<i:1
i--r
Tt (2), (3) + MQ2 =
*

Al1 1

(MPi-MP,\'

(fr

1kk
:;1,2,*'i

+dt:-

Met kh6c '.21t[*P, L,I-P, =

MPI + MPi

*f) p,q

* t?:fi)

i \S,o',Y

=MQ2 :

-ir|ue')

me? kh6ng ddi.

2
i= I

vi

h6y giAi bni todn

trong kh6ng gran.

,.,.,

DU$NG "v6 so" NIcoMEor vA UNG DUN6

vAo vlEc DUNG rucnlEM THl,Jc
mue p$-iu6Ne Yninum mac s
(Tidp theo trang 9)
di6u ndy ddn d6n p < 0. Ta giA sitp
loai trir nghiOm tdm thrldng.

0 dd

Francois Vibte (nhn to6n hoc Phrip d tird

16) de drJa ra dinh li :

t<i

Cho phuong trinh (1) : 13 *px *Q:0 v6i

h6 s6 thrrc vd c6c nghiOm d6u thtlc. Cd thd
dung drroc 3 nghiOm cria phrrong trinh (1)

bang thrr6c, compas, vi cOng cu chia 3 m6t

gric (nhu conchoide Nicomdde)
Ngudi ta drta phrrong trinh (1) v6 phuong

trinh
(2)
cos30-h=O
:
bing c6ch ddt r fcos) vD. x5.c dinh f bing

c6ch cho (1) va (2) tuong duong. Kdt quA ta

cci

phuong trinh.

cos36*--S = O

0o

* S

Cudi ctng phrrong

cosoo

*r: 2\l;t'
,r:21 l-;;l

cos
cos

\e,

2r.

T)
2r.

lt"- ,)

Ta dtrng cdc nghidm xp x2t ra nhrl sau :

(xem hinh 3)
DUng m6t drrdng trbn (f) tAm O di qua 1
v6i quy rdc OI = 1 D{nB m6t dtldng trbn (C)
tam O cci b6n kfnh

2l E
t'

DUng didm H tr6n Ox sao

cho

OH:L- -o

,\i

(3)

m6t nghiOm cria (3) thi

2n
2n
ud. 9u-g crlng ld nghiOm cria (3).

Ndu 0o

ruo

I -o5

-l 27
"\J
2

Ii

--!:

t;

,, :2\ f

cfin

trinh (1) cri nghi6m ld

Nhrtng crich drrng niy ddu lim duoc bing

thu6c vd com-pa v6i quy t6c OI : l.
Dd cho phrrong trinh
4p3 + 27qz

c<i 3

nghi6m thtlc n6n

< o vi nhrr vay

<1
thing vu6ng gric v6i Ox, di qua
H, cdt dudng trdn (f) t4i U, ta cci :
DUng dudng

r:os

Ding thu6c

^HOU :

OH

"conchoide Nicombde"

ta

cd

nita drrdng thing Ot chia ga. frdi ra 3 phdn

bing nhau, vd Ot c6t dudng trdn (C) tai M,

Ao: ^lHOM, =,

HOU

Tidp theo dtngM2,

gsac

Mrfian

(C) sao cho tam

MrMrM,ld tam gi6c ddu. Cric hoinh

xt, xz,

x,

cl&.a

cria phuong

d6

c6c didm M1, M2, M3lh. nghi6m

trinh

13

*px * g :

0.

Gidi

ttuip bdi

ArHQCiZ
Mu6n tim xem ai ho gi, ta dua vdo hai di6u

ki6n

Anh t6n Vo ho kh6ng phAi ld Hodng (1)

Anh
ho Ly thi cci t6n triing v6i ho cira anh
c<i t6n trirng vdi ho cria anh cd t6n Le Q)
Trl (2) ta suy ra
- Anh hS Ly kh6ng thd c<i t6n Ly, t6n L6.
VQy anh hq Ly chi cd thd t6n Hodng honc
t6n VrI. GiA stt anh ho L! c6 t6n Hodng. Tr)
(2) ta thdy ho cria anh L6 kh6ng phAi ln
Hodng honc L6. Vdy anh LO ho Vr1. Di6u ndy
mdu thuin vdi di6u ki6n (1). Tr) dd suy ra
anh ho Ly phai cci t6n Vu. Anh ho Vri t6n
Hoi.ng, anh L6 ho Hodng vd. anh cu6i cting
le Le Ly. Trjm lai ta crj : Ly Vri, Vr1 Hodng,
Hodng L6 va LO Ly.
(Theo DAo Thi Thi6n Hrtong, 10CT, Ddng
Hd, QuAng Tri)

Ai cao ai thflp ?

BiNH PHIJONG

C6 200 hoc sinh xdp hing 10. Ldn thrl nhdt,

theo m6i hdug dgc ngudi ta chon ra m6t hoc
sinh cao nhdt. Sau dci, trong sd 10 hoc sinh
dtrqc chqn dy ngudi ta l4i chon ra mOt hoc sinh
thdp nhdt.
Ldn thri hai, theo m6i hdng ngang ngudi ta
chon ra m6t hoc sinh thdp nhdt. Sau dci, trong
s6 20 hoc sinh drtoc chon dy ngudi ta lai chon
ra m6t hoc sinh cao nhdt.
Ai trong sd hai hoc sinh drJgc chon theo hai
ldn cao hon ? Bidt ring sa.u ldn chon thrl nhdt
c5c hoc sinh lai trd vd vi tri cri.
xuAN TittlNG

d vi du. B, *2r{2 - 2,{jx - 12r{2 : o

: -2!5 ,b':-t[5 Ro ring b khdng phii sd
ch[n. Lai cci y kidn cho ring n6n ncii b cci dang
b : 2b'.
b

Srich girlo khoa dai s6 9 cria Ng6 Hrlu Drlng

NXB Gi6o duc 1991 trang ?2 S 5 C6ng thrlc

nghiOm thu gon thu6c chuong III c<i vidt :
Cho phrrong tr\nh axz * bx * c = 0
Khi he s6 b chin ta dat b : 2b'

L'=b'2-ac
A' < 0 Phrtong trinh v6 nghiOm
A' : 0 Phrrong trinh cci nghiOm k6p

x,tta= x-:

*'

-6',

- vN

Cdng thrlc tr6n goi li c6ng thrlc nghidm

thu gon ctra Phrrong trinh bdc hai khi 6 chin
b = 2b'.
8035.

MA sd : 8BT07M4

i
t

fJot dteu ve Dar

a'>0

ISSN: 0866 -

Ri6ng t6i thdy ring V b e R d6u vi6t duoc

drr6i dang b = 2b' (b' .e B). Do VAy bdt crl
phuong trinh nio cung cci thd srl dung bi6t sd
L' : b'2 -. ac. Cci di6u li n6n st dung sao cho
vi6c tinh torin thudn loi.
V6i y kidn nny thi bii "COng thrlc nghiOm
thu gon" n6n goi ld c6ch hai cria "C6ng thrlc
nghiOm ctia phrrong trinh bdc hai".
C6c ban thrl suy nghi xem ccj drroc chang ?

,.C6NG THUC NGHIEM

THU GON'.
NGUYEN DUC TAN

Chi s6 12884
In tai Xtidng Chdb6n in Nhi xudt bin Girio duc.
In xong vd grli lrru chidu th6ng 7 11994

Gi6:

1200d

MQt nghin

hai

trlm

rlbng