1

Course Instructor
Dr. Muhammad Anisuzzaman Talukder
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE, BUET
To know visit http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/anis/
Contact Info
Email: anis@eee.buet.ac.bd
@
Phone: 9665650 Ext. 6582
Office: ECE 526

Course Website
Please check

http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/anis/Semiconductor_Device_Theory.
html/
for EEE 461 lecture notes, grades, and updates.

Good News! Bad News!

Materials covered
will be helpful for
graduate studies
and research.

Difficult, mostly
deals with complex
materials, e.g.,
quantum
mechanics.
No single textbook

Course Overview
Lattice vibration: Simple harmonic model, dispersion relation,
acoustic and optical phonons.
Band structure: Isotropic and anisotropic crystals, band diagrams
and effective masses of different semiconductors and alloys.
Scattering theory: Review of classical theory, Fermi-Golden rule,
scattering rates of different processes, scattering mechanisms in
different semiconductors, mobility.
Different carrier transport models: Drift-diffusion theory,
ambipolar transport, hydrodynamic model, Boltzman transport
equations, quantum mechanical model, simple applications.

Time Line
Lattice vibration 3 weeks
Band structure 3 weeks
Scattering theory 3 weeks
Different carrier transport models 3 weeks

Class Tests
Lattice vibration 1
Band structure 1
Scattering theory 1
Different carrier transport models 1

We may decide in favor of a project/term paper.

Text & Reference

Fundamentals of
Solid State Engineering
Third Edition
Manijeh Razeghi
Springer
Topics:

Lattice Vibration

Band Structure
8

Text & Reference

Solid State Physics
For Engineering and Materials
Science
John P. McKelvey
Krieger Publishing Company
Topics:

Lattice Vibration

Band Structure
9

Text & Reference

Semiconductor
Physical Electronics
Second Edition
Sheng S. Li
Springer
Topics:

Band Structure

Carrier Transport
10

Text & Reference

Introduction to Solid
State Physics
Charles Kittel
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Topic:

Band Structure

11

Text & Reference

The Physics of LowDimensional Semiconductors
An Introduction
John H. Davies
Cambridge University Press
Topics:

Scattering Theory

Carrier Transport
12

Text & Reference

Advanced Semiconductor
Fundamentals
Second Edition
Robert F. Pierret
Topic:

Carrier Transport

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First Assignment
Email to
anis@eee.buet.ac.bd with
Subject: EEE 461
Body: Your Name, Student Number <email address>
It will help me to keep you posted on the course updates.

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15

Crystal Dynamics
In elementary physics, we assume that the atoms are rigidly
located in lattices.
Cannot
C
t explain
l i specific
ifi heat,
h t thermal
th
l expansion,
i thermal
th
l
conductivity, etc.
Atoms vibrate even at absolute zero around equilibrium
zero point motion, zero point energy.
The amplitude of the motion increases as the atoms gain
more thermal energy at higher temperatures.

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Crystal Dynamics

We need a refined model.

Atoms are allowed to vibrate around their equilibrium
positions in the lattice.
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Crystal Dynamics
The refined model leads to
the conditions for wave propagation in a periodic lattice,
the energy content,
the specific heat of lattice waves,
the particle aspects of quantized lattice vibrations (phonons)
the coupling between phonons and propagating
electromagnetic waves.
Also introduces
forbidden and permitted frequency ranges, and
electronic spectra of solids.
18

Propagating Waves
Two basic types of wave motion: Longitudinal and Transverse.
Often we are interested in the propagation of sound waves
th
through
h crystals.
t l

Longitudinal Waves

Transverse Waves
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Interaction of Atoms
Equilibrium position is achieved by balancing attractive and
repulsive forces between individual atoms.
The origin of force lies in the electrostatic interaction between
electrical charges.
Potential curve:

20

10

Mathematical Model
Consider 1-D system of two neighboring atoms, one at the origin
(R = 0) and the other at a distance R vibrating around R0.
1 d 2U
2
dU
U R U R0
R R0 2 R R0
2 dR R
dR R0
0

1d U
3
3 R R0
6 dR R
0
3

dU

dR

R0 0

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Mathematical Model
Let U0 = U(R0) and R R0 = x
1
U R U 0 C1 x 2 C2 x 3
2
where

d 2U
1 d 3U
C1 2 , C2 3
6 dR R
dR R0
0
Constants,, depends
p
on the nature
of the crystal formation

Force, F

d 1
2
C1 x C1 x
dx 2

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11

1-D Monatomic Lattice

The simplest crystal.

Identical masses with a spacing of a.
Atoms move only in a direction parallel to the chain.
Consider only nearest neighbours interact (short-range forces).

un-2

un-1

un

un+1

un+2

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1-D Monatomic Lattice

Consider only nearest
neighbor interactions.

The force on the n-th atom:

By the (n 1)-th atom:

Fn , n 1 C un un 1

un-1

un

un+1

By the (n + 1)th atom,

Fn , n 1 C un un 1
C: Spring constant Characteristic of the spring.
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12

1-D Monatomic Lattice

Consider only nearest
neighbor interactions.

The resultant force on the

n-th atom:
un-1

Fn Fn ,n 1 Fn , n 1

un

un+1

C un 1 un 1 2un
Using Newtons mass action law:

d 2 un
Fn m 2 C un 1 un 1 2un
dt
We obtain a large number of coupled differential equations.
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Displacement Solutions
Traveling wave solutions:

un Ae

i kxn t

Ae

i kna t

i k n 1 a t

eika un

i k n 1 a t

e ika un

un 1 Ae
un 1 Ae

After substitution in the equation of force

C
2C
2 eika e ika
1 cos ka

m
m

4C
ka
ka
sin
m sin
m
2
2
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13

Dispersion

Forbidden frequency
region

m sin

ka
2
/a

/a k

The system is dispersive.

There is an upper limit of m.
The lattice acts as a low-pass filter.
Transverse waves behave similar.

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