7.84 Slow Sand Pts 182 Rapid Sand Filters 8, DISINFECTION 81 INTRODUCTION 2 CRITERIA FOR A GOOD DISINFECTANT. 83 MECHANISMS OF DISINFECTION {4 FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENCY OF DISINFECTION ‘4.1 Type, Condition and Concentaion of Organisms to be Destroyed 842 Typeand Concentration of Disinfoctant {843 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Water to be Treated B44 Time of Contact Avalable fr Disinfection 845 Temperate of she Water 85 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS GOVERNING VARIABLES 5:1 Contact Time 452, Concenteaton of Disinfectant 85,3 Temperature OF Water 8.6 CITLORINATION 6.1 Chlorine ad its Propentes 862, Chlorine Water Reactions 186.21 Free Avaliable Corne {86.22 Combined Available Ghlorne 8623 Chloriae Demand 86.24 Estimation Of Chlorine 1863 Cblorizaton Practices 8634 Proe Residual And Combined Residual Chlosinasion 564 Chorin Residual 187 APPLICATION OF CHLORINE ATA Safe Handing Practices 87.14 Storing Shipp, Containers 87.1.2 Eempeping Containers 87:13 Conecting And Dsconnecng Containers 172 Chlorinatoss 87.21 Types Of Feeders 1473. Engineering Control of Hazards 261 268 269 209 269 20 20 2m m m m m DISINFECTION m m m mm ms 2 mm mm mm m8 am 280 231 281 2a 2x2 oo)87.21 Piping Systems 87.4.2 Number Of Cylinders Or Containers 87.33 Mai 87.4 Chlorine Housing 83.8 Chlorine Evaporseors 8.76 Aneilary Equipments 87.6.1 Weighing Machines 87.62 Personne Peotection Equipment 87.63 Chlorine Detectors 87.64 Automatic Changuover System 83.7 Safety Considerations 87.8 Handling Emergencies 879 Personnel Training 88 CHLORINE COMPOUNDS 89 DISINFECTION METHODS OTHER THAN CHLORINATION 89.1 Heat 8.9.2 Chemical Disinfectants 89.21 Halogens Other'Than Chine 89.22 Ozone 89.23 Potassium Permaaganate 89.24 Meal lons 89.25 Acids And Bases 89.3 Radiation 893.1 Ultaviolt Radiation 9. SPECIFIC TREATMENT PROCESSES 94 INTRODUCTION 9.2. CONTROL OF ALGAE, 9.2.1 Geneeal 9.2.2 Causative Factors for Growth 9.221 Nutrients fn Water 9.222 Butrophicasion 9.223 Effects OF Eutrophication 9.224 Sunlight 9.2.25 Characteristics OF Reservas 2865 ras 29 200 m2 22 mm mm 293 23 295 206 206 28 28 we ea 209 300) 300 500 x01 wot 303 303 3039.226 Temperature Fefects 9.2. Remedial Measures 9.2.3.1 Preventive Measutes 9.2.32 Contaok Measures-Algicdal Treasment 9.233 Relative Merits OF Chlosine And Copper Suiphate Treatment 9.3 CONTROL OF TASTE AND ODOUR IN WATER 93.1 General 9.2 Control of Taste and Odour 9.3.2.1 Preventive Measures 9.3.22 Comective Measures 9.4 REMOVAL OF COLOUR 9.4.1 Causes of Colour 9.42 Colour Removal 94.2. Colour Due To leon And Mangune 942.2 Colour Due To Algae 94.23 Colour Due To Colloidal Organic Mater 9.4.24 Colour Due To Industrial Wastes 9.4.25 Oxidation OF Colour 9.4.2.6 Treatment By Acovated Carbon 9.5 SOFTENING 9.541 General 9.5.2 Method of Softening 9.5.24 Lime And Lime Soda Softening, 95.2.2 lon Exckange Softening, 95.23 Combination Of Lime And Zeolite Softening 96 REMOVAL OF IRON AND MANGANESE 9.6.1 Sousces and Nature 9.6.2 Removal Methods 9.6.24 Precipitation 9.6.2.2 Contact Beds 96.23 Zeokee 9.6.24 Catalytic Method 9.6.3 Simple Techniques for Irom Removal in Rural Ares for Small Communities 9.63.1 Package Iron Removal Plants For Hand Pump an 312 312 33 313 313 au au 35 315 315 a5 us a9 (vi) B9.6: Iran Remewal for Large Communities 329 9:7 DEFLUORIDATION OF WATER st 9-21 Removal Methods wm 97.4.1 Fluoride Exchanges mm | 977.12 Anion Beehangers wm | 974.3 Actiatnd Cashion 2 dl 9.7.1.4 Magnesium Salts: 333, | TAS. Alumina Sale Ey | 9.1.2 Simple Method of Deflation sat a 972.1 Meckauism Of Defloridtion By Nagonda Technique a9 4 9.7.2.2Rural Water Supply Using Precipitation, Setding, Filtration Scheme OF Nalgonda | “Technique Continuous Operation 9 9.8 DEMINERALISATION OF WATER on 9.81 Disilation an AA Sola Sells ay 9.81.2 Singl-Etfect Disation 3h 9.8.3. Mullipl-fffeet raporaion an 982, Freezing Ms 983 Solvent Extraction a5 2.84 Osmosis 35 985 lon-Exchange Process 316 986 Performance of RD and ED plants a 99 CORROSION we 99:1 Mechanism of Corrosion a8 99:2 Types of Conosion a0 9921 Galvanic Comosion a 99.22 Concentration Cell Cosoxion 2350 99.23 Say Cueent Corosion “81 99:24 Stes Conosin 381 9925 Bacterial (Bochemiea) Cormsion % 903 Physical and Chemie] Factors of Water AFfecting Comoson 382 | 9.9.4 Soil Nature aud Corrosion 382, | 05 Conroson Testa xa 99.6 Contosion conto} 358 9.9.6.1 Cathodic Protection 354 (is)9.6.6.2 Protection By Sacrificial Anode 9.9.63 Control OF intemal Cosrosion 10. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 10.1 GENERAL. 10.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS 10.2 Continuous Versus Intermsiten 10.2.2 System Patten 10.23 Zoning 1024 10.25 Location of Service Reservoirs 103 GENERAL DESIGN GUIDE LINES 103.1 Peak Factor 1032 Fire Demand 1034 Resideal Presure 1034 Minimum Pipe 1035 Layout System of Supply System of Supply 1036 Plevation of Reservoir 10.3.7 Boosting V3.8 Location of Mains 1039 Valves 10.4 SERVICE RESERVOIRS, 104.1 Panction ws) 104.3 Saucture Capacity 104 Infews and Outlets 105 BALANCING RESERVOIRS 106 HYDRAULIC NETWORK ANALYSIS 104.1 Principles 106.2 Methods oF Balancing, 107 DESIGN OF PIPE NETWORKS 107.1 Approximate Methode 10.7.2 Rquivalent Pipe Method 10.23 Pipe Network Cost Minimization Problems 10.7.3. Formulation OF The Objective Function 355) 356 389 359 359 359 359 360 300 360 360 360 361 361 361 361 set 302 302 362 362 302 363 36 363 364 364 364 365, a2 312 32 a3 a @s)10.7.2 Formulation OF The Constraints 3m 10:73.3 Analysis 35 10.734 Consemting A Starting Solution 315, 107.45 Constructing A Penalty Function 316 10.7.3.6 Sequential Random Search Procedure 376 10.8 RURAL WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYST 316 109 HOUSE SERVICE CONNECTIONS, 378 109.4 General 378 109.2 System of Supply 378 109.3 Downtake Supply System 319 10.94 Materials for FTouse Service Connections 381 10.10 PRE NAN 3a 10.10.1 Gencrat 3a ) 10.10,2 Waste Assessment and Detection 382 10.0.3 Geaning of Pipes 386 10.11 PROTECTION AGAINST POLLUTON NEAR SEWERS AND DRAINS 388 10.11. Honizontal Separation 388 10,11.2 Vertical Separation 388, 10.11.3 Unusual Conditions 388 10.12 PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING 388 | 11, PUMPING STATIONS AND MACHINERY ao 11 REQUIREMENTS: oo 11.14 Selection of Pumps 302 11.1.2 Types and Constructions of Pumps 302 11.121 Pump Types Based On The Undedying Operating Principle 302 11.12.2 Pump Types Based On The’Type OF Energy Input 302 11.1.23 Pump Types Based On The Method Of Coupling The Drive 393) : 14.124 Pomp Types Based On The Position OF The Pump Axis 393 . 1.1.25 Pumps Types Based On Constructional Features 393 11.13 Chteia for Pump Section 393 1.14 Considerations of the Pueameters of Head, Discharge and Specd in the Selection of a Pump 304 111.5 Consideration of the Suction Lift Capacity In Pump Selector 304 1115. The Meaning OF NPSHe 304 11.1.5.2 Vapour Pressure And Cavitation 396 (oxi)11.153 Calculating NSE 111.54 Guidelines On NPSHe 11.455 General Observations 1.1.6 Considerations of the System Head Curve in Pump Selection TLL Sunosary View of Application Parameters and Suitability of Pump 11.1.8 Defining the Operating Point or the Operating Range of a Parup, 11.1.9 Deive Rating TLL.1O Stability of Pump Chassetristies 111.11 Considerations while Selecting Pumps for Sees or Parallel Operation 207 307 307 399 401 402 408 408 405 11,1.12 Considerations of che Sie ofthe System and the Numnber of Pumps to be Provided 08 11.113 Considerations Regarding Probable Variations of Actua! Duties faom the Rated Dates TLLAB.1 Affinity Laws 11.1132 Seape 11.414 Pump Testing TALI Testing At Sie 112 INTAKE DESIGN 1121 The Objectives of Intake Design 11.22 Guidelines for intake Design 113 PIPING LaYouT 313 Suetion Piping, 113.2 Discharge Piping 1133 Valves 11.331 Suction Valves 113.32 Delivery Valves 11333 Air Valves 1134 Suppomts 1135 Surge Peoreetion Devices 114 SPACE REQUIREMENT AND LAYOUT PLANNING OF PUMPING a6 115 INSTALLATION OF PUMPS. 116 COMMISSIONING 11.7 OPERATION OF THE PUMI 1.8 MAINTENANCE OF PUMPS = Adjusting The Acsual Characteristics 408, 408 409) a 4 an wu a2 a5 ns a5 415 a5 46 416 a6 46 SYSTEM aT 40 420 aan fexip11.81 Periodic inspection and Test 11.82 Dally Observations 11.83 Semi Annual Inspection 11.84 Annval Inspection 11.85 Facilites for Maintenance and Repairs 1.85.1 Consumables And Lubricants 11,852 Replacement Spares 11.853 Repair Work Shop 119 TROUBLE SHOOTING 11,10 SELECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS 1140.1 Genera 11.10.2 Selection Criteria 11.10.21. Constnictional Features OF Induction Morors 11.10.22 Method OF Staring 11.10.23 Voltage Ratings 11.10.24 Type OF Enclosures (Table 11.11) 11.10.25 Class OF Duty 11.10.26 Insulation 11.10.27 Selection OF Motor Rating, 11,11 STARTERS MALL TYPES 1141.2. STARTERS FOR SQUIRREL CAGE MOTORS 1IL11.2A Selection OF The Tapping Of Auto Transformer Type Starter 1112 PANELS 11.121 Regulations 11,122 Various Functions 11,123. Improvement of Power Factor 111231 Selection Of Capacitors 11.1232 Installation OF Capacitors 11.1233 Operation And Maintenance Of Capacitors 11.13 CABLES 11.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION AIM Bssential Features 11.142 Duplicate transformer may Be provided, where instalation so demands or 4a 42 ry (sx)11.15, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 1115. Consumables 11.152. Replacement Spares 11.153 Tools and Test Fquipments 11.1544 Preventive maintenance 11.1541 Daily 11.1542 Monthy 11.1543 Quarterly T1ASA4 Semi-Annual 111545 Annuat 11.15.86 Bi-Annual 11.16 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 11.16.1 Motor gets Overhented 439 49 439 29 439 439 439 40 40 a at at a 11.16.2. Motor gets Over loaded (draseing more than the rated curent atthe rated voltage) nn 11.163 Searter/Breaker tips T1164 Vibsation in Motor 11.165 Cables Get Over-heated 42 42 402 12, INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROLS IN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 12.1 INTRODUCTION 122 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE 122.1 Instruments & Contr! Systems 123 SYSTEMS AVAILABL 123.1 Mechanical 1232 Pneumatic 1233 Beene 1234 Blectropacummatic 1235 Hydeopneumatic 123.6 Method of Conteol 1236.1 Manat 1236.2Semi Automatic 123.63 Aumomatic 124 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES, 125 LEVEL MEASURENIENT 443 43 43 45 5 45 45 45 45 (xiv)125.1 Essential instruments M6 126 FLOW MEASUREMENT “ 1264 How Mensrement ly Close sans “ 127 FILTER FLOW CONTRO, i (1221 Fite Pw Consol Va 482 | aaratn oF Low or cunmcais 65 (| tay PRESSURE. MEASUREMENT 8 i2yo warn Quaurry “9 ; 12414 Level 459 atiattow “a 12113 Presse Sich Applations 0 1211.4 Fite Comole st 12115 Caner Desging ast 1211 6Waeer Quy a 12.12 INSTRUMENT-CUM-CONTROL PANEL 1 1213 CONCLUSION wo 13. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WATERWORKS 463, 1B INTRODUCTION ws 132 OPERATION AND MAINTENCE us 133 COMMON FEATURES OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 6h [1834 Avaibty of Date Pans, Diving nd Operation and Tramerane Mave aa 1 133.2 Schedule of Daily Operations 64 | 133.3, Schedule of Inspection of Machinery 464 133.4 Recs ue 1335 Recon of Quay of Water sot 1336 Rec of Key Actives of 0 & M te 133.7 Sa Psion ua 13.38 Teeny of Stes 465 ISA FEATURES OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF WATER WORKS ‘6 1344 Soure ad ake Works 46 1342 Mainerance of Dans 465 1343 Maineninc of fakes see (a)1344 Maintenance of Pumps 8 Pumping Machinery 13.4.5 Maintenance of Trantmisson Systems 135 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER TREATMENT. PLANTS 1354 Problems 13.52 Requirements 1353 Raw Water 1354 Flow Measuring Devices 1355 Chemica Feeding Unit 1356 Rapid Mixer 135.27 Slow Miser 1558 Claritin or Sedimentation Tank 1359. Rapid Gravity Fikes 135.10 Stow Sand Faers 155.11 Chlosinators 135.12 Clear Water Sump & Reservoir 15543 Treated Water 146 ABRATORS, 13,7 MASTER BALANCING RESERVOIRS AND El 138 DISTRIBUTION sySTEM (3.9 CONTROL OF QUALITY OF WATER 13.10 TASTE & ODOUR CONTROL, 111 STABE PATTERN 14. WATER WORKS MANAGEMENT 1 LEVELS OF MANAG! 14.11 Government of India (G.O.L) Level 14.12. State Government level 1413 Local Body Level 1.2. COMMON ASPECTS OF WATER WORKS MANAGEMENT 14.3 GENERAL ADMINISTRATION 143.1 Duties and Responsibilities !VATED RESERVOIRS PMENT 143.2 General Administration at Operating Level 1433 Personnel AdMINIstration Mt INVENTORY CONTROL 145 ACCOUNTING & BUDGETING 406 166 467 4a 407 168 468 468 40 40 40 wn an an ans 3 a3 a4 a5 316 176 arr a7 7 m 478 478 8 49 80 aL ast 481 (oss146 INSERVICE TRAINING 482 147 LONGTERM PLANNING 333 148 PUBLIC RELATIONS 488 15. LABORATORY TESTS AND PROCEDURES 485 151 GENERAL 195, 152 TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS 385 15,3 SAMPLING 486 15.3.1 Sampling for Physical and Chemical Analysis 486 153.2 Sampling for Bacteriological Analysis 487 15,321 Sampling Boles 187 153.22 Dechlosination 7 154.23 Sample Collection 7 (@ Sampling from Taps 487 (0) Sampling Diet from a Source 486 153.24 Size OF The Sample 138 153.25 Preservation And Storge 49 153.3 Sampling for Biological Analysis 489 15.3.4 Frequency of sampling 489 154 STANDARD TESTS 490 15:4. Physical Examination 490 154.2 Chemieal Examination 490 1543 Bacteriological Examination a1 1544 Schedule of Tess 1 155METHODS OF EXAMINATION 491 155. Reporting of Results aol 156 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES. 492 15.6.1 Recommended Minimum Tests and Fauipment 2 15:62 Facies 493 15.63 Equipment 493 15.7 RECORDS 3 15.8 LABORATORY PERSONNEL son 16. COMPUTER AIDED OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT ‘SYSTEM 495 161 GENERAL 495 Goss)162 DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 1621 Concept 163 APPLICATION TO WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM DESIGN 164 PERFORMANCE MODELS GAL Rap Mix Unit 16:82 Slow Mix (Rlocewation Unit) 164.3 Sedimentadon Unit 1644 Rapid & 16.4.5 Disinecti 165 COST MODFIS 166 PROBLEM FORMULATION Ml Filtesion 95 195, 4 wr wor 498 50 sor 303, 505 503 17. FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS PPL 17.1 WATER S FINANCING TTL Scope 17.2 CAPITAL AND REVENUE 17.3 SOURCES FOR RAISING CAPITAL 173.1 Authosity Responsible 173.2 The Relative Merits ofthe Various Methods 17.4 METHOD OF RAISING REVENUE 17.44 Water Tas 174.2 Water Rates 175 WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT 17S. Scope 175.2 Tasks 17.6 FINANCIAL APPRAISAL OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS, 176.1 Introduction 1762 Project Cycle 17663 Financial Appraisal 17.64 Financial Analysis St 17,7 STATUTORY WATER AND SANITATION BOARDS 118 CONCLUSION 18. LEGAL ASPECTS 181 GENERAL 508, 508 508 500 509 510 sit sit su sul 313 33 313 su si 315 st 320 sat 522 526 (xxv182 SYSTEM OF ACQUISITION OF WATER USE RIGHTS 18.21 Riparian Rights System 182.11 Natal Flow Doctrine 1821.2 Reasonable Use Doetrin 182.13 Loss OF Riparian Rights 18.22 Prior Appropriation Syerem 18 18 1822.3 Quantity OF Wave 18224 Phce OF Le 18223 Preferences 1822.6 Changes Elements OF An Appropriation 2 Beneficial Uses Appropriation 18.227 Transfers OF Appropriation 182.28 Lass OF Appropriation 18.23 Systom of Administrative Disposition of Wee 183 SURPACE WATER 183.1 Power of Legishtion Regarding Water 183.2 National Water Policy 184 GROUND WATER 183 PREVENTION AND CONTRO OF POLLUTION, APPENDIC! A ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS B_ CONVERSION FACTORS u 1. ESNIMATION OF FUTURE POPULATION 3.1 CPM NETWORK DIAGRAM FOR A TYPICAL WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION SCHEME, 5.1 MASS DIAGRAM FOR IMPOUNDING STORAGE 5.3 CLLASSIFICATION OF SOIL 5.4 VALUES OF THE WELL FUNCTION F(U) FOR VARIOUS VALUE OF U 5.5 TYPE CURVE, T OF INDIAN STANDARD RELATING TO WATER SUPPLY 526 526 sa sar 58 528 528 520 529 529 55 330 330 530 330 331 331 535 337 Sat 559 564 575, 978 583, 584 586 (xin)5.6 YIELD TESTS FOR WELLS. 587 5.7 RADIAL COLLECTOR WELL 504 5.8 DISINFECTION OF NEW OR RENOVATED WELLS,TUBEWELLS AND. PIPELINES: 595 6.1 Hazen-Williams Chart 599 6.2 Mannings Chart 600 6.3. Modified Hazen’s William Chart 601 6.4 HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURES FOR PIPES, 602 6.5. DESIGN FOR ECONOMIC SIZE OF PUMPING MAIN} 604 6.6 DESIGN OF THRUST BLOCKS 609 0.7 DESIGN OF AIR VESSEL 612 7.1 DESIGN OF SPRAY 1YPE AERATOR 616 7.2 DESIGN OF MECHANICAL RAPID MIX UNIT. o21 7.3. DESIGN OF CLARIFLOCCULATOR 623 7.4 DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PLAIN SEDIMENTATION TANK 626 7.5. DESIGN FOR RADIAL CIRCULAR SETTLING TANK 630 7.6 DESIGN FOR TUBE SETTLERS 632 7.7 DESIGN FOR RAPID GRAVITY FILTER 634 7.8 PREPARATION OF FILTER SAND FROM STOCK SAND 639 7.9 INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN THE TENDER SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANT. 640 7.10 COMMON CHEMICALS USED IN WATER TREATMENT 644 9.4 COMPUTATION OF CHEMICAL DOSAGES IN WATER SOFTENING 9.2 TYPE DESIGN OF IRON REMOVAL PLANT. 655 9.3. DESIGN OF IRON REMOVAL UNITS, 656 9.4 SOLAR RADIATION 661 10.1 CALCULATION OF CAPACITY OF SERVICE RESERVOIR 665 10.2 DETAILS OF BELL MOUTH FOR OUTLET CONNECTIONS IN SERVICE RESERVOIRS 669 10.3 SOLUTION 10 THE PROBLEM ON HARDY CROSS METHOD OF BALANCING HEAD LOSSES BY CORRECTING ASSUMED FLOWS 670 11.1 DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR A PUMPING PLANT 673 (x)13.1 13.2 13.3 B34 13.5 13.6 13.7 138 wa RECOMMENDED MENIUM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE STAFF PATTERN SURAFACE SOURCE: TYPICAL STAPF PAT (UPTO 5 MLD SYSTEM) WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS RECOMMENDED MENIUM OPERATION AND MAIN STAPF PATTERN SURAPACE SOURCE: TYPICAL STAPF PATTERN (FOR 5 TO 25 MLD SYSTEM) WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS 684 RECOMMENDED MENIUM OPERATION AND MAINTE! STAFF_PATTERN SURAFACE SOURCE: TYPICAL STAFF PATTERN (FOR 25 TO 50 MLD SYSTEM) WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS 686 COMMENDED MENIUM OPERATION AND MAINTENANC! TAPR. PATTERN SURARACE SOURCE: TYPICAL STAFF PAI (FOR 50 TO 75 MLD SYSTEM) WITH CONVENTIONAL, ‘TREATMENTS RECOMMENDED MENIUM OPERATION AND MAINT STAFF PATTERN ABOVE 75 MLD UPTO 150 MLD RECOMMENDED MENIUM STARFING PATTE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SOURCE BOREWELLS/TUBEWELLS, OPENWELLS (EACH WEL. YIELDS 5000 GPH MAXIMUM) 692 RECOMMENDED MENIUM STAFFING PATTERN FOR OPERATION AND MAINTE! LARGE DIA, HIGH YIELDING T 694 Scr CLARIFLOCCULATORS & THEIR DRIV! 696 SUGGESTED STAFFING PATTE! ENGINEERING DIVISION (WORKLOAD RS. 200 LAKHS ANNUALLY 1988) AND SUBDIVISION (WORKLOAD RS. 50 LAKHS. ANNUALLY 1988) FOR O, & M. OF WATERWORKS, 697 REQUIREMENT OF STAPF POR ~ 0 & M 098 MINIMUM STAPF RECOMMENDED FOR WATER WORKS LABORATORIES. 699 PARTICULARS TO BE SUPPLIED WITH THE SAMPL! 700 SPECIMEN FORM FOR SHORT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL XAMINATION 702 4 SPECIMEN FORM FOR COMPLETE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND "XAMINATION 704 5 SPECIMEN FORM FOR SHORT BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER 70815.6 SPECIMEN FORM FOR SHORT BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER 709 15.7 MINIMUM EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS 710 15.8 EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA, 71 15.9 TEST TO BE DONE BY WATER WORKS — LABORTORIES 712 17.1 AVERAGE INCREMENT COST PER 1000 LITERS n3 17.2. NET PRESENT WORTH AND BENEFIT COST RATIO OF THE PROJECT AT DISCOUNT RATE 8.5% AND INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN m4 17.3. ASSUMPTIONS POR PINANCIAL FORECASTS 716 17.4 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE STATEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE/ SANITATION PROJECT 718 17.8 FUNDING PATTERN 2s 17.6 PROJECT SOURCES AND APPLICATION FOR FOUNDS (CASH FLAW) STATEMENT 726 17.7 INTEREST ADDED TO THE CAPITAL DURING MORATORIUM PERIOD 730 17.8 CALCULATION OF ANNUITY CALCULATION OF PRINCIPAL & INTEREST IN ANNUITY 731 17.9 PROJECT BALANCE SHEET (WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION) AS. ON 31°" MARCH 732 BIBLIOGRAPHY 739 (xxx)CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Water constitutes one of the important physical environments of man and has a diect Dearing on hhis health. There is no gainsaying that contamination of watee leads to health hazards, Water is precious to man and therefore WHO refers to “conteol of Water Supplies to ensure that they are pure and wholesome as one of the primary objectives of environmental sanitation”. Water may be polluted by physical, chemical and bacterial agents ‘Therefore, protected water supply #2 sine qua non of publi health of» community. The population of India is tkely t be around s thousand milion by the end of the century. The urban population would be around four hundred milion by that time. This ‘means a very large demand on the civic amenities including water supply for domestic purposes and in addition more water would be needed foe purposes such as iigation, sdustry, etc, which have to keep pace wich the increasing demands of ising population Therefore, Wentifcation of souces of water supply, thei conservation and optimal ualization is of utmost importince. Even the present seale of water supply to urban and cura population is grossly inadequate and not all communities are provided with safe water supply, let alone piped water system; hardly any metropolitan city has a continuous water supply and very few cities could boast of providing adequate water supply to meet theie growing demands at adequate pressure ‘Many facets are involved in tackling the problem of providing protected water supply to all communities at the minimum cost and in the shortest possible time. Emphasis has to be laid on both the aspects of the system amely, planning and management technical and financial. At present a number of decisions, both at policy and techaical levels, are being ‘eased on empirical considerations and divergent practices are in vogue in the country in 30 far as designing the sytem itself is concemed. The Manual would have to attempt at the Unification of these practices and help to inculeste rationale to policy and managerial ecisons apart from giving guidance to the pubic health engineers in achieving the target of providing safe water to all communities economically and expeditiously Obviously, it would be in the interest of public heath engineers to have a standard ‘manual in public heath engineering and a code of practice which could serve as guide in their day (0 day practice, This Manual would discuss the basic principles such as planning, ientficatn of source of supply, development and transmission, water tealment distribution system, testing and other related administrative aspects anl aso expla im detail the proper approach to each problem. ‘This Revised Manual has taker into account che recent techniel advances ancl trends in the development of protected watce supply systems, some of the major changes and Auditions as highlighted in the following areas 1{Ground water poten and is development in tard rock regions; 4 Wall developmen, fire of wells and media measures; 4 Ground water abstraction Hheough edi wells + Mewucemeat of Bow Minimum requirements for domestic, on-domesic, nstintional, fe fighting and indutit ced; 4 Minimum resid presuee and quay standadsinchding vrlogcal aspect, 4 Concep of unit operations 1 Chesil handing and feeding, + Recene concepts of congulation and cession: 4 Advances in tation; 4 Openstion and maintenance problems ia vasious uit operations involved in water supp, feoea source development to the aca apply, 1 Purping stone and equipment “+ Hyrule nerwor analysis, diet design of networks and computer programming, 1 Teevenve maintenance incding detection and prevention of wastage: 1+ Protection aginst poluion and freezing: + Corrosion and is prevention: 4+ Waser hammer problems 4 House sevice connections, 4+ Optimal design of water treatment systems 4+ Tnsteumencaion & contol in wate teatment plans; 4+ Financing and management; + Legal aspects 4 Laboratory tests and procedures with special reference 10 the chssfcation of the water ‘works bortoies In keoping withthe changeover tothe metic system, the various units oF measurement, operational parameters and design criteria have all been confined to the metic system only, with deliberate omission of equivalents in the Britsh System generally fumishe! alongside ‘This has been felt necessary, since ther, stil an apathy on the pat ofthe field engineer to break away from the conventional, in which he feels at home, since tradition dies hard