SALESIAN COLLEGE PHysics DEPARTMENT A2 Physics — Unit 4 — Topic 2 — Electric & Magnetic Fields Exam Question Compilation This booklet contains past paper questions from the Edexcel Physics and Salters Horners Advancing Physics syllabi. Q1-8: Capacitors Q9-14: Electric fields Q15-18: Magnetic fields Q19-26: EM induction Mark scheme starts page 52 Fields Coulomb’s law F =kQ,Q,/? where k= 1/4ne9 Electric field E=FQ E=ko/? E=Vid Capacitance c= Energy stored in capacitor w="ov Capacitor discharge = Qe" Ina magnetic field F=Bilsind F = Bay sind r= pIBO Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws en -d(voyde ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian CollegeNotes ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College1. A capacitor C, is connected to a supply. When a potential difference of 4.0 V is applied across the capacitor, it stores a charge of 0.80 nC. q == (a) @_—_ Calculate the electrical work done by the supply as it transfers this charge. Work done =... @ (ii) Mark on the diagram above the magnitudes and polarities of the charges stored on. the plates of the capacitor. w ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College a(b) A graph of charge stored against potential difference across the capacitor is shown, Charge stored on C1/nC 08 06 04 02 0 0 10 2.0 3.0 4.0 Potential difference/V Explain how this graph supports the fact that the charged capacitor is storing 1.6 nJ of energy. @ (© With capacitor C; charged to 4.0 Y, the supply is removed and a second, uncharged capacitor C3 is connected in its place as shown. Cc Cr Capacitor C; transfers some of its charge to the plates of capacitor Cp. As a result the potential difference across C; falls to 3.0 V. (By referring to the graph for capacitor C), deduce how much charge transfers to capacitor Cp, Charge transferred to C2 = @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 4Gi) On the grid below, show how the charge stored on capacitor C2 varies with potential difference during this charge transfer process. Charge stored on C2/nC 08 06 04 02 0. Potential difference/ V @ ii) Use the values you have plotted to find the capacitance of capacitor C2 Capacitance of Cy @ (Total 10 marks) 2. Devices which contain electrically charged grids are sometimes used to control the numbers of flying insects. ‘The grids are connected to capacitors that store charge at a high voltage. (a) _ Explain why a capacitor cannot be charged directly from the mains supply. @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 5(b)A.user reports on his device in a magazine: “The grids in my device didn’t work very ‘well, so I opened it up to have a look. I found that it only produced a voltage of 600 V, which was too low. I replaced it with a circuit that charged a 100 nF capacitor to 1800 V. This worked better.” ‘The graph shows how the voltage across the 100 nF capacitor varies with time as it discharges through an insect, 1800 1600 1400 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Time /s (Use the graph to estimate the time constant for the circuit containing the capacitor and the insect. ‘Time constant =... @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 6(ii) Calculate a value for the resistance of the insect. Resistance @ (©) The user continues: “The manufacturers have recently introduced a new device incorporating a capacitor of 100 WF charged to 300 V.” (i) Calculate the charge stored on this capacitor when fully charged. @ Gi) Calculate the energy stored in this capacitor when fully charged, Energy stored @ (Total 10 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 73. The diagram shows a capacitor and a resistor connected to a 6.0 V battery. Both the ammeter and the battery have negligible internal resistance. S60uF | | 200k ) \ A 60V ‘The switch is closed, Some time later the ammeter reads 20 yA. (a) Show that the potential difference across the capacitor at this instant is 2.0 V. @ (b) Calculate the charge stored in the capacitor when the potential difference across itis 20. Charge = ... @ (©) Calculate the electrical energy now stored in the capacitor. Electrical energy stored a ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 8(@) Calculate the electrical energy transferred in the battery up to this instant. Electrical energy transferred aw (©) Whats the main reason for the difference between the energy values you have calculated in (c) and (4)? a (Total 7 marks) 4. Research suggests that big capacitors may soon be able to act alongside batteries as a way of storing significant amounts of energy. Researchers used a capacitor of capacitance 2500 F. One part of the research concerns the leakage of charge through the insulating material between the two capacitor plates. In one experiment, researchers charged the 2500 F capacitor to a potential difference (p.d.) of 8.00 V, (a) Calculate how much energy this capacitor stores when charged to a p.d. of 2.0 V. Energy = @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College @They then measured the p.d. across the plates every ten days. The first two columns in the table are the results they obtained, Time/days | p.d. across plates) V | _In(p.d./ V) 0 8.00 2.08 10 6.32 1.84 20 5.04 30 4.00 40 3.20 ‘They suspect that the p.d. is falling exponentially with time. To check this idea, they first find the natural logarithms of all the p.d. valucs, and enter them in the third column of the table, (>) Complete the table by filling in the three remaining natural logarithm values, @ (©) Plot an appropriate graph on the grid below to show that the p.d. is falling exponentially. @ (® Use your graph to find a value for the resistance of the insulating material between the plates of the capacitor, Resistance = @ (Total 12 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 105. The photograph shows an ‘everlasting torch’ ~ so called because it operates without batteries. ‘When the torch is shaken, the strong permanent magnet moves through the coil of copper wire, generating an electric current. Energy is stored by a capacitor. This then acts as the energy source for an LED. (a) The following graph shows how the voltage of the capacitor varies with the charge on the capacitor. gic 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College "(Calculate a value for the capacitance of the capacitor. Capacitance @ Gi) Use the graph to derive the expression W tov for the energy stored by a capacitor. @ (iii) Calculate the energy stored by the capacitor when the voltage across it is 4.0 V, Energy © ssssnnnnnnninninnsnninnannnsnmanni @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 2(b) The graph shows how the charge on the capacitor varies with time when the torch is in use, ‘Timels (Explain why the output power from the LED decreases with time, @ (i) Use the graph to determine the time constant for the capacitor-LED circuit. ‘Time constant = a (Total 10 marks) 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 136. The potential difference between the plates of a 220 pF capacitor is 5.0 V. Calculate the charge stored on the capacitor. Charge @ Calculate the energy stored by the capacitor. Energy = @ Describe how you would show experimentally that the charge stored on a 220 j1F capacitor is proportional to the potential difference across the capacitor for a range of potential differences between 0 and 15 V. Your answer should include a circuit diagram, 6 (Total 9 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College “47. A student is learning about how capacitors work. He uses the circuit shown in Figure 1 to investigate the capacitor C, Letter X labels a connection which he can make to either of the points Lor M. Fach cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V. Figure 1 Figure 2 op 0 J 5 10 ts Connection X to L made at He connects X to L. He sketches how the reading on ammeter 1 varies with time (Figure 2). Explain in terms of charge what has happened in the circuit, @ Explain what he would have seen if he had watched ammeter 2. @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 15Use his sketch graph (Figure 2) to estimate the charge which has passed through ammeter 1 between the times ¢= 3 s and r= 10's. @ Use the graph and your answer above to estimate the capacitance of the capacitor. Capacitance @ State and explain what he would observe on each ammeter if he then continued the experiment by moving the connection X from L to M. @ (Total 12 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 168. To restore a regular heart rhythm to a patient in an emergency, paramedics can use a machine called a defibrillator. The defibrillator uses a capacitor to store energy at a voltage of several thousand volts. Conducting ‘paddles’ are placed on either side of the patient's chest, and a short pulse of current flows between them when the capacitor is discharged. The graph below shows voltage against charge for the capacitor used in a defibrillator. 6000, Voltage /V 5000. 4000- 3000: 2000. 1000. 05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Charge /C With reference to the graph, show that the energy stored in a capacitor is given by the 1 formula W= = QV. W= 50) @ Calculate the energy stored by the capacitor when charged to 5000 V. Energy @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 17The graph below shows how voltage varies with time as the capacitor’s discharged across a test circuit that has a resistance equivalent to that of the patient’s chest. 6000- Voltage /V 5000: 4000: 3000: 2000: 0+ 1 0.0 10 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Time /ms Use the graph to find the time constant for the circuit, Time constant =... @ The total resistance of the circuit, including the paddles and chest, is 47 ©. Calculate the sapacitance of the capacitor. Capacitance @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 18The energy delivered to the patient’s chest is selected by the operator from these settings: 50 J, 180 J, 380 J. This is achieved inside the machine electronically, by allowing the discharge to for an appropriate length of time. proc (On one particular setting, the discharge lasts for 2.0 ms. Calculate the energy left in the capacitor at this time. @ ‘Some energy loss occurs and roughly 60% of the energy leaving the capacitor during the discharge actually goes into the patient, Find which setting the operator has selected. Energy @ (Total 11 marks) {a) A proton has a mass of 1.67 x 10~” kg. Calculate the magnitude of the potential difference needed to accelerate it from rest to a speed of 2.77 x 10° ms“ in a vacuum, Potential difference @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 19(b) The proton now passes the point A between two parallel conducting plates across which a steady potential difference is maintained. The path of the proton is shown in the diagram. — ! = i= P Me P ® e 4a @ POSITION POSITION POSITION 1 2 3 s R ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 38(a) The frame is moved at a constant speed of 5.0 cm s~ through the uniform magnetic field region as shown in the diagram. (For each position of the frame shown in the diagram either give the direction of the current through the ammeter, or if there is no current, state ‘no current’. Position 1 Position 2 =. Position 3 = @ (i) The total electrical resistance of the frame and ammeter is 2.0.0. Ci ‘maximum current recorded by the ammeter. Maximum current o ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 39‘The frame is now moved with uniform acceleration through the magnetic field. Explain how the magnitude of the current changes as the frame moves from position 1, through position 2 to position 3. You may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your (b) Oo) (Total 10 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 4021. A student is experimenting with a bicycle wheel. He turns the bicycle upside down and spins the wheel in a vertical plane at a constant rate. The diagram shows the wheel. At the place where the experiment is performed, the Earth’s magnetic field is in a horizontal direction, It acts into and perpendicular to the paper. Direction of motion Spoke Rim — Direction of motion (a) Aconstant e.m. is induced across the length of each spoke. (Label the hub and rim either plus or minus to show the polarity of the e.m.f. a Gi) Explain why a constant e.m.f. is induced, @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 4(ii) ‘The magnitude of the e.m.f. is 25 pV. Caleulate the time it takes for the wheel to complete one revolution, Assume the area of the hub is negligible. oT, ‘Assume that the Earth’s magnetic flux density has a value of 2.8 * 10 Time = @ (b) State and explain what effect, if any, there would be on the magnitude of this e.m.f. in cach of the following cases. (i) The student tums the bicycle so that the wheel is still spinning in a vertical plane, but the plane is now at 45° to the Eatth’s field Gi) The student causes the wheel to accelerate, ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College a2(iii) ‘The student turns the bicycle so that the wheel spins in a horizontal plane. @ (Total 9 marks) 22, The diagram shows the bottom part of a hand-held metal detector. Handle —\\ \ Outer ring Tnner ring The outer ring contains the transmitter coil, Alternating current is passed through this coil This creates a magnetic field which penetrates into the ground, If the magnetic field encounters a metal object, a current is induced in the object. This current generates a magnetic field of its own, The direction of the object’s magnetic field is opposite to the direction of the transmitter coil’s magnetic field. The inner ring is able to detect varying magnetic fields coming from objects in the ground. ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 43() Explain why a current is induced in the object. @ (ii) Explain why the direction of the object's magnetic field is opposite to the direction of the transmitter coil’s magnetic field. a (Total 4 marks) 23. Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws are given at the back of this paper as E = -d(N@ydr. (a) Explain the symbol E. @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 44(b) Explain the significance of the minus sign. @ (©) When a car has its headlights on with the engine running, the headlights receive their power from a dynamo which is turned by the engine. A driver sits in his car with the lights off, his foot off the accelerator, and the engine running slowly. He notices that when he switches the lights on, the engine slows slightly, effect, xxplain the physics causing this Cy (Total 8 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 4524, Most desktop computers store data on discs coated with a magnetic medium which records the data in a digital form. As a dise spins at very high speeds the magnetic field at each place on the disc can be detected in order to “read? the data, The diagram shows a school laboratory model set up to demonstrate how the system works. Solenoid = Magnet ‘To data logger Wooden, turntable Motor ‘The ten flat magnets on this model disc can be arranged with either the north pole or south pole facing upwards. These are interpreted as 1 or 0 respectively and are detected by the coil linked to the datalogger as the disc spins. (a) The diagram below shows one of the magnets on this model, Sketch its magnetic field. South @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 46(b) Figure 1 shows how the magnetic flux varies as an upward-facing north pole moves beneath the coil, Figure 2 shows the corresponding output from the coil Figure 1 Flux Time Figure 2 Output eure Time Explain how the output is generated and why it has this shape. © ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College a7(©) Show that the maximum number of sequences possible with ten magnets (as on this ‘model) is about 1000. @ (@) The diagram shows an output generated during part of one trial. JN a tint Write the number sequence represented by this output. Remember: a north pole facing upwards is interpreted as 1 and a south pole upwards as 0. aw (©) Areal hard disc spins at very high speeds, making 7200 complete revotutions in one minute. The reading head is following a ring of magnetized regions with diameter 8.9 em, and the length occupied by each separate magnetized region is 0.83 1m. Assume that there are no gaps between adjacent magnetized regions, Calculate the rate at which the head is reading bits of data. Rate @ (Total 12 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 4828. The diagram shows an electric toothbrush, An electric toothbrush recharges its batteries despite there being no metal contacts between the toothbrush and the base. Toothbrush Coil Y Coil X around metal bar (both encased in plastie) Base ‘To mains (a) State a reason for avoiding metal contacts between the toothbrush and the base. @ 'M Campbell - Docember 2009 ~ Salesian College 43(b) The base, which is connected to an a.c. supply, contains a coil around a metal bar (coil X), The toothbrush contains a second coil (coil Y). When you put the toothbrush on to the base, coil Y goes around the bar and coil X without the two coils making contact. Explain how this arrangement is able to charge the battery in the toothbrush. o (Total 7 marks) 26. State Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction @ ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 50‘A bar magnet is dropped from rest through the centre of a coil of wire which is connected to a resistor and datalogger. To State the induced magnetic polarity on the top side of the coil as the magnet falls towards it. ‘Add an arrow to the wire to show the direction of the induced current as the magnet falls towards the coil, @ The graph shows the variation of induced current in the resistor with time as the magnet falls. Induced 1 0 Time Explain why the magnitude of hy is greater than /y @ (Total 6 marks) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 51- MARK SCHEME - 1 @ @ W=eva) Correct answer 3.2 nJ [3.2 x 10° J, ete.] (1) Example of answer: W=QV=08x10°Cx4.0V Gi) +0.8 (nC) on top plate and -0.8 (nC) on bottom plate (1) (both needed) 1 (b) Statement (E =) ‘Area’ or (E =) 4 QV (1) See calculation 4 x 4.0 x 0.8 or ¥ x base x height (1) OR C found from graph (1) Use of W=% CV? (1) Example of answer: cu 2. We 0 € vo 40v 2.0% 07 Fx 4.0)? 2 ye OP W="cv = = 16x 1075 2 ©) @ _— Comect answer 0.2 nC (1) 1 Gi) Graph is straight and through origin (1) ends at 3.0V and their Q (1) 2 (iii) Attempt to use C= Q/Vor C = AQ/AV (1) Correct answer 0.067 nF / 67 pF (1) Example of answer: O28 OC 67x10" F 2 c-2 vo 30V 19) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 523 (@) (b) © (a) capacitors need d.c. (1) OR Mains is a. / mains current changes direction constantly Charge given in one half of cycle is removed the next half (1) OR C charged then discharges (i) Voltage value for initial voltage x 1/e [or use of 37%] (1) OR use 2 values where 2™'is Leth of first OR draw tangent at time = 0's OR V=V, © with correct substitution of (t,V) from graph = 0.07 s [allow 0.065 s - 0.075 s] (1) Gi) Recall time constant = CR (1) Answer for R [allow ecf for ‘T) (1) TIC = 0.07 si(100 x 10° F) R=7x100 (Recall Q = CV [equation or substitution] (1) Answer for Q (1) Q=CV= 100 x 10% x 300 Q=0.03C Gi) Recall W= 12. C2 OR W OR 2 correct subs into W. Answer (1) 2 gic) 1/2.QV [allow ccf] Eg: W= 1/2 QV=0.5 x 0.03 x 300 (J) = 4.5) OR 12. CV =0.5 x 100 x 10°” x 300 x 300 (I) = OR W= 1/2 G/C=05 x 0.03 x 0.03100 x 10°) (J) = 4.5 3 (@ Pid. across capacitor Use of VR= 1x R (1) [allow one error of 10° in individual substitutions; disallow if ‘Vp, value is 6V] VC=6.0 V ~ 4.0 V (= 2.0V) (1) [No ecf] Example of answer: ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 110] 53Ve =20x 10° Ax 20x 10°O=4.0V Hence V.= 6.0V-4.0V=20V (b) Calculation of charge Use of Q= C x V with 560 AF & 2.0 V (1) [Check correct equation is being used; allow power of 10 error in capacitance value. If capacitance value mis-transcribed, allow this first mark only) Answer 1,1 (2)mC (1120HC) [no eef] (1) 2 (©) Calculation of energy stored Use of W=42CV* with given values, or W= % V with their Q, to get 1.1(2) mJ (11201) or their correct answer. (1) {same numerical value as in (b)] 1 (@) Calculation of energy wansferred Use of E = QV, with their Q and V = 6.0 V, to get 6.7(2) mJ (6720,u)) or their answer [6 x value at part c] correctly found. (1) 1 (©) Main reason for energy difference nergy is transferred to thermal / heat energy in / work is done against, the resistance of the resistor in the circuit (NOT just “the resistance of the wires’, nor the “components’] (1) [Do not credit vague reference to energy dissipation, nor “energy is lost to the surroundings’) 1 m "V OR statement or use of W = 4. @) usc of Q= answer (1) 712. OR Q*2C (1) w=cvi2 = 0.5 x 2500 x2 x2) 000 J 2 {b) 1 correct value (1) All correct values; 1.62, 1.39, 1.16 (1) (1 mark for one correct o inappropriate sig figs) 2 ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 54(©) graph of In (y) v. time (x) (1) appropriate scales and both axes labelled fully (1) points plotted properly (+/— 1 mm) (1) best fit line drawn (1) (@) recognise that gradient = evaluate gradient (1) conversion days to seconds (1) obtain appropriate value for R (1) URC (1) gradient = (~) 0.92/(40 (days)) R = 40 x 24 x 3600 (s) / 0.92 x 2500 (F) = 1500.2 (OR method using graph of V v. 1) recognise that time to Vole = RC (1) this time estimated (42—45 days) (1) conversion days to seconds (1) obtain appropriate value for R (1) 5. (a) (i)__ recall of formula (1) correct answer (1) = Q/V (stated or implied) [this way round] (1) (appropriate pair of values, eg 4 C/4.8 V) 0.83 (0.82 ~ 0.84) F (1) (i) strip width AQ @l AW=V.AQ a2 add strips => area under graph (3 area = 1/20 V (aa energy stored = work done ays showing 1/2QV has unit J/joule (6 [integration answer ~ max (1)(1)] [answer in words ~ max (1)(1) (iii) derive or recall E= 1/2 C V OR use correct Q value from graph (1) OR line across graph at 4 V correct answer (1) E=12QV 1/2.x 3.3 (3,3-3.35)Cx4V (0) = 6.6 (6.6-6.7) J (I) ORE=12CV (1) = 1/2 x 0.83 F x (4 V)?=6.63 (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College Max 4 112] (any 3) 55(b) Gi) Qdecreases = V decreases OR I decreases (1) mention of P= VI (1) 2 Gi) 125-145 sa) 1 19) 6. Charge on capacitor 220 jAF x 5 V [use of CV ignore powers of 10] (1) = 1100 nC (1) 2 Energy on capacitor Bara vy me yc xSV/ 3 soe + fignore powers of 10] (1) = 2750 J (2.8 x 107 J) (1) 2 Experiment Method 1 (constant current method): © Circuit (1) * Fora given Vrecord time to charge capacitor at a constant rate (1) © fora range of values of V (1) © Use @ = Ito calculate @ (1) * Plot Q > V- straight line graph through origin / sketch graph / dive Q/V and obtain constant value (1) Method 2: © Circuit (1) © Fora given value V measure I and t (1) © Plot /— rfind area under graph Q (1) © Repeat for a range of values of V (1) * Plot Q~ V for stright line graph through origin/ sketch graph / dive QV and obtain constant value (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 56Method 3 (Goulemeter method): © Circuit) + Record V and energy stored (1) © Forrange of V (1) * Determine Q from ¥4 QV or 2 (1) 2c © Plot Q—> V-straight line graph through origin / sketch graph / divide Q/V and obtain constant value (1) [Coulombmeter (will not work with this value of capacitor) Sreut 1) record charge Q on colomibmeter (0): fra range of values of V (2; Pat (-* Viorsuaight ie through oigin C1) Max 3) 7. Explanation of what has happened in circuit Charging process (1) Plates opposi ly charged OR charge moves from one plate to another (1) Charge flows anticlockwise OR electrons flow clockwise OR left plate becomes positive OR right plate becomes negative (1) Build up of Q/V reduces flow rate (1) Explanation of what would have been seen Same as ammeter 1 (1) Reason: Same / everywhere OR series circuit OR same 1/Q in each component (1) Estimate of charge Attempt to find area under correct region of graph (1) =52uC (1) [Allow 45 ~ 65 1C] stimate of capacitance p.d. across resistor at f= 10 s = 100 x 10° x 3 x 10° A =0.3 V (1) hence pd. across capacitor= 1.5 V0.3 V=1.2.V) Q_sxo%c = £ = 2° ° © (equation or sub) [ecf] (1 v7 aay aut ) Feet] (1) (C= 42 pF [if 1.5 V is used to obtain C= 33 MF, then 2/3] (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 5 19 Max 3 2 2 3 57Alternative method using e “8° Correct answer appropriate to set of values (1) Correct In line (1) Correct answer (40-44uF) (1) Using T = RC (1) Appropriate T value (1) = correct answer (1) Observations Same picture as before (1) since same AV (1) [OR C now carries twice the previous charge] Energy stored in a capacitor Justify area: W= QV OR work/area of thin strip = Vx AQ (1) ‘Area under graph (1) ergy stored when capacitor charged to 5000 V Ws 4 QV= ¥% x 0.35 x 5000) = 8755 (1) Time constant for circuit 000/e or 3 = 1840/1667 V (1) = T.C=3.3 ms [3.1-3.6 ms] (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 1121 58oR Initial tangent —> ¢-axis (1) Accept between 3.5 and 4.0 m s (1) 2 [Also allow use of exponential formula with appropriate substitution of correct V and f, e.g. 2000 and 3 ms] Capacitance ‘or as numbers (1) 3.3 ms 7.0 x 10 F [Allow e.c.fs.] 4.0 ms 8.5 x 105 F (1) 2 [OR using graph: C = Q/V (1) = 0.35/5000 = 7.0 x 105 F (1)] nergy left in capacitor At2 ms, V= 2700 V [2600 - 2800] (1) = E=% cv0R ov = 255 J [e.c-f, depends on method] (1) 2 Energy setting Energy leaving capacitor = (875 ~ 255) J = 6205 ec ](1) Energy delivered = 620 x 60/100 J =372) = 380 J setting [Allow e.c.f] (1) 2 a 9 (a) Calculation of potential difference Use of Yam? with v = 2.77 x 105 m s-1 and mp = 1.67 x 1077 kg (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 59Use of eV with e = 1.60 x 10° C (1) [beware confusion of v and V] ‘Answer = 400(.4) / 401 V (1) [If data used to 2 sf,» 380V, 384V or 364V, allow 2/3] 3 Example of eva% ve Mev _ 1.67 0 "hex 2.77% 0% ms 2e 2x 6x 0 °C =400V [beware unit error of eV here] (b) Add second path to diagram Path at B stays equidistant from that at A (gauge by eye] (1) 1 (©) @ Add path to diagram ‘Added path at A (allow through letter A] also curves upwards (1) But is less curved than the original, straight beyond plates and continues to diverge from it (1) 2 Gi) Explanation Charge on a is double that on proton / a has 2 protons / force on a is double force on proton. (1) Mass of a particle is (approx) 4 times / more than double that of the proton. (1) {hence acceleration is approximately halved) [Ignore reference to F = Bqv; do not credit reference to {He unless implication of numbers 4 and 2 is made clear}. 2 (81 10.) 12keVa 12x10 x 16x 109 OR ‘Use of eAV with ¢ as 1.6 x 10"? C and Vas 1200 V (1) Use of A(Vame®) with mg as 9.1(1) x 107 kg. (1) Correct answer 2,0 ~ 2.1 x 107 ms“! (1) 3 ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 60Gi) 1200 x 8/100 = 96 (eV delivered per electron) (1) 9612.4 = 40 (1) or 2.4 x 100/8 = 30 (incident eV needed per photon) (1) 1200/30 = 40 (1) Or 1200 / 2.4 = 500 (photons per electron, ideally) (1) 500 x (8/100) = 40 (1) 2 (b) Electrons on screen repel electrons in beam / force opposes electron motionidecelerating force (1) Electrons (in beam) decelerated /slowed / velocity reduced/ work done by electrons (against force) (1) Electron (kinetic) energy reduced (not “shared”) (1) Fewer photons (per electron, stated or implied) (1) Trace less bright (1) QoWC (1) Max 4 pI 1. (@) @_—_ arrow towards centre of curvature (1) 1 Gi) Use of formula with correct g OR v subbed (1) correct answer (1) Bqv 0.5 x 1.6 x 10°? x 800 000 N (correct q or ¥) (1) = 6.4% 10" N (1) 2 Gii) Use of formula; EITHER correct m subbed OR d identified with r (1) correct answer 194 p/Bq = 1.67 x 10" x 800 000/0.5 x 1.6 x 10°"? (m) (1) 0.017 m (1) [Penalise factor 1000 error once only in question] 2 (iv) derive formula for T (1) correct answer (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 6112. ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College b) (a) (b) T= nv OR T= 2arh for (1)x) (I) =m x 0,017/800 000 (s) (ccf) = 6.6 (6.5 — 6.7) x 10 s (1) 2 (¥) correct statement of force = change of momentum/time (1) correct use of factor 2 (1) correct answer (1) = change of momentum/time (1) 2.x 1.67 x 10°” x 800 000/6.7 x 10°* (N) (ecf) (1) 4.1 (4.0) x 10° N [errors in m are self-cancelling] (1) 3 Recall of formula (1) correct answer (1) F=kq) gal? OR F =) q /4negr OR k= 1/4e (1) 1.6 x 107? x 1.9 x 10/4 x wx 8.85 x 10°"? x 5 x5 (N) = 11x10" NQ) 2 12) Formula in words (The force between two charged particles is directly) proportional to the product of their charges [plural] and (1) inversely proportional to the square of their separation [not just ‘radius’]. (1) OR Either equation for F*, with valid word replacements for Q), Q2 (1) and ror symbols. One mark for numerator, one for denominator. (1) wie, wordsin R= #222 22] r dae [If equation given in symbol form, followed by a key to the symbol 2 meanings, then 1/2.) Base units of constant er k oF (4p, be sure which] [ccf from part a if power of Q or r wrong] Fa FOR opp 2% [OR using k units Nm? C7) 62Q:Q) (orc?) + APs? (1) F (orN) > kgms*(1) + (units of) k= kg m’ A® s OR (units of) 9 = kg! m™> OR using ¢9 units Fm“! C= Asand either F=CV"' or V=JC" (1) kgm’s® or N=kgms*(1) = (units of) eo = kgm? A? s! (1) 3 51 13. Add to diagram, ‘Arrows at A and B, both pointing directly away from the nucleus. (1) [Arrow end (head or tail) need not touch A /B, but direction must be correct. Gauge by eye, accept dotted construction lines as indication of intent] 1 (ii) Calculation of force 2,0: 4ne Use of F= orF = 122 ay [ignore error/omission of *2’ and/or ‘79° or ‘e’ or ‘1.6 « 10° for this first mark, providing numerator clearly has a product of charges and denominator a distance value squared, Ignore power of 10 errors in values of Q or 7] 2x 1.6 x 10" Cand 79 x 1.6 x 10°!" C seen (consequer upon correct use of equation previously) (1) mark, dependent Correct answer = 1.6 ~ 1.7 N (1) Example of answer: pa 222 _ (19% 6% T*O)x 2x 6x 07°C) dre an 85x 0 Fm x 15x Om =1.62N 3 (iii) Effect on motion of a Slows down [decelerates] and then speeds up again [accelerates]. (both needed) [accept ‘slows down at A and speeds up at B] (1) 1 151 ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 6314. (a) Electron speed Substitution of electronic charge and 5000V in eV (1) Substitution of electron mass in ¥2 my* (1) Correct answer [4.2 (4.19) x 10” (m s), no ue] to at least 2 sf (1) [Bald answer scores zero, reverse working can score 2/3 only] Example of answer: v= (2 x 1.6 x 10-C x 5000 V)/(9.11 x 107" kg) = 1.76 x 10! 4.19 x 107 ms (b) Gi) Value of E Correct answer [2.80 x 10% V m'/N C+ or 2.80 x 10? V em™] (1) Example of answer: = Vid = 1400 V/5.0 x 107 8.000 Vm Gi) Value of force F Correct answer [4.5 x 10°" N, eef for their E] (1) Example of answer: Ee = 2.80 x 10° V mr! x 1.6 x 10°C = 4.48 x10 SN (©) Calculation of h See a= their F/ 9.11 x 10° kg (1) 9x10" ms I> See t= 12 107) m/4x 10! ms" (or use 4.2 x10’ ms") (1) [t= dh, with d = plate length; 12 em] [> 1=3.0x 10° s, or 2.86 x 10” s] See substitution of a and t values [arrived at by above methods] into ¥ at” (1) Correct answer [/ = 0,020 m — 0,022 m] (1) (Full ecf for their value of F if methods for @ and r correct and their hr < 5.0cm] Example of answer: h=hat 2x 49x 10" ms =2.0x 107m x (2.86 x 10° s)* ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College15. 16. @ (a) b) © (a) (a) @ Gi) Path A of electron beam Less curved than original (1) ‘More curved than original, curve starting as beam enters [started by H of the Horizontal plate label] (1) [For both curves: ignore any curvature beyond plates after exit ‘¢ new path must be same as original up to plates] [No marks if lines not identified, OK if either one is labelled] Lines (1) {not crossing; minimum 2 lines starting from S pole of magnet] Correct arrow(s) (1) {minimum | arrow pointing towards $ pole, any incorrect arrow scores O] @ Gi) Use of F'= Bil rearranged to B = Fill OR with two correct subs (1) Leading to correct answer (1) 7M = 0.008)(5.8 x 0.012) (T) B=0.11(T) Assumption: parallel field/uniform field/constant field for 12 mm then falls to zero / assume wire perpendicular to field (at all points)/0 = 90° (where F=Bil sin0 given carlier)/foree same at all points on the wire (1) Experimental value less because field diverges OR field strength decreases with distance OR field could be 0.3 T at magnet surface and only 0.1 T at wire (1) Wire would levitate (again) (1) Two reversals cancel/applying FLHR (1) [wire moves downwards due to current OR field reversed scores 1] @ Additional force Correct answer [3.9 x 10 N ] (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 1 an 2 2 1 1 2 (8) 65Example of answer: 0.4 x 10 kg x 9.81 N kg 4x10°N (i) Explanation Quality of written communication (1) (Current produces) a magnetic field around the rod (1) [Do not accept in the rod] ‘There is an interaction between the two magnetic fields / fields combine to give catapult field (1) Fleming’s Left Hand Rule/ Fleming’s Motor Rule (1) ‘The rod experiences an upward force (1) Using Newton 3 + downward force on magnet Max 4 ) @ Diagram Lower pole labelled North/N and upper pole labelled South/S (1) 1 (i) Calculation of current in rod Use of F = BIL. (Ignore 10°, F is their force and Lis Sem) (1) See conversions; mT to T and em to m (1) Correct answer [2.6/2.7 A] (1) 3 Example of answer: 3.9 x 10° N/ (30 x 10° Tx 5 x 10? m)=2.6 A (ii) New reading on the balance ‘Value < 85g [not a negative value] (1) 84.6 g (1) 2 an ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 6617. 18. Situation to which equation refers F = force on particle (1) B= (magnetic) flux density/field strength. SS & velocity/speed of particle | q = charge of particle J ingle between B and “~¥motion Jeurrent F is perpendicular to B and v (1) [Some of these may be shown by diagram] Description of situation modelled by equation Curved/circular motion of particle (1) p= momentum (1) Why path of a particle is curved Charged particles (1) with (component of) motion perpendicular to field (1) Force perpendicular to motion/ Fleming’s LH. rule (1) Why spiralling path decreases as it nears North Pole Nearer pole field songer (1) Reference to r= p(mv)/Bq OR re 1B OR B increasing > centripetalfinward F increases Altemative: b | due to resistive foree (1) Reference to r= p(mb)/Bq OR ro pv ‘Meaning of uniform magnetic field Magnetic flux density constant / magnetic field lines parallel / (1) magnetic field strength is constant/ does not vary ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College a qd) @ Max 4 Max 2 (19) 6719. Sizes and directions of forces on LM and NO Force on LM: 2.4 x 10 N/ 0.24 mN (1) Direction: Downwardsfinto (paper) (1) Force on NO} ) 2.4 x 10“ N/0.24 mN [No unit penalty] _) Must have both (1) Direction: ) Upwards / out of (paper) ) Why no forces on MN and OL Wires/eurrent and B field directions are parallel [allow ‘same direction’] / field due to current and B field of magnet are perpendicular to each other (1) The effect on the square A (turning) moment will be applied / it will (begin) to turn / spin / rotate (1) Moving the pole pieces further apart Reduces the size of the forces, (1) Because the flux density is reduced/ magnetic field (strength) reduced / B (field) reduced (1) (a) Scale interval is 0.1 (V) (1) ©) @ Use of e= (INAg/Ar A) Correct answer 9.6 x 10°” (Wb) / 0.96 (Wb) [ignore +/-] (1) Example of answer: Apzex © <012vx S42 § <9.6x 107 wo N 5000 Gi)Use of ‘g” or ‘Ag’ or ‘flux’ ~ BA, or B = AUNA (1) Correct answer 0.012 T /0.013 T (1) Example of answer: ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 3 1 1 2 (8) 1 2 6820. (a) (b) @_ _9.6x 0” Wb B= f- 2x 0 WP 0027 Af ox 0m) a wn 2?) IN.B. 9 = 0.96 Wb — 0.0127, @ = 1pWb — 0.0137] 2 651 (@ Direction of current Position 1 = Q to P/ anticlockwise / to the left } (1) Position 3 = P to Q/ clockwise /to the right} {both needed; arrows added to diagram may give current directions at 1 & 3] Position 2 = no current (1) 2 (i) Current calculation MB Use of “ Coe = Bin = 2x 10? Tx 0.12 m x 0.05 ms! (1) lignore power of 10 errors in dimension and velocity values (Emf =) 1.2.x 10% Va) Vv E Y or t= = seen or used (1 R R a Answer = 6.0 x 10° A or 601A [ccf their emf] (1) 4 Uniform acceleration? QoWE (1) Magnitude of current would be increasing as frame moves through position 1 (or position 3) (1) Magnitude of current would be greater for position 3 than 1 {Beware comparison of position 3 with position 2 here] (1) Reference to increased rate of flux cutting / increased rate} of flux change / increased area swept out per second )a (Beware suggestion that B or flux density is changing) } So induced emf is greater (1) Current for position 2 is zero [Do not credit equal and opposite currents cancelling] Both needed (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 6921. (a) Since flux linkage is constant / } (net) rate of flux cutting is zero / } Emfs in PS and QR are equal and opposite } « Gai) Max 4 10) [Allow mark for either on its own, but not if contradicted.] (1) 1 Why a constant em.f.? Reference to flux cutting / rate of change of flux / change of flux linkage due to spoke motion / spokes moving at right angles to field / Reference to Faraday’s Law (1) Constant rate of spin implies constant rate of flux cutting. [Link made clear] (1) [continuous process does not mean constant rate] 2 ‘The time for one revolution o; BA Use of «= = with ‘A’ recognisable as area ofa eiele (1) [ignore power of 10 errors for e.m.f, and radius values, and inclusion of N= 24 Correct substitution of all values { but only N = 1 acceptable here] (1) Correct answer 0.31 ~ 0.32 s (1) [t= 7.6s scores 1/3; t= 1.12s scores 0/3, t= 0.64s scores 1/3 here] Example of answer: 9 3A BA en 2a ro ¢ 1 28x07 Txt 30x 0” my)? 25x 0 V = 1317s 3 Alternative answer Use of ¢ = Blv with v = (mean) velocity of spoke. ((1)) +v=2.98ms" (1) Hence rim velocity = 2.98 x 2 = Jie F_13™ 93165, (ay) Ven 5.96 ms [t= 0.63s scores 2/3 here] 96 ms or ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 70(b) 2 @ ai) 23. (a) (b) What effect? (i) Reduced [accept ‘halved’] AND Rate of flux cutting is reduced / Fewer field lines are being cut / ‘Component of Earth’s field perpendicular to the wheel is less / Flux through wheel is less / Area of wheel perpendicular to field is less / Wheel is no longer perpendicular to the field (1) [do not credit answers suggesting changes in the field strength itself] Gi) Increased / increasing AND Rate of flux cutting [etc,] would be increasing (1) (ii) Reduced to) zero [but not ‘very small’ / ‘negligible’, ete.] AND No flux cut by spoke(s) / No component of the Farth’s field perpendicular to the wheel / No flux through wheel / Wheel is spinning parallel to the field / in plane of field (1) [but not just ‘A@ = 0°, nor ‘motion is not perpendicular to field] [Allow 1/3 for three correct statements of ‘e’ outcome without any explanation, but only if score would otherwise be zero.] [Disallow ‘breaking’ for ‘cutting’ on first occasion in entire question, but allow, ecf, thereafter] ‘magnetic field changing (1) field cuts across conductor/flux linkage changes (1) Faraday/V induced (1) V causes I (1) Direction of induced current has an effect tending to cancel its cause OR [reasonable attempt at putting Lenz into words ~ not just “Lenz”] (1) emf/voltage (1) induced / ereated / caused by flux change (1) Lenz (1) effect opposes change producing it (1) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 3 (91 (any 3) 3 1 [41 2 2 7© @ b) © (a) © ‘dynamo generates emf (1) lights off <> no current (1) lights on <> current flowing (1) Any 4 If current, then force on dynamo rotor/F = Bil (1) [or field acting against field in dynamo] ‘This force opposes rotation (1) 4 181 Shape [lines not crossing] (1) arrow(s) (1) 2 {reference to] changing B field/ flux cuts coil / changing flux (linkage) (1)1 induces emf or current [NOT “output”] /EM induction (1)2 emf a rate of change / Faraday’s law stated (1)3 output is gradient of flux graph (1)4 signal +ve while} increases /—ve while } decreases (1)5 ‘max emf for max di / dt / steepest gradient (1)6 (Any 5) Emf 0 when gradient = 0 (1)7 {(1)S (1)6 (1)7 can be gained by annotations on graph] (Binary / 1 or 0/2!” ‘maximum number =) 1024 (1) 1 10010 (1) 1 Attempt to calculate circumference (formula or numbers) (1) dividing by 0.83 x 10° (m) (1) correct value (1) eg C= nd = x * 0.089 m (= 0.2796 m) No of bits along circumferenes (0.83 x 10° m) 3 37 x 10°) Rate = 3.37 x 10% x 120 (7200 revs/min = 120 Hz) 04 x 107s [2.43 x 10° mia is OK] (12) ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 7228. 26. (@) ) Advantage of avoiding metal contacts Any one from: © makes possible a sealed unit * avoids electrocution stops corrosion (by water) © water cannot enter/short contacts (1) How arrangement is able to charge the battery Any six from: 1. current (in X) produces magnetic field field links second coil 3, metal = iron 4. metal core increases field 5. field changes/alternates 6. changing $/B or d dt or Faraday inducesicauses V 7. Veauses 1 8, diode needed (or ac. so won't charge) 9, field penetrates plastic 10. like a transformer / X is a primary and Y is a secondary 11, electromagnetic induction Lenz's law The dire to oppose the change (in flux) that produces it (1) Polarity at top of c« North (1) Di don of current ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College ion of an induced current/emfivoltage is such as (1) Max 6 im 73Only ONE arrow required (1) 2 Graph Magnet is moving faster / accelerating (under gravity) (1) (Rate of) change cutting of flux is greater (1) Induced emf is greater (1) Max 2 (6 ‘M Campbell - December 2009 - Salesian College 74