ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E

Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS
NOTATION The following notation is used on this card:
n
sample size

population stdev

x
sample mean

d
paired difference

s
sample stdev

p
sample proportion
p
population proportion

Qj
j th quartile
N
population size

O
observed frequency

population mean

E
expected frequency

CHAPTER 5

Probability and Random Variables

Probability for equally likely outcomes:

P (E)

f
,
N

where f denotes the number of ways event E can occur and

N denotes the total number of outcomes possible.
Special addition rule:
P (A or B or C or )
P (A) + P (B) + P (C) +

CHAPTER 3

Descriptive Measures

(A, B, C, . . . mutually exclusive)

x
Sample mean: x

n

Complementation rule: P (E)
1 P (not E)

Range: Range
Max Min

General addition rule: P (A or B)
P (A) + P (B) P (A & B)

Mean of a discrete random variable X:
xP (X
x)

Sample standard deviation:

(x x)2
s

n1

s

or

x 2 (x)2 /n
n1

Interquartile range: IQR
Q3 Q1

Lower limit
Q1 1.5 IQR,

Upper limit
Q3 + 1.5 IQR

Population mean (mean of a variable):

x
N

Standard deviation of a discrete random variable X:




(x )2 P (X
x)
or

x 2 P (X
x) 2
Factorial: k!
k(k 1) 2 1
 
n
n!
Binomial coefficient:


x
x! (n x)!
Binomial probability formula:

 
n x
p (1 p)nx ,
x

Population standard deviation (standard deviation of a variable):



(x )2
x 2


or


2
N
N
x
Standardized variable: z

Mean of a binomial random variable:
np

CHAPTER 4

Standard deviation of a binomial random variable:

Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation

Sxx , Sxy , and Syy :

Sxy
(x x)(y y)
xy (x)(y)/n

Syy
(y y)2
y 2 (y)2 /n

and

b0

1
(y b1 x)
y b1 x
n

Total sum of squares: SST
(y y)2
Syy

2
Regression sum of squares: SSR
(y y)2
Sxy
/Sxx
2
Error sum of squares: SSE
(y y)
2
Syy Sxy
/Sxx

Coefficient of determination: r 2

SSR
SST

r

(x x)(y y)
sx sy

Standard deviation of the variable x: x
/ n

Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean

Standardized version of the variable x:

z

n

or

/ n

z-interval for ( known, normal population or large sample):

x z/2
n

Sample size for estimating :

Linear correlation coefficient:

1
n1

The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

Margin of error for the estimate of : E
z/2

n

Regression identity: SST
SSR + SSE

Sxy
r

Sxx Syy


np(1 p)

Mean of the variable x: x

CHAPTER 8

Regression equation: y
b0 + b1 x, where

Sxy
Sxx

where n denotes the number of trials and p denotes the success

probability.

CHAPTER 7

Sxx
(x x)2
x 2 (x)2 /n

b1

P (X
x)

z/2
E

2

rounded up to the nearest whole number.

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E

Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS
Studentized version of the variable x:
t

s/ n

t-interval for ( unknown, normal population or large sample):

s
x t/2
n
with df
n 1.
CHAPTER 9

z

x 0

/ n

t-test statistic for H0 :
0 ( unknown, normal population or

large sample):
t

x 0

s/ n

with df
n 1.

Paired t-test statistic for H0 : 1
2 (paired sample, and normal

differences or large sample):
d

sd / n

t

with df
n 1.

Paired t-interval for 1 2 (paired sample, and normal differences

or large sample):
sd
d t/2
n
with df
n 1.
CHAPTER 11

Inferences for Population Proportions

Sample proportion:

Inferences for Two Population Means

Pooled sample standard deviation:

(n1 1)s12 + (n2 1)s22
sp

n1 + n2 2
Pooled t-test statistic for H0 : 1
2 (independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations):
t

x1 x2

sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )

with df
n1 + n2 2.
Pooled t-interval for 1 2 (independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
deviations):

(x 1 x 2 ) t/2 sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
with df
n1 + n2 2.

p

x
,
n

where x denotes the number of members in the sample that have the
specified attribute.
One-sample z-interval for p:
p z/2

p(1
p)/n

(Assumption: both x and n x are 5 or greater)

Margin of error for the estimate of p:

p)/n

E
z/2 p(1
Sample size for estimating p:


z/2 2
n
0.25
or
E


n
p g (1 p g )

z/2
E

2

rounded up to the nearest whole number (g
educated guess)

One-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p
p0 :

Degrees of freedom for nonpooled-t procedures:

 2
 
 2
s /n1 + s22 /n2

 1 2
 2
2 ,
s2 /n2
s12 /n1
+
n1 1
n2 1
rounded down to the nearest integer.
Nonpooled t-test statistic for H0 : 1
2 (independent samples,
and normal populations or large samples):
x1 x2

t

(s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
with df
.

with df
.

Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean

z-test statistic for H0 :
0 ( known, normal population or large

sample):

CHAPTER 10

Nonpooled t-interval for 1 2 (independent samples, and normal

populations or large samples):

(x 1 x 2 ) t/2 (s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )

p p0
z

p0 (1 p0 )/n
(Assumption: both np0 and n(1 p0 ) are 5 or greater)
Pooled sample proportion: p p

x1 + x2
n1 + n2

Two-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p1
p2 :

p 1 p 2
z


p p (1 p p ) (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
(Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 x1 , x2 , n2 x2 are all 5
or greater)

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, 5/E

Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS
Two-sample z-interval for p1 p2 :

(p 1 p 2 ) z/2 p 1 (1 p 1 )/n1 + p 2 (1 p 2 )/n2

One-way ANOVA identity: SST
SSTR + SSE

Computing formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:

(Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 x1 , x2 , n2 x2 are all 5

or greater)

SST
x 2 (x)2 /n
SSTR
(Tj2 /nj ) (x)2 /n

Margin of error for the estimate of p1 p2 :


E
z/2 p 1 (1 p 1 )/n1 + p 2 (1 p 2 )/n2
Sample size for estimating p1 p2 :

Mean squares in one-way ANOVA:



n1
n2
0.5
or

SSE
SST SSTR

z/2
E

2

MSTR

 z

n1
n2
p 1g (1 p 1g ) + p 2g (1 p 2g )

2

/2

Chi-Square Procedures

Expected frequencies for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test:

E
np
Test statistic for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test:
2
(O E)2 /E
with df
k 1, where k is the number of possible values for the
variable under consideration.
Expected frequencies for a chi-square independence test:
RC
n
where R
row total and C
column total.
E

F

MSTR
MSE

CHAPTER 14

Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation

Population regression equation: y
0 + 1 x


SSE
Standard error of the estimate: se

n2
Test statistic for H0 : 1
0:
t

b1

se / Sxx

with df
n 2.
Confidence interval for 1 :
se
b1 t/2
Sxx
with df
n 2.

2
(O E)2 /E
with df
(r 1)(c 1), where r and c are the number of possible
values for the two variables under consideration.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Notation in one-way ANOVA:

Confidence interval for the conditional mean of the response variable

corresponding to xp :


(xp x/n)2
1
y p t/2 se
+
n
Sxx
with df
n 2.

k
number of populations
n
total number of observations
x
mean of all n observations
nj
size of sample from Population j
x j
mean of sample from Population j
sj2
variance of sample from Population j
Tj
sum of sample data from Population j
Defining formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:

Prediction interval for an observed value of the response variable

corresponding to xp :


(xp x/n)2
1
y p t/2 se 1 +
+
n
Sxx
with df
n 2.
Test statistic for H0 :
0:
t

SST
(x x)2

SSTR
nj (x j x)

SSE
(nj 1)sj2

SSE
nk

with df
(k 1, n k).

Test statistic for a chi-square independence test:

CHAPTER 13

MSE

Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (independent samples, normal

populations, and equal population standard deviations):

rounded up to the nearest whole number (g
educated guess)

CHAPTER 12

SSTR
,
k1

with df
n 2.

r
1 r2
n2