DYNAMICS

BDA 20103 LECTURE 2

Curvilinear motion
-Cartesian (x-y) coordinate system
- Trajectory/projectile motion

Brief Review Lecture 1

Dynamics

Rectilinear motion
s
t

Average Velocity

vavg

Instantaneous velocity

ds
v
dt

Average acceleration

aavg

Instantaneous acceleration

dv d 2 s
a
2
dt dt

vs
v
t

av s

Dynamics

Rectilinear motion
Constant velocity

s s0 + v (t t0 )

s v (t )
In general practical
situation:
Initial time t0 = 0

Also
The particle starts
from distance s0 = 0

Constant acceleration
v v0 + a t t0

v v0 + a t
v 2 v02 + 2a s s0

v 2 v02 + 2a s

1
s s0 v0 (t t0 ) a t 2 t02 at0 t t0
2

1
s v0 (t ) a t 2
2
Dynamics

Erratic motion
1. Changing motion

2. Position (s), velocity (v), acceleration (a)

cannot be described by a single continuous
mathematical function
3.It is convenient to represent the motion as
a graph

Dynamics

s-t, v-t & a-t graph

Dynamics

New Topics to Discuss

Introduction Planar Curvilinear Motion

Coordinate System To Represent Curvilinear

Motion

Cartesian (x-y) Coordinate System

Trajectory Motion
Normal Tangential (n-t) Coordinate System

Dynamics

General curvilinear motion

P0
Curved path of P

s
r

r0

r1

P1

r1 = r0 + r

vavg

Instantaneous
velocity

v lim

Magnitude of
velocity (SPEED)

v v

r dr

r
t 0 t
dt

Dynamics

Average
velocity

dr ds

s
dt
dt

Average
acceleration

aavg

Instantaneous
acceleration

v dv
a lim

vr
t 0 t
dt
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Application: x-y coordinate system

P
y

yj

j
xi
O

Dynamics

Application: n-t coordinate system

v
P

et
en

Particle model

Dynamics

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Definition x-y coordinate system

r xi yj
P

or can be expressed

r
yj
j
xi
O

r cos
r

r
sin

r r

Dynamics

x
r
y

x2 y 2

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Velocity in x y coordinate system

Velocity in x and y axes

dx
dr d x dt vx
v

dt dt y dy v y
dt

vx x
v
v y y

Dynamics

v v

2
x

vy 2

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Acceleration x y coordinate system

Acceleration in x and y axes

dvx
d vx dt ax
a

dt v y dv y a y
dt

a x vx x
a
a y v y y

a a

Dynamics

2
x

ay 2

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x y coordinate system:

Projectile Motion

Free-flight motion studied in terms of

rectangular components
Consider projectile launched at (SAx, SAy)
Path defined in the x-y plane
Air resistance neglected
ac = g = 9.81 m/s2

Dynamics

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x y coordinate system:

Projectile Motion

ay = -g
vx
vy
vAy

vA

sy
A vAx

sAy

Dynamics

sAx

sx

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Velocity in trajectory
Horizontal:

ax = 0

Vertical:

vAx = vA cos
0

v x v Ax + ax t t A

tA = 0
0

ay = -g

vAy = vA sin

-g

tA = 0

v y v Ay + a y t t A
v y v A sin gt

v x v A cos
0

v x 2 v Ax 2 + 2ax sx sAx

v y 2 v Ay 2 + 2a y s y sAy

v x 2 v Ax 2 v x v Ax v Acos

v y 2 v A sin 2 g (s y sAy )

Dynamics

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Distance in trajectory

Horizontal:

1
sx s Ax vAx (t t A ) ax t 2 t A2 axt A t t A
2

sx s Ax v Axt

sx sAx vA cos t
Vertical:
-g

1
s y s Ay vAy (t t A ) a y t 2 t A2 a y t A t t A
2
1
s y s Ay vAyt gt 2
2

Dynamics

1
s y s Ay vA sin t gt 2
2

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EXAMPLE 1(Hibbeler R.C Eg.12.9)

At any instant the horizontal

position of the weather balloon
is defined by x = (9t) m, where
t is in second. If the equation
of the path is y = x2/30,
determine the distance of the
balloon from the station at A,
the magnitude and direction of
the both the velocity and
acceleration when t = 2 s.
Dynamics

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EXAMPLE 1
Solution:
Position. When t = 2 s, x = 9(2) m = 18 m and
y = (18)2/30 = 10.8 m
The straight-line distance from A to B is

r
Velocity.

18 10.8
2

d
v x x 9t 9m / s
dt
d 2
v y y
x / 30 10.8m / s
dt

Dynamics

21 m

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EXAMPLE 1

When t = 2 s, the magnitude of velocity is

v

92 10.82

14.1m / s

The direction is tangent to the path, where

v
1 y
v tan
50.2
vx
Acceleration.
a x vx 0
a y v y 5.4m / s 2
Dynamics

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EXAMPLE 1

0 5.4
2

5.4m / s 2

The direction of a is
5.4
a tan
90
0
1

Dynamics

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EXAMPLE 2 - projectile

The chipping machine is designed to eject wood at

chips vO = 7.5 m/s. If the tube is oriented at 30
from the horizontal, determine how high, h, the
chips strike the pile if they land on the pile 6 m
from the tube.

Dynamics

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Coordinate System. Three unknown h, time of

flight, tOA and the vertical component of velocity
(vB)y. Taking origin at O, for initial velocity of a chip,
(vO ) x (7.5 cos30 ) 6.5m / s
(vO ) y (7.5 sin 30 ) 3.75m / s

(vA)x = (vO)x = 6.5 m/s and ay = -9.81 m/s2

Dynamics

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Horizontal Motion.

x A x0 (v0 ) x tOA
tOA 0.9231s
Vertical Motion.
Relating tOA to initial and final elevation of the chips,

Dynamics

1 2
y A h 2.1 yO (v0 ) y tOA actOA
2
h 1.38m
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Problem 3.1

A stone is thrown
horizontally at +17 m/s from
the top of a cliff 40 m high.

Dynamics

How long does the stone take

to reach the bottom of the cliff?
How far from the base of the
cliff does the stone strike the
ground?
What is the speed of the stone
just before it strikes the
ground?

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Next LECTURE 3..

Dynamics

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