UNIX Shell-Scripting Basics

Agenda
What is a shell? A shell script?
Introduction to bash
Running Commands
Applied Shell Programming

What is a shell?

What is a shell?

/bin/bash

What is a shell?

#!/bin/bash

What is a shell?
INPUT

shell

OUTPUT

ERROR

What is a shell?
Any Program
But there are a few popular shells

Bourne Shells

/bin/sh
/bin/bash
Bourne-Again Shell

Steve Bourne

Other Common Shells

C Shell (/bin/csh)
Turbo C Shell (/bin/tcsh)
Korn Shell (/bin/ksh)

An aside: What do I mean by /bin ?

C Shell (/bin/csh)
Turbo C Shell (/bin/tcsh)
Korn Shell (/bin/ksh)

An aside: What do I mean by /bin ?

/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin
/sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/sbin
/tmp
/dev
/home/borwicjh

What is a Shell Script?

A Text File
With Instructions
Executable

What is a Shell Script?

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world

What is a Shell Script? A Text File

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world

An aside: Redirection
cat > /tmp/myfile
cat >> /tmp/myfile
cat 2> /tmp/myerr
cat < /tmp/myinput
cat <<INPUT
Some input
INPUT
cat > /tmp/x 2>&1

INPUT 0
env
OUTPUT 1

ERROR 2

What is a Shell Script? How To Run

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world

What is a Shell Script? What To Do

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world

What is a Shell Script? Executable

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world

What is a Shell Script? Running it

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM
#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world

Finding the program: PATH

% ./hello.sh
echo vs. /usr/bin/echo
% echo $PATH
/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:
/home/borwicjh/bin
% which echo
/usr/bin/echo

Variables and the Environment

% hello.sh
bash: hello.sh: Command not
found
% PATH=$PATH:.
% hello.sh
Hello, world

An aside: Quoting
% echo $USER
$USER
% echo $USER
borwicjh
% echo \

% echo deacnet\\sct
deacnet\sct
% echo \
\

Variables and the Environment

% env
[variables passed to sub-programs]
% NEW_VAR=Yes
% echo $NEW_VAR
Yes
% env
[PATH but not NEW_VAR]
% export NEW_VAR
% env
[PATH and NEW_VAR]

Welcome to Shell Scripting!

How to Learn
man
man bash
man cat
man man

man k
man k manual

Learning the Bash Shell, 2nd Ed.

Bash Reference Cards
http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/

Introduction to bash

Continuing Lines: \
% echo This \
Is \
A \
Very \
Long \
Command Line
This Is A Very Long Command Line
%

Exit Status
$?
0 is True
% ls /does/not/exist
% echo $?
1
% echo $?
0

Exit Status: exit

% cat > test.sh <<_TEST_
exit 3
_TEST_
% chmod +x test.sh
% ./test.sh
% echo $?
3

Logic: test
%
%
0
%
%
1

test 1 -lt 10
echo $?

test 1 == 10
echo $?

Logic: test
test
[ ]
[ 1 lt 10 ]

[[ ]]
[[ this string =~ this ]]

(( ))
(( 1 < 10 ))

Logic: test
[
[
[
[

-f /etc/passwd ]
! f /etc/passwd ]
-f /etc/passwd a f /etc/shadow ]
-f /etc/passwd o f /etc/shadow ]

An aside: $(( )) for Math

% echo $(( 1 + 2 ))
3
% echo $(( 2 * 3 ))
6
% echo $(( 1 / 3 ))
0

Logic: if
if something
then
:
# elif a contraction of else if:
elif something-else
then
:
else
then
:
fi

Logic: if
if [ $USER eq borwicjh ]
then
:
# elif a contraction of else if:
elif ls /etc/oratab
then
:
else
then
:
fi

Logic: if
# see if a file exists
if [ -e /etc/passwd ]
then
echo /etc/passwd exists
else
echo /etc/passwd not found!
fi

Logic: for
for i in 1 2 3
do
echo $i
done

Logic: for
for i in /*
do
echo Listing $i:
ls -l $i
read
done

Logic: for
for i in /*
do
echo Listing $i:
ls -l $i
read
done

Logic: for
for i in /*
do
echo Listing $i:
ls -l $i
read
done

Logic: C-style for

for (( expr1
expr2
expr3
do
list
done

;
;
))

Logic: C-style for

LIMIT=10
for (( a=1
;
a<=LIMIT ;
a++
))
do
echo n $a
done

Logic: while
while something
do
:
done

Logic: while
a=0; LIMIT=10
while [ "$a" -lt "$LIMIT" ]
do
echo -n "$a
a=$(( a + 1 ))
done

Counters
COUNTER=0
while [ -e $FILE.COUNTER ]
do
COUNTER=$(( COUNTER + 1))
done
Note: race condition

Reusing Code: Sourcing

% cat > /path/to/my/passwords <<_PW_
FTP_USER=sct
_PW_
% echo $FTP_USER
% . /path/to/my/passwords
% echo $FTP_USER
sct
%

Variable Manipulation
% FILEPATH=/path/to/my/output.lis
% echo $FILEPATH
/path/to/my/output.lis
% echo ${FILEPATH%.lis}
/path/to/my/output
% echo ${FILEPATH#*/}
path/to/my/output.lis
% echo ${FILEPATH##*/}
output.lis

It takes a long time to

become a bash
guru

Running Programs

Reasons for Running Programs

Check Return Code
$?

Get Job Output

OUTPUT=`echo Hello`
OUTPUT=$(echo Hello)

Send Output Somewhere

Redirection: <, >
Pipes

Pipes
Lots of Little Tools

INPUT 0
echo

echo Hello | \
wc -c

OUTPUT 1

ERROR 2

A Pipe!
INPUT 0
wc
OUTPUT 1

ERROR 2

Email Notification
% echo Message | \
mail s Heres your message \
borwicjh@wfu.edu

Dates
% DATESTRING=`date +%Y%m%d`
% echo $DATESTRING
20060125
% man date

FTP the Hard Way

ftp n u server.wfu.edu <<_FTP_
user username password
put FILE
_FTP_

FTP with wget

wget \
ftp://user:pass@server.wfu.edu/file
wget r \
ftp://user:pass@server.wfu.edu/dir/

FTP with curl

curl T upload-file \
-u username:password \
ftp://server.wfu.edu/dir/file

Searching: grep
%
%
%
%
%

grep
grep
grep
grep
grep

rayra /etc/passwd
r rayra /etc
r RAYRA /etc
ri RAYRA /etc
rli rayra /etc

Searching: find
% find /home/borwicjh \
-name *.lis

[all files matching *.lis]

% find /home/borwicjh \
-mtime -1 name *.lis

[*.lis, if modified within 24h]

% man find

Searching: locate
% locate .lis

[files with .lis in path]

% locate log

[also finds /var/log/messages]

Applied Shell Programming

Make Your Life Easier

TAB completion
Control+R
history
cd Study a UNIX Editor

pushd/popd
% cd /tmp
% pushd /var/log
/var/log /tmp
% cd ..
% pwd
/var
% popd
/tmp

Monitoring processes
ps
ps ef
ps u oracle
ps C sshd
man ps

DOS Mode Files

#!/usr/bin/bash^M
FTP transfer in ASCII, or
dos2unix infile > outfile

sqlplus
JOB=ZZZTEST
PARAMS=ZZZTEST_PARAMS
PARAMS_USER=BORWICJH
sqlplus $BANNER_USER/$BANNER_PW << _EOF_
set serveroutput on
set sqlprompt ""
EXECUTE WF_SATURN.FZ_Get_Parameters('$JOB',
'$PARAMS', '$PARAMS_USER');
_EOF_

sqlplus
sqlplus
$ARG1
if [ $?
then
exit 1
fi
if [ -e
then

$USER/$PASS @$FILE_SQL \
$ARG2 $ARG3
ne 0 ]

/file/sql/should/create ]

[use SQL-created file]

fi
Ask Amy Lamy!

Passing Arguments
% cat > test.sh <<_TEST_
echo Your name is \$1 \$2
_TEST_
% chmod +x test.sh
% ./test.sh John Borwick ignorethis
Your name is John Borwick

INB Job Submission Template

$1: user ID
$2: password
$3: one-up number
$4: process name
$5: printer name

% /path/to/your/script $UI $PW \

$ONE_UP $JOB $PRNT

Scheduling Jobs
%
0
0
*
0
%
%

crontab -l
0 * * * daily-midnight-job.sh
* * * * hourly-job.sh
* * * * every-minute.sh
1 * * 0 1AM-on-sunday.sh
EDITOR=vi crontab e
man 5 crontab

Other Questions?
Shells and Shell Scripts
bash
Running Commands
bash and Banner in Practice