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Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.2
Section 9.3
Section 9.4
Section 9.5
Section 9.6
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . 439
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1
4.
Vertex: 0, 0
p2 > 0
Opens upward
Matches graph (a).
6.
x 22 y 12
1
16
4
x2 y2
1
9
9
8.
Circle radius 3.
Matches (g)
x 22 y2
1
9
4
Hyperbola
Center: 2, 0
Horizontal transverse axis.
Matches (d)
10. x2 8y 0
12. x 12 8 y 2 0
x2 42y
Vertex: 0, 0
Focus: 0, 2
x 12 42 y 2
(0, 0)
8
Directrix: y 2
4
4
(1, 2)
12
8
12
14. y 2 6y 8x 25 0
16. y 2 4y 8x 12 0
y 2 6y 9 8x 25 9
y 2 4y 4 8x 12 4
y 32 42x 2
y 22 42x 2
Directrix: x 0
Directrix: x 4
20 16 12
( 2, 3)
y
4
2
6
12
x
4
(2, 2)
4
424
6
8
Section 9.1
y 16x2 8x 6 16x2 8x 16 10
18.
x2 2x 1 8y 9 1
x 12 42 y 1
6y 10 x 42
x 42 6y 53
x 42 4
425
20. x2 2x 8y 9 0
6y x 42 10
32
y
5
3
Vertex: 4, 53
10
Directrix: y 1
Focus: 4, 16
10
Directrix: y
19
6
10
x 12 42 y 2
22.
y 22 42x 0
x2 2x 8y 15 0
y 2 8x 4y 4 0
y 4 x 22 4x x2
26.
x 4x y 0
Vertex: 4, 0
x 42 8 y 0
x2 8x 8y 16 0
30. 5x2 7y 2 70
y
6
y2
x2
1
14 10
a2
14,
b2
32.
1
3
a2 1, b2 , c2
4
4
4
2
10,
c2
4
Center: 0, 0
Foci: 2, 0
x 22 y 42
1
1
14
Foci:
Vertices: 14, 0
, 4
3
e
x 22 y 32
1
58
25
y
1
x
5
2
9
a2, , b2 , c2 a2 b2
8
5
40
Foci:
2
Vertices:
e
2
c
3
a 5
310
, 3
20
10
, 3
(2, 3)
1
1
( 2, 4)
2
3
4
14
2
e
7
14
34.
2
3
426
Chapter 9
36.
4
4
9 y 2 4y 4 43 16 36
36 x2 x
3
9
9
x 23
y 2
1
14
1
2
1
3
a2 1, b2 , c2
4
4
Center:
Foci:
32, 2
32, 2 23
Vertices:
Solve for y:
9 y 2 4y 4 36x2 48x 43 36
y 22
36x2 48x 7
9
1
y 2 36x2 48x 7
3
38.
12
32
36
256
x
25 y 2 y
78 72 256 250
5
25
5
25
50 x2
x 65 2 y 165 2
1
5
10
a2 10, b2 5, c2 5
Center:
Foci:
56, 165
Vertices:
5
1
1
2
Horizontal major axis
Center: 2, 2
Center: 0, 0
a 2, c 1 b 3
c 5, a 7 b 24
x 22 y 22
1
4
3
y2
x2
1
24 49
Eccentricity:
Section 9.1
46.
y2
x2
1
25
9
a 5, b 3, c a2 b2 34
Center: 0, 0
Foci: 34, 0
(1, 2)
x
3
Asymptotes: y x
5
(3, 2)
4
10
8
6
4
2
Vertices: 5, 0
(1, 6)
6
x 12 y 22
1.
4
16
4 2
4
6
8
10
4
2
48.
427
y 1 2 x 4 2
1
122
52
x
4
8 10
a 12, b 5, c a 2 b2 13
x 22
y2
1
36
4
a 6, b 2, c a2 b2 210
Center: 2, 0
Vertices: 2, 6, 2, 6
y
20
Asymptotes: y 3x 2
y
5
x
5
8
5
x
2 1
20
54.
9x 2 y 2 54x 10y 55 0
9x 2 6x 9 y 2 10y 25 55 81 25
y 12 x 32
1
14
19
1
13
1
1
a ,b ,c
2
3
6
Foci:
1
3, 1 13
6
10
1
a , b 1, c
3
3
Center: 3, 5
Center: 3, 1
Vertices:
x 32 y 52
1
19
1
3
Asymptotes: y 1 x 3
2
1
1
3 13, 5
10
, 5
Foci: 3
3
10
Vertices:
Solve for y:
y2 10y 25 9x2 54x 55 25
2
0
428
Chapter 9
3y 2 x 2 6x 12y 0
56.
Asymptotes: y 3x
3 y 2 4y 4 x 2 6x 9 0 12 9 3
y 2
x 3
1
1
3
2
a 1, b 3, c 2
Center: 3, 2
Vertices: 3, 1, 3, 3
10
y 2 x2
1.
9
1
Solve for y:
3 y 2 4y 4 x2 6x 12
y 22
x2 6x 12
3
y2
x
6x 12
3
Vertex: 3, 0
Focus: 5, 0
Center: 2, 0
a 3, c 5, b2 c2 a2 16
a 3, c 5, b2 c2 a2 16
y2 x 22
Therefore,
1.
9
16
Therefore,
66. (a)
3
Asymptotes: y x
4
y2
x2
1.
9
16
y 2 x2
1, y 2 2x2 4, 2yy 4x 0,
4
2
y
4x 2x
2y
y
At x 4: y 6, y
24
4
3
4
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 4x 3y 2 0
3
b
3
3
Slopes of asymptotes: and b a
a
4
4
c2 a2 b2 100
Solving these equations, we have a2 64 and b2 36.
Therefore, the equation is
x2
y2
1.
64 36
4
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 4x 3y 2 0
3
(b) From part (a) we know that the slopes of the normal
lines must be 34.
3
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 3x 4y 36 0
4
3
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 3x 4y 36 0
4
68. 4x2 y 2 4x 3 0
72. y2 x 4y 5 0
A 4, C 1
A 25, C 0
A 0, C 1
AC < 0
Parabola
Parabola
Hyperbola
Section 9.1
2x2 2xy 3y y 2 2xy
74.
9x2 54x 81 36 4 y2 4y 4
76.
2x2 y 2 3y 0
A 2, C 1, AC > 0
A 9, C 4, AC > 0
Ellipse
Ellipse
78. (a) An ellipse is the set of all points x, y, the sum of
whose distance from two distinct fixed points (foci)
is constant.
x h
y k
x h
y k
1 or
1
a2
b2
b2
a2
2
(b)
(a)
82 4p
c
80. e , c a2 b2
a
For e
1, the ellipse is elongated.
3
100
y
6400
y
y
1600
3
3
2
x
100
(b)
1283
6.53 meters.
dy 1
x1
dx 2
x 2x 9
4
100
( 0, 1003 )
( 8, 1003 )
3x 9
2
100
x3
1
100
dy
0
dx
x2 4x 4y 0
2x 4 4
5
100
3
8, 100
2p1 x.
0 < e < 1
For e
0, the ellipse is nearly circular.
1600
p
3
x2 4
y 3.
86. The focus of x2 8y 42y is 0, 2. The distance from a point on the parabola, x, x28, and the focus, 0, 2, is
d
x 0 x8 2 .
2
x2
2
8
16
xx
x 2 = 8y
(0, 2)
x
x3
x.
4
16
2
x2
2 .
8
fx 2x 2
429
x, x
8
( )
1
3
1
2
16x 1 0 x 0.
2
This is a minimum by the First Derivative Test. Hence, the closest point to the focus is the vertex, 0, 0.
430
Chapter 9
1
x y2
4
90.
320
1
x y
2
1 x2 1
18
0
s
dC
0.1706t 0.2971
(c)
dt
4
1
y4 dy 21 4 y
2
x
1
1
y4 y2 4 ln y 4 y 2
4
1
420 4 ln 4 20 4 ln 2
4
4
0
25 ln2 5
5.916
1
1
dy
5
4
y2
4
92. x2 20y
y
y
94. A 2
x
20
x
10
y12 dy
x
1
x
10
dx 2
10 23100 x
4p
S 2
4py dy
2 32
4p
x100 x2
dx
10
98.
e
0.0167
Focus
Vertex
32
8
ph32
3
100 r 232 1000
15
23y
c
a
c
149,570, 000
c
2,497,819
Focus
Vertex
100. e
AP
AP
121,881
0.9367
130,119
102.
y2
x2
1
a2 b2
y2
x2
2 2 2 1
2
a
a b a
y2
x2
2 2
1
2
a
a a c2a2
x2
y2
1
a2 a21 e2
As e 0, 1 e2 1 and we have
x2
y2
2 1 or the circle x2 y 2 a2.
2
a
a
Section 9.1
104.
x2
y2
1
2
4.5
2.52
y2
2.5 2
x2 4.52 1
5 ft
x
9
x 2.52 y 2
5
3 ft
9 ft
4.52.5
16 16
2
90
144
5
0.5
9
2.52 y 2 dy (Recall: Area of ellipse is ab.)
5
0.5
90
72
1
0.56 2.52 arcsin
318.5 ft3
5
5
18x 36
8y 24
108. (a) A 4
x 22 y 32
1
4
9
3
x
3
16 x2 dx
x16 x2 16 arcsin
4
2
4
V 2
(b) Disk:
9
9
16 x2 dx
16
8
4
0
12
16x 31x
48
3
y 16 x2
4
y
1 y2
S 22
3x
416 x2
1 16169x x
2
3
16 x2
4
7x
3
7x256 7x2 256 arcsin
16
87
CONTINUED
4
0
16 x2
256 7x2
416 x2
dx
3
4
7
3
487 256 arcsin
138.93
4
87
256 7x2 dx
431
432
Chapter 9
108. CONTINUED
V 4
(c) Shell:
416 x dx 3 2316 x
2 32
64
4
x 9 y 2
3
4y
x
3 9 y2
1 x 2
S 22
4
110. (a)
1 9916y y
2
4
9 y 2
3
dy
4
81 7y 2 dy
9
16
9 27
8
3712 81 ln37 12 81 ln 9
168.53
97
7y81 7y
81 ln 7y 81 7y 2
x2
y2
21
2
a
b
At P, y
b2
a2
y0
x0 c
y0 m.
0
y0
b2x0
2
x0 c
a y0
a2y 2 b2x0x0 c
2 0
2
y0
bx
a y0x0 c b2x0 y0
1
2 0
x0 c
a y0
arctan
b2
b2
arctan
y0c
y0c
m m
tan
1
1 m1m
y0
x0 c
xb2
ya2
m m
(c) tan 2
1 m2m
2x 2yy
2 0
a2
b
y
y0
b2x
2 0
x0 c
a y0
a2y 2 b2x0x0 c
2 0
2
y0
bx
a y0x0 c b2x0y0
1
2 0
x0 c
a y0
arctan
yb c
2
Since
, the tangent line to an ellipse at a point P makes equal angles with the lines through P and the foci.
Section 9.1
112. (a) e
(b)
a2 b2
c
ea2 a2 b2. Hence,
a
a
3, 23
x h2 y k2
1
a2
b2
Center:
x h2
y k2
2
1.
2
a
a 1 e2
3
5
c , 2a 2, b2 c2 a2
2
4
Therefore, the equation is
x 22
y 32
1
4
41 e2
y 32 2 x 32
1.
1
54
433
9
1
a c c a 2a.
Now, for any point x, y on the hyperbola, the difference of the distances between x, y and the two foci must also be 2a.
x c2 y 02 x c2 y 02 2a
x c2 y 2 2a x c2 y 2
x2
c2
x2
a2
a2
a2y2
a2
c2
( x, y )
a2
(c, 0)
( c, 0) ( a, 0) (a, 0)
y
1
c2 a2
752
13,851
x
110.3 miles.
y2
x2
21
2
a
b
2x 2yy
b2x
2 0 or y 2
2
a
b
ay
y y0
120.
b2x0
x x0
a2y0
434
Chapter 9
122.
A x2
D
E
x C y 2 y F
A
C
D
D2
E
E2
D2
E2
x 2 C y2 y 2 F
R
A
4A
C
4C
4A 4C
A x2
x 2AD y 2CE
2
(a) If A C, we have
R
AC
(b) If C 0, we have
x 2AD y 2CE
2
R
A
A x
C y
R
A
F Ey
D2
.
4A
E
2C
F Dx
E2
.
4C
If A 0, we have
x 2A y 2C
D
2A
1
R
C
x 2AD y 2CE
2
R
A
R
C
1
Section 9.2
2. x 4 cos2
y 2 sin
0 x 4
2 y 2
(a)
2
2
4
2
2
2
4
(c)
(b)
(d)
3
2
1
x
1
128. True
x
cos2
4
y2
sin2
4
y2
x
1
4
4
x 4 y2, 2 y 2
(e) The graph would be oriented in the opposite direction.
Section 9.2
4. x 3 2t
435
6. x 2t2
y 2 3t
y23
y t4 1
3 2 x
2x
y
2y 3x 13 0
x2
1, x 0
4
1
6
5
4
3
2
x
2
1
1
8. x t 2 t, y t 2 t
Subtracting the second equation from the first, we have
x y 2t or t
xy
2
2
1
2
4
x y 2 x y
y
4
2
3
2
12. x 1
y3t
y3
x 4,
x 0
x1
y
2
1
2
yt2
1
1
implies t
t
x1
1
1
x1
x
1
14. x t 1
yt1
1
t
x y 2 1 y 3
y
5
4
3
3
2
1
2
1
18.
y
3
2
1
1, x > 0
x2
1
3
x
1
2
3
x tan2
y sec2
sec2 tan2 1
yx1
x 0
1
x
1
436
Chapter 9
x 2 cos
20.
x cos
22.
y 6 sin
2x 6y
2
x 4 2 cos
24.
y 2 sin 2
y 1 2 sin
y 4 sin cos
cos2 sin2 1
x 4 2 4 cos2
1 x2 sin2
y2
x2
1 ellipse
4
36
y 1 2 4 sin2
y 4x1 x2
x 4 2 y 1 2 4
3
2
6 4
26. x sec
28.
y tan
x cos3
1.5
y sin3
3
x2 sec2
y2 tan2
x2
3 cos2
y2
3 sin2
30. x ln 2t
1.5
32. x e2t
y et
y t2
t
ex
2
3
1
e 2x 1 2x
e
y
r
4
y2 x
y > 0
3
1
y x, x > 0
34. By eliminating the parameters in (a) (d), we get x2 y 2 4. They differ from each other in orientation and in restricted
domains. These curves are all smooth.
4t 2 1
1
1
4 2
y
(b) x
(a) x 2 cos , y 2 sin
t
t
t
x 0, x 2
y0
y
1
3
2
x
1
x
1
2
(c) x t
y 4 t
x 0
y 0
(d) x 4 e2t
y et
2 < x 0
y > 0
x
1
Section 9.2
36. The orientations are reversed. The graphs are the same. They are both smooth.
38. The set of points x, y corresponding to the rectangular equation of a set of parametric equations does not show
the orientation of the curve nor any restriction on the domain of the original parametric equations.
x h r cos
40.
x h a sec
42.
y k r sin
y k b tan
cos
xh
r
xh
sec
a
sin
yk
r
yk
tan
b
cos2 sin2
x h 2 y k 2
1
r2
r2
x h 2 y k 2
1
a2
b2
x h 2 y k 2 r 2
44. From Exercise 39 we have
x 1 4t
x 3 3 cos
y 4 6t.
y 1 3 sin .
Center: 4, 2
Solution not unique
52. y
Center: 0, 0
Solution not unique
The transverse axis is vertical,
therefore, x and y are interchanged.
56. x sin
54. y x2
Example
Example
x t, y
y sec .
2
t1
x t, y
y t2
x t 3,
y t6
60. x 2 sin
y 2 4 cos
x t,
2
t 1
58. x 2 4 sin
y 1 cos
2
x1
y 2 cos
6
2
9
3
Smooth everywhere
5
437
438
Chapter 9
62. x
3t
1 t3
y
3t 2
1 t3
Smooth everywhere
66. (a) Matches (ii) because 1 x 0 and 1 y 2.
68. x cos3
70. x cot
y 2 sin
y 4 sin cos
Matches (a)
Matches (c)
72. Let the circle of radius 1 be centered at C. A is the point of tangency on the line OC. OA 2,
AC 1, OC 3. P x, y is the point on the curve being traced out as the angle changes
AP
. AB
2 and AP
2. Form the right triangle CDP. The angle
AB
and
OCE
2
DCP
3
.
2
2
2
x OE Ex 3 sin
y EC CD 3 sin cos 3
C
2
3 sin sin 3
2
x
x
x
y h v0 sin
16
v0 cos
v0 cos
v0 cos
y h tan x
16 sec2 2
x
v02
16 sec2 2
x
v02
(c)
80
, and
4
16
16 sec2
4
22
v02
v0
32
6400 v0 80.
0.005
250
D
P = ( x, y )
sin 3
3 cos cos 3
2
2
B E
Section 9.3
Section 9.3
2.
dy dydt
1
3t23
dx dxdt 13t23
4.
dy dyd 12e2
1
1
e32 32
dx dxd
2e
4
4e
8. x t2 3t 2, y 2t
6. x t, y 3t 1
dy
2
2
when t 0.
dx 2t 3 3
dy
3
6t 6 when t 1.
dx
12t
4
4
d 2y 222t 3
when t 0.
dx2
2t 3
2t 32
9
3t
d 2y
6 concave upwards
dx2 12t
concave downward
10. x cos , y 3 sin
dy 3 cos
3 cot
dx sin
dx is undefined when 0.
d 2y
3 csc2
3
3
2
dx
sin
sin
d 2y
is undefined when 0.
dx2
dy
12. x t, y t 1
dy
1 2t 1
dx
1 2t
t
t 1
dy
sin
0 when .
dx
1 cos
2 when t 2.
2y
d 2y
t 1 2t t 12t 1 t 1
dx2
1 2t
1
1 when t 2.
t 132
1
1
when .
1 cos 2
4
concave downward
concave downward
16. x 2 3 cos , y 3 2 sin
18. x t 1, y
2 cos 2
dy
cot
dx
3 sin
3
At 1, 3, 0, and
(a)
dy
is undefined.
dx
Tangent line: y 5
3
dy
0.
At 2, 5, , and
2
dx
4 23
1
1, t 1
t
Tangent line: x 1
At
439
,2 ,
7
dy
23
, and
.
6
dx
3
(c)
Tangent line:
23
4 33
y2
x
3
2
dy
1. At 0, 2, y 2 1x 0
dx
y x 2
(d)
23x 3y 43 3 0
4
440
Chapter 9
3
4
(b) At
(d)
dy
3
4 3
. At
,
,
dx
4
2 2
dx
dy
32 dy 3
22,
,
dt
dt
2
dx 4
(c)
3
4 3
, x, y
,
, and
4
2 2
y
3
2
3
4
x
4
2
3
y x 32
4
dy
0 and y 1. Tangent Line
dx
dy 9
3 and y 1 3x 2 or y 3x 5. Tangent Line
dt
3
dy
2 sin 0 when 0, , 2, . . . .
d
dx
2 0; none
d
26. x t 1, y t 2 3t
Horizontal tangents:
Point:
28. x t2 t 2, y t 3 3t
dy
3
2t 3 0 when t .
dt
2
Vertical tangents:
dx
1 0; none
dt
Point:
dy
3 5 7
4 cos 2 0 when , , , .
d
4 4 4 4
Vertical tangents:
dy
3t 2 3 0 when t 1.
dt
21, 49
Vertical tangents:
Horizontal tangents:
dx
sin 0 when 0, .
d
74, 118
dx
1
2t 1 0 when t .
dt
2
Section 9.3
32. x 4 cos2 , y 2 sin
Vertical tangents:
441
dy
3
2 cos 0 when , .
d
2 2
Horizontal tangents:
Horizontal tangents:
dy
sin 0 when x 0, .
d
0, .
dx
2 cos sin 0 when
d
3
, .
2 2
Point: 4, 0
Exclude 0, .
Point: 0, 0
36. x t2 1, y 4t3 3, 1 t 0
dydt
2
dx
dy
dx
2t,
12t2,
dt
dt
dt
s
1
4t2 144t4
4t2 144t4 dt
1 36t232
54
1
2t1 36t2 dt
1
1 3732 4.149
54
0
1
1
2
dx
1
t
dy 1 2t
,
dt
2 1 t2
1 t2
1 t 2 dt
12
s
0
12
dxdt dydt dt
1 1 t dt
2
12
2 2
1 t1
ln
2 t1
1
dt
1 t2
12
0
1
1
1
ln3 0.549
ln
2
3
2
t5
1 dx
1
dy t 4
3,
1,
4
10 6t dt
dt
2
2t
40. x t, y
2
S
1
2
t2 2t1 dt
4
t4
1
4
2
2t
4a
2
1
779
240
2
2 cos2 2 sin2 d
2
d
2 2
2
2 2
2
dt
2
dx
dy
a sin ,
a cos
d
d
t4
1
4 dt
2
2t
1
S4
10t 6t
5
dx
cos
d
2
d 4a
2a
442
Chapter 9
46. x
4t
4t 2
, y
1 t3
1 t3
(a) x 3 y 3 4xy
(b)
dy 1 t 38t 4t 23t2
dt
1 t 32
6
4t2 t3
3 2.
0 when t 0 or t
1 t32
4 3 2, 4 3 4 1.6799, 2.1165
3
3
(c) s 2
8
41 2t 3
1 t 32
4t2 t 3
1 t 32
t 8 4t 6 4t 5 4t 3 4t 2 1
1 t 32
1
dt 2
16
t 8 4t 6 4t 5 4t 3 4t 2 1 dt
1 t 34
dt 6.557
dy
dx
3 sin ,
4 cos
d
d
s
2
50. x t, y 4 2t,
1
52. x t3, y t 1, 1 t 2, y-axis
3
dx
dy
1,
2
dt
dt
(a) S 2
dx
dy
t2,
1
dt
dt
4 2t1 4 dt
254t t 2
2
0
(b) S 2
(a) S 4
t1 4 dt 5 t 2
2
2
0
45
2
ab sin
1
a2 b2
4ab
cos2 d
a2
e
2ab
e cos 1 e2 cos2 arcsine cos
e
2b2
e
32
17 232 23.48
9
13 4
4
t t 1 dt
x 132
3
9
dx
dy
a sin ,
b cos
d
d
4
S 2
85
2aabb arcsin
a2 b2
CONTINUED
2
a2 b2
c
: eccentricity
a
2b
2
2
ab
e1 e2 arcsine
e
abe arcsine
2
1
Section 9.3
443
54. CONTINUED
(b) S 4
2
4
2
4a
c
2
2a
c sin b2 c2 sin2 b2 ln c sin b2 c 2 sin2
c
2a
c b2 c2 b2 ln c b2 c 2 b2 ln b
c
2
0
2ab2
a a2 b2
b2
1e
ln
2a 2
ln
2
2
b
e
1e
a b
2a 2
56. (a) 0
(b) 4
4
3
2
1
x
4 3 2
2
3
60. (a) S 2
dxdt dydt dt
dx
dy
f t dt
dt
dt
gt
(b) S 2
y dx
64. x 4 t, y t,
A
t
t2
t1
dx
1
, 0 t 4
dt
24 t
1
dt
24 t
4 u2 du
1
u
u4 u2 4 arcsin
2
2
2
0
x, y
1
0
4 tt
1
2
t
2
1
1
dt
2
24 t
1
1
dt
4
24 t
t dt
1 2 32
t
2 3
dx
sin
d
V 2
2
3 sin 2sin d
18
2
0
4
8
3
t
1 28 t
4 t
dt
4
3
4 t
38, 38
cos3
3
2
12
0
4
8
3
444
Chapter 9
A2
2
12
144 x2
2
4
3
70. 8 a2 is area of asteroid (b).
2
d 8
144 x
(b) x 12 sech
0 < x 12
t
t
, y t 12 tanh , 0 t
12
12
60
60
12
0
12
(c)
dy
1 sech2t12
t
sinh
dx secht12 tant12
12
y
24
t
t
t
Tangent line: y t0 12 tanh 0 sinh 0 x 12 sech 0
12
12
12
y t0 sinh
(0, y0)
16
12
t0
x
12
( x, y )
x
2
10
12
12
d 12 for any t 0.
78. False. Both dxdt and dydt are zero when t 0. By eliminating the parameter,
we have y x 23 which does not have a horizontal tangent at the origin.
Section 9.4
2.
7
2, 4
4.
7
0
6
7
0
6
74
2
y 0 sin
x 3 cos1.57 0.0024
y 3 sin1.57 3
x, y 0.0024, 3
x, y 0, 0
( 0.0024, 3)
2,
x, y 2, 2
(
6. 3, 1.57
x 0 cos
x 2 cos
y 2 sin
7
2
4
0, 76
2)
(0, 0)
0
1
0
1
0
1
Section 9.4
8. r, 2,
11
6
x, y 1.7321, 1
tan undefined
3
3
, , 5,
, 5,
2 2
2
2
y
8
(1.7321, 1)
(2.2069, 7.9494)
2
2
3
4
(0, 5)
r 16 4 2 5
x
1
2
1
tan
4
2
0.464
(4, 2)
16. x, y 3 2, 3 2
20. (a) Moving horizontally, the x-coordinate changes. Moving vertically, the y-coordinate changes.
(b) Both r and values change.
(c) In polar mode, horizontal (or vertical) changes result in changes in both r and .
22. x2 y 2 2ax 0
24.
r 2 2ar cos 0
rr 2a cos 0
r 10 sec
xy 4
26.
x 10
r cos 10
r 2a cos
2a
28.
r 2r 2 9cos 2
0
r 2 9 cos 2
8 csc 2
0
4
r 2 4 sec csc
445
12
446
Chapter 9
30.
r 2
r 5 cos
32.
r2 4
r 2 5r cos
x2 y 2 4
x2 y2 5x
x 25
y2
52
5
6
3
y
x
3
2
y
1
1
5
6
tan tan
25
25
y2
4
4
x2 5x
34.
3
2
1
2 1
x
1
3
4
r 2 csc
36.
40. r 4 3 cos
0 < 2
r sin 2
y2
0 < 2
3
10
y20
10
4
18
10
42. r
2
4 3 sin
44. r 3 sin
1
46. r2 .
5
2
0 < 4
Graph as
r1
1
, r2
1
3
4
1
1.5
Section 9.4
48. (a) The rectangular coordinates of r1, 1 are r1 cos 1, r1 sin 1. The rectangular coordinates of r2, 2 are
r2 cos 2, r2 sin 2.
d 2 x2 x12 y2 y12
r2 cos 2 r1 cos 12 r2 sin 2 r1 sin 12
r22 cos2 2 2r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 r12 cos2 1 r22 sin2 22 2r1r2 sin 1 sin 2 r12 sin2 1
r22 cos2 2 sin2 2 r12 cos2 1 sin2 1 2 r1r2cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
(b) If 1 2, the points lie on the same line passing through the origin. In this case,
d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos0
r1 r22 r1 r2
(c) If 1 2 90, then cos1 2 0 and d r12 r22, the Pythagorean Theorem!
(d) Many answers are possible. For example, consider the two points r1, 1 1, 0 and r2, 2 2, 2.
d
1 2
212 cos 0
5
2
1
5
5.
2
50.
10, 76
, 3,
d
102
32
7
2103 cos
6
3 7.6
At 3,
dy
1.
dx
7 dy
,
is undefined.
6
dx
3 dy
At 4,
,
0.
2
dx
dy
does not exist (vertical tangent).
dx
447
448
Chapter 9
r a sin
60.
dy
a sin cos a cos sin
d
2a sin cos 0
0,
4
x, y 2 2, 2 2
dx
a sin2 a cos2 a1 2 sin2 0
d
at r, 4,
sin
y x 4 2
,
3 5 7
,
,
,
4 4 4 4
a 2 2, 4
, a 2 2, 34
Vertical:
62.
1
2
2
dy
,
1.
4 dx
(c) At
3
, ,
2
2
r a sin cos2
dy
a sin cos3 2a sin2 cos a cos3
sin
d
3
0, tan2 1, ,
4 4
Horizontal:
2a
,
2a 3
, 0, 0
66. r 2 cos3 2
r 3 cos
68.
r 2 3r cos
x2 y2 3x
3
3
x
2
Circle: r
Horizontal tangents:
y2
3
2
32, 0
Tangent at pole:
9
4
2
Cardioid
Symmetric to polar axis since r is a function of cos .
0
1
3
2
2
3
3
2
9
2
Section 9.4
72. r sin5
74. r 3 cos 2
Symmetric to
2
dr
3 5 7 9
5 cos5 0 at , , , , .
d
10 10 10 10 10
2 3 4
Tangents at the pole: 0, , , ,
5 5 5 5
3
,
4 4
0
2
76. r 2
80. r 5 4 sin
78. r 1 sin
Circle radius: 2
3
, 3, , 3,
2
2
y2
, and pole
2
7
5
and
given the same tangents.
4
4
x2
449
Limaon
Cardioid
4
Symmetric to
2
2
6
6
2
0
2
r
82.
6
2 sin 3 cos
2r sin 3r cos 6
2y 3x 6
Line
84. r
1
Hyperbolic spiral
4
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
4
2
4
3
1
4
5
2
3
0
1
0
1
450
Chapter 9
86. r2 4 sin
Lemniscate
Symmetric to the polar axis,
Relative extrema: 2,
2
, and pole
2
0
6
2
5
6
88. Since
r 2 csc 2
1
,
sin
Strophoid
r as
r as
r cos 4 cos2 2
r
r
1
2
2
sin
sin
y
x 4 cos2 2
lim 4 cos2 2 2
ry 2y r
r
2
r as .
Also, r 2
2
2
2y
.
y1
x = 2
Thus, r as y 1.
2
4
y=1
2
y
x
96. r 4 cos 2
98. r 2 sec
Rose curve
Line
Matches (b)
Matches (d)
Section 9.4
100. r 61 cos
(a) 0, r 61 cos
(c)
2
2
6 1 cos cos sin sin
2
2
r 6 1 cos
15
61 sin
(b)
, r 6 1 cos
4
4
15
12
12
12
3
15
sin cos
cos sin
2
2
2
cos
r f sin
2
r f sin
f sin
f cos
(c) sin
3
3
3
sin cos
cos sin
2
2
2
cos
r f sin
3
2
f cos
(a) r 4 sin
cos
6
6
(b) r 4 sin
2
2
cos
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
(c) r 4 sin
cos
4 sin cos
2
2
451
452
Chapter 9
106. By Theorem 9.11, the slope of the tangent line through A and P is
f cos f sin
f sin f cos
Radial line
Polar curve
r = f ()
P = (r, )
This is equal to
tan
Tangent
line
f cos f sin cos sin tan sin cos tan f sin f cos
f cos2 f cos sin tan f sin cos f sin2 tan f sin2 f sin cos tan f sin cos f cos2 tan
f cos2 sin2 f tan cos2 sin2
tan
108. tan
At
r
31 cos
drd
3 sin
110. tan
3
1 22 2 2
, tan
.
4
2
2
arctan
f
r
.
f drd
At
r
4 sin 2
drd 8 cos 2
3
sin 3
, tan
.
6
2 cos 3
2
arctan
112. tan
r
5
undefined .
drd 0
2
6
114. True
Section 9.5
2. (a) r 3 cos
116. True
12 3 cos
9
2
d
2
cos2 d
0
2
A
32
9
4
9
2
2
1 cos 2 d
9
sin 2
2
2
2
9
4
Section 9.5
4
6 sin 22 d 36
sin2 2 d
6. A 2
4
36
4
1
2
4. A 2
1 cos 4
d
2
18
sin 4
4
1
2
10
cos 5 d
2
10
1
1
sin10
2
10
453
20
4
4
92
18
2
1
2
8. A 2
1 sin d
2
3
1
2 cos sin 2
2
4
10. A 2
2
3 8
4
1
2
2
4 6 sin 2 d
arcsin23
2
16 48 sin 36 sin2 d
arcsin23
2
2
16 48 sin 361 cos
d
2
arcsin23
2
arcsin23
1.7635
2
8
12
12. Four times the area in Exercise 11, A 4 33 . More specifically, we see that the area inside the outer loop is
12
2
6
2
6
1
2
3 2
7 6
4
1
16. r 2 3 cos
r 31 sin
r cos
Solving simultaneously,
Solving simultaneously,
0, .
Replacing r by r and by in the first equation
and solving, 31 sin 31 sin , sin 1,
2. Both curves pass through the pole, 0, 3 2,
and 0, 2, respectively.
Points of intersection: 3, 0, 3, , 0, 0
2 3 cos cos
1
2
5
,
.
3 3
Both curves pass through the pole, (0, arccos 23), and
0, 2, respectively.
cos
Points of intersection:
454
Chapter 9
20.
18. r 1 cos
r 3 cos
r2
Solving simultaneously,
1 cos 3 cos
cos
1
2
0
1
Points of intersection:
2, 4 , 2, 4
5
, .
3 3
Both curves pass through the pole, 0, , and 0, 2,
respectively.
Points of intersection:
22. r 3 sin
Points of intersection:
r 2 csc
0
1
17 3
17 3
, arcsin
17 3
, arcsin
,
17 3
,
3 17
2
arcsin
17 3
0.596.
r=
6
1 cos
The graph of r 31 cos is a cardioid with polar axis symmetry. The graph of
6
1 cos
10
r 61 cos
is a parabola with focus at the pole, vertex3, , and polar axis symmetry. Therefore, there are two
points of intersection. Solving simultaneously,
31 cos
r = 3(1 cos )
6
1 cos
1 cos 2 2
cos 1 2
arccos 1 2 .
Points of intersection: 32, arccos 1 2 4.243, 1.998, 32, 2 arccos 1 2 4.243, 4.285
Section 9.5
26. r 4 sin
r 21 sin
2
1
2
28. A 4
2
18
Points of intersection: 0, 0, 4,
2
91 sin d
2
455
1 sin 2 d
9
3 8
2
r = 4 sin
7
6
6
2
r = 2 (1 + sin )
32. A 2
1
A2
2
5 4
5 3 sin
4
2 d
59
9
30 cos sin 2
2
4
6
2
6
3 sin 2 d
4
4
59
302 50.251
2
12
12
2
1
A a 2
a 2
3
2
2
2
3
2 a 2
2a 2
3
sin 2
2 a 2
2a 2
3
2
3
2 a 2
3
2a 2
tan 1, 4
2a cos 2 d
a2
3
6
33a 2
2a
4
1 cos 2
d
2
1 1
a2
2
4
2
r = a sin
=3
4
1
1
a2 a2
4
8
a
a cos 2 d
2
2
1
sin 2
a2
2
2
2 a 2
1
2
1 cos 2 d
3
2
3
4
= 3
A2
1
2
2
6
2 sin 2 d
2 sin2 4 cos
5 4
2
2
59 5
9
59
9
30
30
2 4
2
4
2 4
2
4
2
1
2
r = a cos
2
6
33
456
Chapter 9
6
1
2
A1 A2
3
6
a2
2
a2
sin 2
2
3
4 cos2 1 d 2a2
6
3
1 5 2
1
a 2
2 6
2
5 a 2
2a 2
12
A6 2
5 6
12
5 6
cos 2 d
3
a2
3 a 2 1
a2
1
2 2
2
4
5 6
6
6
4
6
4
6
r=2
6
2a
4
6
4 sin2 1 d a 2 sin 2
4
6
12 1 23
a2
r sec 2 cos ,
40.
< <
2
2
r cos 1 2 cos2
x12
r 2 cos2
x2
12 2
2
r
x y2
x 2 y 2x x 2 y 2 2x 2
y 2x 1 x 2 x3
y2
1
2
A2
4
x 21 x
1x
4
sec2 4 4 cos2 d
4
r = 2a cos
= 3
a2 d
a 2
3
a 2
5 3
a2
a2
12
3
2
12
12
2
= 6
A1
a
4
A6
A4
= 4
A7
A5
12
1 cos 2 d a 2
12
A2
5
= 6
3
5 a 2
3
a2
a2
12
3
2
12
2
= 3
2a
r = 2a sin
1 cos 2 d
a 2 2 sin 2
a2
6
A7 2
4
6
A3
6
2a 2
6
4
5 a 2
a 2 2 sin 2
12
4
1 2 a 2
a
2 2
4
A3 A4
A5
a 2 sin 2
1
2
4
2
Section 9.5
42. r 2a cos
s
2
2
r 8 sin
2
457
r 2a sin
2
s2
2a d 2
2
2
2 a
16
162
1 cos d
162
1 cos
162
sin
1 cos
3221 cos
1 cos
1 cos
d
d
64
46. r sec , 0
48. r e, 0
10
25
Length 7.78
Length 31.31
52. r a cos
r a sin
S 2
2
2 a2
2
cos2 d a2
a2
2
1 cos 2 d
sin 2
2
2
2a2
2
22 a2
1 cos 32sin d
42 a2
1 cos 52
5
32 a2
5
56. r
S 2
r 1
458
Chapter 9
60. (a) S 2
(b) S 2
62. r 8 cos , 0
(a) A
1
2
r 2 d
1
2
64 cos2 d 32
1 cos 2
sin 2
d 16
2
2
16
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
6.32
12.14
17.06
20.80
23.27
24.60
25.08
1
(c), (d) For 4 of area 4 12.57: 0.42
1
For 2 of area 8 25.13: 1.57 2
3
For 4 of area 12 37.70: 2.73
Section 9.6
2. r
2e
1 e cos
(a) e 1, r
4. r
2
, parabola
1 cos
2e
1 e sin
(a) e 1, r
2
, parabola
1 sin
(b) e 0.5, r
1
2
, ellipse
1 0.5 cos 2 cos
(b) e 0.5, r
1
2
, ellipse
1 0.5 sin 2 sin
(c) e 1.5, r
3
6
, hyperbola
1 1.5 cos 2 3 cos
(c) e 1.5, r
3
6
, hyperbola
1 1.5 sin 2 3 sin
e = 1.5
e=1
e = 1.5
e=1
9
e = 0.5
4
6. r
e = 0.5
4
1 0.4 cos
(b) r
10
10
8
4
1 0.4 cos
Section 9.6
14. r
6
1 cos
16. r
Parabola since e 1
1
5
5 3 sin 1 3 5sin
3
Ellipse since e < 1
5
Vertex: 3, 0
Vertices:
5
5 3
, , ,
8 2
2 2
2
1 2 3 cos
Ellipse since e
2
0
4
6
3 2 cos
0
1
2
< 1
3
65,
0
1
20. r
6
2
3 7 sin 1 7 3sin
Hyperbola since e
Vertices:
22. r
43, 0, 4,
Hyperbola
26.
Hyperbola
28. r
1 cos
3
30. r
6
Rotate the graph of r
1 cos
counterclockwise through the angle .
3
6
3 7 sin 2 3
Rotate graph of r
6
.
3 7 sin
6
14
10
4
10
4
1 2 cos
Vertices:
24.
7
> 1.
3
3
3 3
, , ,
5 2
2 2
459
460
Chapter 9
32. Change to
:r
6
1 sin
6
34. Parabola
e 1, y 1, d 1
r
36. Ellipse
38. Hyperbola
3
e , y 2, d 2
4
r
40. Parabola
Vertex: 5,
3
e , x 1, d 1
2
ed
1 e sin
r
e 1, d 10
ed
1 e cos
r
23 4
1 3 4 sin
3 2
1 3 2 cos
6
4 3 sin
3
2 3 cos
42. Ellipse
10
ed
1 e cos 1 cos
44. Hyperbola
3
Vertices: 2, , 4,
2
2
3
10
e ,d
2
3
1
e ,d8
3
r
ed
r
1 e sin
8 3
1 1 3 sin
8
3 sin
46. r
1
ed
1 e sin 1 sin
ed
1 e cos
5
1 3 2 cos
10
2 3 cos
4
is a parabola with horizontal directrix above the pole.
1 sin
x2
y2
1
a2 b2
48. (a)
x 2b 2 y 2a 2 a 2b 2
b 2 r 2 cos 2 a2r 2 sin2 a 2b 2
r 2 b 2 cos 2 a 21 cos 2
a 2b 2
r 2 a 2 cos 2 b 2 a 2
a 2b 2
r2
a2
a 2b 2
a 2b 2
2
2
2
a cos a c 2 cos 2
b2
b2
b2
1 c a 2 cos 2 1 e 2 cos 2
y2
x2
21
2
a
b
(b)
x 2b 2 y 2a 2 a 2b 2
b 2r 2 cos 2 a 2r 2 sin 2 a 2b 2
r 2 b 2 cos 2 a 2 1 cos 2 a 2b2
r 2 a 2 cos 2 a 2 b 2
a 2b 2
r2
a 2b 2
b2
a 2 c 2 cos 2 1 c 2 a 2 cos 2
b 2
1 e 2 cos 2
50. a 4, c 5, b 3, e
r2
5
4
52. a 2, b 1, c 3, e
9
1 2516 cos 2
54. A 2
1
2
2
r2
1
1 34 cos 2
2
1
d
3.37
3
2
sin 2
2
ed
1 e cos
56. (a) r
3 22 sin d 4
2
2
1 e2 a
a1 e .
1e
When 0, r c a ea a a1 e .
When , r
Therefore,
When 0, r
a1 e 1 e ed
1 e2 a
a1 e .
1e
a1 e 2 ed.
Thus, r
1 e2 a
.
1 e cos
e 0.0543
r
r
1.422792505 109
1 e 2 a
1 e cos
1 0.0543 cos
34.472 10 6
1 e 2 a
62.
461
r 2 ar sin br cos
x 2 y 2 ay bx
x 2 y 2 bx ay 0 represents a circle.
6. y 2 12y 8x 20 0
y 2 12y 36 8x 20 36
16
y 6 2 42 x 2
12
Parabola
Vertex: 2, 6
4
x
8
12
462
Chapter 9
8. 4x 2 y 2 16x 15 0
4x 2 4x 4 y 2 15 16
(2, 0)
x 2 2 y 2
1
14
1
x
1
Ellipse
Center: 2, 0
Vertices: 2, 1
4x 2 4y 2 4x 8y 11 0
10.
y
4
1
4 y 2 2y 1 11 1 4
4
4 x2 x
x 12
2 y 1 2
1
2
2
1
x
Hyperbola
12, 1
1
Vertices: 2, 1
2
1
Asymptotes: y 1 x
2
Center:
x 4 2 42 y 2
x 2 8x 8y 0
14. Center: 0, 0
Asymptotes: y 4x
Center: 0, 0
x2
y2
2 1,
b2
a
c8
a
y x 4x asymptote a 4b
b
1.
18.
16
x2
3y 2
1.
and b 2 4,
3
4
16
21
y2
x2
1, a 5, b 2, c 21, e
4
25
5
2
b2 c2 a2 64 4b 2 17b2 64
b2
1 2521 sin d
23.01.
2
64
1024
a2
17
17
x2
y2
1
102417 6417
463
1 2
x
200
20. y
(a) x 2 200y
y
1 2
x
200
y
1
x
100
(b)
x2 450 y
Focus: 0, 50
x
1 10,000
x
dx
38,294.49
S 2 x1
10,000
2
1 y 2
100
22. (a) A 4
b
4b 1
a 2 x 2 dx
a
a 2
(b) Disk: V 2
b
S 4
4 a
b2
b 2 y 2 dy
a
0
ab
2 a 2 2
1
b y y3
b2
3
4
a 2b
3
b 4 c 2y 2 dy
2 a
cyb 4 c 2y 2 b 4 ln cy b 4 c 2y 2
b 2c
0
2 a 2
b cb 2 c 2 b 4 ln cb bb 2 c 2 b 4 lnb 2
b 2c
ab 2
ca
ln
c
e
(c) Disk: V 2
0
a
S 22
a2 2
2 a 2
b y 2 dy 2
b2
b
x
a
b 4 a 2 b 2 y 2
a
b 2 y 2
dy
b
bb 2 y 2
2 a 2
xa 2 x 2 a 2 arcsin
4 b
a2
2 a 2
b2 2
2 b 2
a x 2 dx 2
a2
a
a 2 x 2 dx
a 4 a 2 b 2 x 2
b
a 2 x 2
a
aa 2 x 2
a 4 c 2x 2 dx
2 b
t x 4 y x 4 2
Parabola
4
ab 2
3
2
a
0
abe arcsine
24. x t 4, y t2
dx
2 b
cx
cxa 4 c 2x 2 a 4 arcsin 2
a 2c
a
c
a b 2
a ca 2 c 2 a 4 arcsin
a 2c
a
2 b 2 2
1
a x x3
a2
3
x 3 3 y 5 2
2
1
5x
23
x 3 2 y 2 2
1
9
25
y
7
6
23
1
y
6
4
2
1
1
5y
Ellipse
x
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1
2
3
2
4
6
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
464
Chapter 9
30. x h 2 y k 2 r 2
y2
x2
1
16
9
32. a 4, c 5, b2 c2 a2 9,
x 5 2 y 3 2 2 2 4
Let
x2
y2
sec 2 and tan 2 .
16
9
a b b t
a b b t
(b) a 3, b 1
(a) a 2, b 1
(c) a 4, b 1
x 2 cos t cos 2t
x 3 cos t cos 3t
y sin t sin t 0
y 2 sin t sin 2t
y 3 sin t sin 3t
y=0
2 x 2
3
(e) a 3, b 2
(d) a 10, b 1
x 9 cos t cos 9t
(f) a 4, b 3
x cos t 2 cos
y 9 sin t sin 9t
y sin t 2 sin
10
15
x cos t 3 cos
t
2
y sin t 3 sin
15
10
t
2
rcos sin
38. x t 4
y t2
y v w r sin r cos
(a)
r sin cos
dy 2t
2t 0 when t 0.
dx
1
Point of horizontal tangency: 4, 0
(b) t x 4
y x 4 2
(c)
y
6
5
( x, y )
x
t
3
t
3
4
3
2
1
x
1
1
t
42. x 2t 1
y t2
(a)
dy
2t
2t 3
dx 1t 2
No horizontal tangents
y
1
t 2 2t
(a)
dy t 2 2t 2 2t 2
dx
2
t 0
1
(b) t
x
1t
0 when t 1.
t 2t 2 2
1
y 2
x
x1
2
(b) t
(c)
1
4
x 1 2
2 2x 1 2
x 3 x 1
y
4
3
(c)
1
x
2
2
44. x 6 cos
46. x e t
y 6 sin
(a)
465
y et
dy
6 cos
3
cot 0 when , .
dx 6 sin
2 2
(a)
6x 6y
(c)
1
1
dy et
2t 2
dx
et
e
x
No horizontal tangents
(b) t ln x
1
1
y eln x e ln1x , x > 0
x
(c)
2
4
2
1
x
1
48. x 2 sin
50.
x 6 cos
y 6 sin
y 2 cos
(a), (c)
dx
6 sin
d
dy
6 cos
d
3
dx
(b) At ,
1.134, 2
,
6 d
2
dy
dy
0.5, and
0.441
dt
dx
s
36 sin 2 36 cos 2 d 6
0
6
466
Chapter 9
(1, 3)
r 1 2 3 2 10
arctan 3
1.89 108.43
1
2
3
r 10
54.
r
56.
r 2 100
1
2 cos
2r r cos 1
x 2 y 2 100
2 x 2 y 2 x 1
4x 2 y 2 x 1 2
3x 2 4y 2 2x 1 0
58.
r 4 sec
4
3
cos 3
60.
3
4
tan 1
4
12 cos 32 sin
r cos 3 sin 8
y
1
x
x 3 y 8
y x
64. x 2 y 2 arctan
62. x 2 y 2 4x 0
r 2 4r cos 0
12
a2
r 2 2 a 2
r 4 cos
66.
y
x
Horizontal line
Line
0
1
2
0
1
70. r 3 4 cos
Limaon
Symmetric to polar axis
3
2
2
3
1
467
72. r 2
Spiral
Symmetric to 2
0
2
4
5
2
3
4
3
2
5
4
5
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
4
, 1,
, 1,
, 1,
5
5
5
5
3 7 9
Tangents at the pole: , , , ,
10 10 2 10 10
76. r 2 cos2
Lemniscate
Symmetric to the polar axis
Relative extrema: 1, 0
6
0
1
4
0
0
1
2
3
Tangents at the pole: ,
4 4
0.75
Bifolium
Semicubical parabola
Symmetric to 2
1
1
0.25
82. r 2 4 sin2
(a) 2r
ddr 8 cos2
(b)
4 cos2
dr
d
r
dy
r cos 4 cos 2 sin r
dx r sin 4 cos 2 cos r
2
Horizontal tangents:
dy
0 when cos2 sin sin 2 cos 0,
dx
tan tan 2 , 0, , 0, 0 , 23,
3
3
tan 2 tan 1, 0, , 0, 0 , 23,
6
6
468
Chapter 9
84. False. There are an infinite number of polar coordinate representations of a point. For example, the point x, y 1, 0
has polar representations r, 1, 0 , 1, 2 , 1, , etc.
86. r a sin , r a cos
The points of intersection are a2, 4 and 0, 0 . For r a sin ,
dy a cos sin a sin cos 2 sin cos
.
dx
a cos 2 a sin 2
cos 2
m1
m2
At a2, 4 , m2 0 and at 0, 0 , m2 is undefined. Therefore, the graphs are orthogonal at a2, 4 and 0, 0 .
90. r 4 sin 3
1
A2
2
32
2
51 sin
d
117.81
75
2
A3
1
2
3
4 sin 3 2 d
12.57 4
4
8
12
4
92. r 3, r 2 18 sin 2
9 r 2 18 sin 2
6
sin 2
12
A2
1
2
1
2
12
18 sin 2 d
1
2
512
12
9 d
1
2
2
512
18 sin 2 d
94. r e, 0
A
1
2
e 2 d
133.62
s8
4
dr
2a sin 2
d
a 2 cos 2 2 4a 2 sin 2 2 d
10
8a
4
25
a
1 41.1997 21.5811 41.8870 2
6
9.69a