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OTHER MOLECULES AND PATHWAYS IMPORTANT AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN

INJURY
Second-Messenger Systems and Neurotransmitters
Second messengers are large molecules, usually situated within the neuronal membrane or
adjacent to its inner surface within the cytoplasm, that have the capability of modulating or
amplifying external signals brought to the cell via neurotransmitters and mediators, such as
glutamate, adenosine, steroids, and acetylcholine. A number of studies have shown that secondmessenger systems, probably because of their large molecular size and the complexity of their
stearic interactions, are vulnerable to the shear forces of neurotrauma. In some circumstances,
second-messenger systems may be amplified (up to 200-fold or more) by neurotrauma, whereas
other types of second messengers are downregulated or deactivated. It is thought that such
systems may play an important role in complex neurological processes, such as encoding of
memory, and thus these changes in second-messenger systems could constitute a mechanism for
the behavioral and memory changes that occur in both animals and humans after neurotrauma. In
the central fluid percussion model, few or no anatomic changes are seen in the presence of these
long-lasting neurobehavioral deficits.
Acetylcholine production has been reported to be upregulated in brain tissue and cerebrospinal
fluid after TBI in humans and experimental models. Although postmortem studies of injured
patient brains have revealed a marked reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity in the
temporal cortex, preservation of muscarinic receptor binding sites supports the view that the
reduced choline acetyltransferase may be associated with cognitive impairment in survivors of
head injuries. It has also been suggested that cholinergic mechanisms may be responsible for the
cognitive dysfunction in experimental models of TBI. Finally, it has been proposed that changes
in catecholamine and monoamine neurotransmitters after head injury may be indicators of the
severity of brain damage. Changes in tissue concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and
adrenaline have been found in experimental models of TBI.

MOLEKUL DAN JALUR PENTING SETELAH TRAUMA OTAK CEDERA LAIN


Sistem Second - Messenger dan Neurotransmitter
Second messenger adalah molekul besar, biasanya terletak dalam membran saraf atau berdekatan
dengan permukaan bagian dalam di dalam sitoplasma , yang memiliki kemampuan modulasi atau
memperkuat sinyal eksternal yang dibawa ke sel melalui neurotransmitter dan mediator, seperti
glutamat, adenosin, steroid, dan asetilkolin. Sejumlah penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa
sistem second-messenger, mungkin karena ukuran molekul yang besar dan kompleksitas
interaksi stearat mereka, rentan terhadap gaya geser neurotrauma. Dalam beberapa situasi, sistem
second-messenger dapat diperkuat (hingga 200 kali lipat atau lebih) oleh neurotrauma,
sedangkan jenis lain yang menurunkan regulasi atau me-nonaktifkan. Diperkirakan bahwa sistem
tersebut mungkin memainkan peran penting dalam proses neurologis yang kompleks, seperti
encoding memori, dan dengan demikian perubahan-perubahan dalam sistem second-messenger
bisa merupakan mekanisme untuk perubahan perilaku dan memori yang terjadi baikpada hewan
dan manusia setelah neurotrauma. Dalam model perkusi cairan pusat, terlihat perubahan anatomi
sedikit atau tidak ada pada defisit neurobehavioral tahan lama (long-lasting neurobehavioral
deficits).

Produksi asetilkolin dilaporkan diregulasi dalam jaringan otak dan cairan serebrospinal setelah
TBI pada manusia dan model eksperimen. Meskipun studi postmortem otak pasien cedera telah
mengungkapkan pengurangan penanda aktivitas asetiltransferase kolin di korteks temporal,
pemeliharaan reseptor muscarinic situs pengikat mendukung pandangan bahwa penurunan kolin
asetiltransferase dapat dikaitkan dengan gangguan kognitif pada penderita cedera kepala. Ini juga
telah menyarankan bahwa mekanisme kolinergik mungkin bertanggung jawab untuk disfungsi
kognitif dalam model eksperimental TBI. Akhirnya, telah diusulkan bahwa perubahan
neurotransmitter katekolamin dan monoamine setelah cedera kepala dapat menjadi indikator
tingkat keparahan kerusakan otak. Perubahan konsentrasi jaringan dopamin, noradrenalin, dan
adrenalin telah ditemukan dalam model eksperimental dari TBI.

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