BA SH REFERENCE

DEFI
NI
TI
ONS
Thi
s ca
rdde
scri
bes version 2.
0
2.
0ofbash.

CONTENTS
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.6
A rithme
ti
cEva
luation.
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.8
Ar
r
a
y
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.1
3
BraceExpansi
on.
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.6
Bui
ltIn Commands .
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.1
6
CommandLi
neA r
guments .
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.3
CommandSubstitution.
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.8
Conditi
ona
lExpressi
ons .
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.1
5
Contr
olCommands .
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.1
4
Def
initi
ons.
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.2
ExecutionOr
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1
3
FieldSpli
tti
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.8
Functions .
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.1
2
H istor
ySubstitution.
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.5
I
nput/
Output.
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.1
3
I
nvoca
tion andSta
rtup.
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.3
JobI
ds andJobContr
ol.
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.24
Options Toset.
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.22
Options Tos hopt.
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.23
Options Tote
st.
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.21
Pa
tte
r
ns.
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.9
Pre
Def
inedVa
r
iables .
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.1
0
Proce
ss Substitution .
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.8
Prompting.
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.4
Quoting.
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.6
Rea
dli
ne.
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.25
Rea
dli
neDir
ectives .
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25
Rea
dli
neKeyBi
ndi
ngs .
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25
Rea
dli
neVa
r
iables .
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.26
Restri
ctedba
sh.
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.2
Signals a
ndTraps .
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.1
3
Specia
lCha
r
a
c
te
r
s.
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.24
Ti
ldeSubstitution.
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.6
Va
r
iableAssi
gnment.
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.9
Va
r
iableNames .
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.9
Va
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iableSubstitution .
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.7
Thi
s ref
erenceca
r
dw a
s w ritten byA r
noldRobbi
ns.
We
thankChe
tRa
mey(
ba
sh
s ma
inta
i
ner
)f
orh
i
sh
elp.

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ti
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do not r
ea
d any of the
i
nitia
li
za
tion
f
i
l
es.
Se
e
I
nvoca
t
i
onAndSta
r
tup,
below
do not r
e
a
d
/
.
ba
sh
rc i
f
i
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve.SeeI
nvoca
t
i
on And
Sta
r
tup,
below
f
ollow the I
EEE POSIX 1
0
0
3.
2
sta
nda
r
d
use f
i
l
ei
ns te
a
d of
/
.
ba
sh
rc i
f
i
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve
sa
mea
s
sa
mea
s
pr
int versi
on i
nf
or
ma
ti
on on
stdouta
ndexitsucce
ssf
ully

I
NVOCATI
ON A ND STA RTUP(
continued)
3.I
nvok
ed a
s sh:I
nteracti
ve log
in s h
ells rea
d and
execute/
e
tc
/
profileand
/
.
profilei
ftheyex
ist.Th
ese
f
i
les a
re sk
ipped i
f
i
s us ed.I
nteractive
sh
ells e
x
pand $
EN V a
nd executetha
tfi
lei
fit e
x
ists.
Noni
nte
r
a
c
tive sh
ells do not rea
d any sta
rtup f
i
l
es.
Af
terthesta
rtupf
i
l
es a
reexecu
ted,
ba
shente
r
sP
OSI
X
mode.
4.
P
OSI
X mode:W hen sta
rtedw ith
,
inte
r
a
c
tive
sh
ells ex
pand $
EN V a
nd execute the g
i
ven f
i
l
e.N o
oth
e
rsta
rtupfile
sa
reread.
5.
I
nvok
edvi
arshd:I
fr
un f
r
om rshdandnotinvok
eda
s
option sk
i
ps thi
s
sh,
ba
shreads
/
.
ba
sh
rc.
The
ste
p,
andthe
option chang
e
s thef
i
le,
butrshd
us uallydoes not pa
ss theseoptions on to thesh
ellit
invok
es.
I
f$
SH ELLOPTS ex
i
sts i
n theenvir
onment a
t sta
r
tup,
bashenables thegi
venoptions.

PROMPTI
NG
W hen i
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve,ba
sh dis pla
y
s the pr
ima
r
y and
seconda
ry prompt stri
ngs,$
PS1 and $
PS2.bash
ex
pands thef
ollow i
ngesca
pesequences i
n theva
lues
ofthesestr
ings.

\
a
an A SCI
IBELcha
r
a
c
ter(
octa
l0
7
)
\
d
theda
tei
n

W eek
dayMonthDa
y

f
orma
t
\
e
an A SCI
Iesca
pechar
a
c
ter(
octa
l0
33)
\
h
thehostna
meuptothef
irstdot(
.
)
\
H
thef
ullhostname
\
n
anew li
ne
\
r
aca
r
r
ia
g
er
e
turn
\s
thena
meofthesh
ell(
basena
meof$
0
)
\
t
thetimei
n 24hourH H :
MM:
SS f
orma
t
\
T
thetimei
n1
2hourH H :
MM:
SS f
orma
t
f
i
l
e
\
u
theuser

s user
na
me
\
v
theversi
onofba
sh(
e
.
g
.
,
2.
0
2)
\
V
theversi
onandpatc
hleve
lofba
sh(
e
.
g.
,
2.
0
2.
0
)
\
w
thecur
r
entw ork
i
ngdir
ectory
\
W
thebasena
meofthecur
r
entw ork
i
ngdir
ectory
\
!
thehi
storynumberofthi
s command
\
#
thecommandnumberofthi
s command
\
$
a#i
ftheef
f
ectiveUI
Di
s0
,
other
wi
sea$
I
NVOCATI
ON A ND S TA RTUP
@
thetimei
n1
2houra
m/
pm f
orma
t
Ther
ea
r
ef
ivew a
y
s th
a
tba
shr
uns:nor
ma
li
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve, \
\
aba
ck
sla
sh
nor
ma
l noni
nteractive
,a
s sh,i
n POSIX mode,or \
\nnn
thecharactercorrespondi
ngtoocta
lva
luennn
i
nvok
edvi
arshd.
\
[
sta
rtasequenceofnonpr
intingcha
r
a
c
ters
1
.
Nor
ma
li
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve:Log
i
n s hells run commands i
n
\
]
endasequenceofnonpr
intingchar
a
c
ters
/
e
tc
/
profile.Thef
irst of
/
.
bash
_
profile,
/
.
bash
_
log
in,
Theh
istorynumberis thenumberofthecommandi
n
and
/
.
profiletha
tis found i
s e
x
e
cute
d.Thi
s sta
g
ei
s
thehi
storyli
st,w hichma
yi
ncludecommands restore
d
i
s us ed.
sk
i
ppedi
f
f
r
om the hi
story f
i
l
e.The command number is the
Upon logout,
ba
shr
uns
/
.
ba
sh
_
logouti
fite
x
i
sts.
number of thi
s command sta
rti
ng f
r
om the f
irst
un bythecur
r
entinvoca
tion ofthesh
ell.
I
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve nonl
og
i
n s hells e
x
e
cute
/
.
ba
sh
rc,if i
t commandr
ex
i
sts.The
i
f
il
eoption chang
e
s thef
i
l
eth
a
ti
s

.
Thedef
aultva
lueofPS1i
s

us ed.
2.Nor
ma
l noni
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve:Noni
nte
r
a
c
tive sh
ells do
va
r
ia
ble,command,and a
rithmeticsubstitution on the
va
l
ue of $
BA SH _ENV,and i
f the r
e
sult na
mes a
n
ex
i
sti
ngf
i
le,
tha
tf
ilei
se
x
e
cuted.

HI
STORY SUBSTI
TUTI
ON

QUOTI
NG

H istoryex
pansi
on i
s si
mi
la
r to csh
s.I
ti
s enabled by \c
def
a
ult in i
nte
r
a
c
ti
ve sh
ells. H i
story ex
pansi
on
`
.
.
.
`
happens bef
oreth
esh
e
llbreak
s th
ei
nputinto w or
ds, "
.
.
.
"
a
lthough quoti
ng is recognized and quote
d te
x
t i
s
tr
ea
teda
s oneh
i
story

w ord

quotesinglecha
racte
rc
olds ty
lecommands ubstitution
te
x
ttr
e
a
teda
s asi
nglea
r
gument,
double
quotes re
moved;va
ri
a
ble,
commandand
a
rithme
ti
csubstitutions per
f
ormed;
use\toquote$
,
\
,
`
,
a
nd"
li
k
e"
.
.
.
"
,
butloca
letra
nsla
ti
on done
te
x
ttr
e
a
teda
s asi
nglea
r
gument,
si
ngle
quote
s re
moved;tex
tbetw een quotes
lefta
lone,cannoti
nclude
te
x
ttr
e
a
teda
s asi
nglea
r
gument,
$
and
si
nglequote
s re
moved;nos ubstitutions
per
f
ormed;A N SIC andadditiona
l
esca
pesequences processed:

s ubstitute$
H OME
s ubstituteuse
r

sh
omedir
ectory
s ubstitute$
PW D
s ubstitute$
OLD PW D
s ubstitute$
{
DIRSTA CK[
n]
}.A lea
di
ng+
or i
s a
llow ed:negative va
lues count
f
r
om theendofthestack

Ti
ldes ubstitution happens a
f
tera
li
a
s e
x
pansi
on.I
ti
s
done f
or w ords tha
t begi
n w ith and f
or va
r
iable
a
ssi
gnment.

,usingna
me
:inste
a
d ofna
me
Note
:f
or ,=,?,and +
te
sts w hetherna
mei
s set a
nd nonNULL;usi
ngna
me
te
sts onlyw hetherna
mei
s se
t.

I
n var
iableassi
gnments,itis a
lsodoneaf
tera:in the
va
lue.Ti
lde s ubstitution is done as pa
rt of w ord
ex
pansi
on.
Th
i
s mea
ns f
or$
{
na
meopw o
r
d},
wo
r
dw illbe
check
edf
orti
ldes ubstitution,
but onlyi
ftheoper
a
ti
on
requir
es theva
lueofther
ighthandsi
de.

For#
,
#
#
,
%,
%%,
/
,
/
/
,
/
#
,
a
nd/
%,
w hen na
mei
s *or@
or a
n a
rra
yi
ndexed by * or @,the s ubstr
i
ng or
s ubstitutionoper
a
ti
oni
sa
ppli
edtoe
a
chel
ement.

H istory s ubstitution i
s per
f
ormed on history eve
nts,
$
"
.
.
.
"
w hi
chcons i
stofa
n eve
ntde
si
g
na
tor(
w hi
chprevi
ous li
ne

.
.
.

tosta
rtw ith)
,aw ordde
si
g
na
tor(
w hichw ordfrom th
a
t
li
ne to use
,sta
rti
ng w ith zero), a
nd one or more
optiona
lmodi
f
ie
r
s (
w hich pa
rts ofthe w ords to use
)
.
$

.
.
.

Colons sepa
r
a
te the three parts,a
lthough the colon
betw een the event designa
tor a
nd w ord desi
gna
tor
ma
ybeomittedw hen thew orddesi
gna
torbeg
ins w ith

,
$
,
*
,,
or%.
Eachmodi
f
ieri
s sepa
r
a
tedfrom thenext
\
a a
lert(
bell)
\
v
verticalta
b
onew ithacolon.Thehistchars va
r
iablespeci
f
ies the
\
b back
spa
ce
\ddd
octa
lva
lueddd
sta
rtof
historyand qui
cksubstitution cha
racters,a
nd
\
f f
or
mf
eed
\
xh
h
h hexva
lueh
h
h
a
lsothecomment cha
r
a
c
te
rtha
tindi
ca
te
s tha
ttherest
\
n new li
ne
\
\
ba
ck
sla
sh
ofali
nei
s acomment.Theprevi
ous command i
s the
\
r ca
r
r
i
ager
e
turn \
e
esca
pe,
notin A N SIC
def
a
ulteve
ntifnoeve
ntdesi
gna
tori
s suppli
ed.
\
t horiz
onta
lta
b
Theeventdesi
gna
tors a
re:
!
sta
rtahi
storys ubstitution
ALI
A SI
NG
!
n
commandli
nen
a
lia
s na
me
=va
l
ue.
.
.
n
cur
r
entlineminus n (
n previ
ous)
!
!
theprevi
ous command
A li
a
ses a
r
e expanded w hen acommand i
s read,not
!
str
most r
ecent command li
nesta
rti
ngw ith w hen execute
d.A li
a
s na
mes ca
n conta
i
n any nonstr
speci
a
lchar
a
c
te
r,
notj
us t a
lphanume
rics,
ex
ceptf
or=.
!
?str
[
?]
mostrece
ntcommandli
neconta
i
ni
ngstr
A li
a
s ex
pansi
on i
s doneon thef
irstw o
r
dofacommand.
!
#
theentir
ecommandlinety
pedsof
a
r
I
fthela
st cha
racterofth
ereplace
menttex
tis abl
a
nk
,

ol
d
new
qui
cksubstitution:r
epeatla
st command then thenextw ordi
n thecommandlineis check
edf
or
chang
i
ngol
dtonew
a
li
a
s ex
pansion.A li
a
ses ca
n even beused to rede
f
ine
sh
ellk
ey
w or
ds ,
butnotin POSI
X mode.
Thew orddesi
gna
tors a
re:
0
thezero
thw ord(
command na
me)
n
w ordn
BRA CEEXP
A NSI
ON

thef
irsta
rg
ument,
i.
e.
,
w or
done
Brace expansion i
s si
mi
la
r to csh
s.A w ord must
$
thela
sta
rgument
conta
in atlea
st oneunquotedleftbraceandcommato
%
the w ord ma
tched by the most rece
nt be expanded.ba
sh expands the comma
separate
d
!
?str
?se
a
rch
items i
n or
der
,the result is not sorted. Brace
w or
ds xthrou
g
hy
. i
s shortf
or
xy
ex
pansi
ons ma
ybenested.
Forexa
mple:
*
w ords 1
throughth
ela
st(
li
k
e
)
$
mk
dir/
usr/
{
gnu,
loca
l}/
{src,
bin,
lib}
n*
w or
ds nthrou
g
hth
ela
st(
li
k
en )
n
w or
ds nthrou
g
hthenexttola
st
Themodi
f
iers a
re:
e
re
movea
llbutthes uf
f
i
xofaf
i
l
ena
me
g
ma
k
e chang
e
s globally
, us e w ith s
modi
f
ier
,
below
h
re
move the la
st part of a f
i
l
ename,
le
a
vingthe

head

p
pr
intthecommandbutdonot e
x
e
cutei
t
q
quoteth
eg
e
nera
tedte
x
t
r
re
movethela
stsuf
f
i
xofaf
i
l
ena
me
s/
ol
d/
new / s ubstitutenew f
orol
di
n the tex
t.A ny
deli
miter ma
y be used.A n & i
n the
replace
mentmeans theva
lueofol
d.
W ith
emptyol
d,
usela
stol
d,
orthemostr
ece
nt
!
?str
?se
a
rchi
ftherew a
s no previ
ous ol
d
t
re
movea
llbutthela
stpa
rtofaf
i
l
ename,
le
a
vingthe

ta
il

x
quoteth
eg
e
neratedte
x
t,but bre
a
ki
nto
w ords a
tbl
a
nk
s andnew line
&
repea
tth
ela
stsubstitution

VA RI
A BLESUBSTI
TUTI
ON
$
na
me
referencetosh
e
llva
r
iablena
me
$
{na
me}
us ebraces todeli
mitsh
ellva
r
iablena
me
$
{na
me w o
r
d}
us eva
r
ia
blena
mei
fset,
elseusew o
r
d
$
{na
me=w o
r
d}
a
sa
bovebuta
lsosetna
metow o
r
d
$
{na
me?w o
r
d}
usena
mei
fset,
oth
e
rw i
sepr
intw o
r
dand
ex
it(
inte
r
a
c
ti
vesh
ells donote
x
it)
$
{na
me+w o
r
d}
usew o
r
di
fna
meis se
t,
oth
e
rw i
seuse
nothi
ng
$
{
na
me
[
n]}
elementni
n ar
r
a
yna
me
$
{
#
na
me
}
leng
thofshellva
r
ia
blena
me
$
{
#
na
me
[
*
]} numberofe
le
ments i
n ar
r
a
yna
me
$
{
#
na
me
[
@]} numberofe
le
ments i
n ar
r
a
yna
me
$
{na
me
#
p
a
t} re
movesh
orte
stleadings ubstr
i
ng
ofna
methatma
tch
e
sp
a
t
$
{na
me
#
#
p
a
t} re
movelong
estlea
di
ngs ubstr
i
ng
ofna
methatma
tch
e
sp
a
t
$
{na
me
%p
a
t} re
movesh
ortesttra
ili
ngs ubstr
i
ng
ofna
methatma
tch
e
sp
a
t
$
{na
me
%%p
a
t}
re
movelong
esttra
ili
ngs ubstr
ing
ofna
methatma
tch
e
sp
a
t
$
{na
me
:
sta
r
t}
$
{na
me
:
sta
r
t:
l
eng
th
}
l
eng
thcharacters ofna
mesta
rtinga
t
sta
r
t(
countingf
r
om 0
)
;us erestof
va
luei
fnol
eng
th
.
N egativesta
r
t
counts f
rom theend.
I
fna
mei
s *or@
ora
na
rra
yi
ndexedby*or@,
sta
r
t
andl
eng
thindi
ca
tethea
r
r
a
yi
ndexa
nd
countofelements.
sta
r
tandl
eng
thcan
bea
rithme
ti
cex
pressi
ons
$
{na
me
/
pa
tte
r
n/
stri
ng
}
va
lueofna
mew ithf
irstma
tchofpa
tte
r
n
replace
dw ithstr
i
ng
$
{na
me
/
pa
tte
r
n}
va
lueofna
mew ithf
irstma
tchofpa
tte
r
n
dele
te
d
$
{na
me
/
/
pa
tte
r
n/
stri
ng
}
va
lueofna
mew ithever
yma
tchof
pa
tte
r
n replace
dw ithstri
ng
$
{na
me
/
#
pa
tte
r
n/
stri
ng
}
va
lueofna
mew ithma
tchofpa
tte
r
n
replace
dw ithstr
i
ng
;ma
tchmus toccur
a
tbegi
nning
$
{na
me
/
%pa
tte
r
n/
stri
ng
}
va
lueofna
mew ithma
tchofpa
tte
r
n
replace
dw ithstr
i
ng
;ma
tc
hoccurs a
t end

TI
LDE SUBSTI
TUTI
ON

use
r

A RI
TH METI
C EVALUATI
ON
A rithme
tic eva
lua
tion is done w ith the let bui
lti
n
command, the (
(
.
.
.
)
) command and the $
(
(
.
.
.
)
)
ex
pansi
onf
orproduci
ngther
e
sultofa
n expression.
A lla
rithme
ti
cuses longi
nte
g
e
rs.
Use
to g
e
t
inte
g
e
r va
ri
ables.Inte
g
e
r consta
nts lookli
k
e[
ba
se
#
]n
w her
eba
sei
s adeci
ma
lnumberbetw een tw o a
nd 64,
andn i
si
n tha
tba
se.
Thedi
gits a
r
e0
9
,
a
z,
AZ,
_and
@.
A lea
di
ng0or0
xdenoteocta
lorh
e
x
a
deci
ma
l.
The f
ollow i
ng oper
a
tors based on C,w ith the sa
me
precedenceandassoci
a
ti
vity
,
areava
i
lable.
!
*
*
*/
%
<< >>
< <= > >=
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una
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COMMA ND SUBSTI
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ON
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(
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or
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Run comma
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PROCESS SUBSTI
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FI
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f$
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8

P
ATTERNS
ma
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PREDEFI
NED VA RI
A BLES

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rsi
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1
0

PREDEFI
NED VA RI
A BLES (
continued)
history number of the cur
r
ent
command
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H ISTCONTROL w ithava
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& represe
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tterns mustma
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$
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number of pr
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or
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H ISTCMD

1
1

PREDEFI
NED VA RI
A BLES (
cont
i
nued)
$
OSTYPE
$
PATH
$
PIPESTATUS[
*
]

$
PPI
D
$
PROMPT_
COMMA N D
$
PS1
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PS2
$
PS3
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PS4
$
PW D
$
RA N DOM
$
REP
LY
$
S ECONDS
$
SH ELL
$
SH ELLOPTS
$
SH LVL
$
TI
MEFORMA T

stri
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the
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unni
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ecentlyexecuted
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$
TMOUT
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elapsedsecs
userCPU secs
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CPU percenta
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Optiona
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f
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FUNCTI
ONS
Functi
ons run in thesa
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.
intotheenvir
onmentw ith

1
2

I
NPUT/
OUTPUT

CONTROL COMMA N DS

Redir
ections a
re donelef
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up.Def
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A RRAYS
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1
3

1
4

CON DI
TI
ONA L EXPRESSI
ONS
Us edw iththe[
[
.
.
.
]
]compoundcommand,
w hi
chdoes
notdopattern expansion orw ordspli
tti
ng.

BUI
LTI
N COMMA N DS
These commands a
re execu
ted dir
ectly bythe sh
ell.
A lmosta
llacce
pt toma
rkth
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ndofoptions.

tr
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.
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i
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1
5

1
6

BUI
LTI
N COMMA N DS (
cont
i
nued)
decla
re[a
f
Firx][ ][
na
me
[
=va
l
ue
]
]
typese
t[a
f
Firx][ ][
na
me
[
=va
l
ue
]
]
set a
ttri
butes a
nd va
lues of va
r
ia
bles.I
nside
f
uncti
ons,cre
a
tene
w copi
es oftheva
r
iables.
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+inste
a
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ns a
ttri
bute
s of
f
.W ithno na
mes
or a
ttri
bute
s, pr
int eve
r
y va
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iable
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orexport
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][
+
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dis pla
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om lef
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sa
bli
ngabui
lti
na
llow s useofadi
skf
i
l
ew iththe
sa
mena
mea
s abui
lti
n
pr
inta
llbuilti
ns ,
w iththeirsta
tus
deleteabui
lti
n loa
dedw ith
f
i
l
e
loa
danew bui
lti
n na
mef
r
om f
i
l
e
di
sa
blena
me
,
orpr
intdi
sa
bledbui
lti
ns
w ithnona
me
s
pr
int ena
bledbui
lti
ns
pr
intonlyPOSIX speci
a
lbuilti
ns
eval[
w ords]
eva
lua
tew ords a
ndexecuteresult
exec[ na
me
][ ][
w ords]
executew ords in pla
c
eofthesh
ell.I
fr
edir
ections
only
,
changethesh
ell
s open f
i
l
es
usena
mef
ora
rg
v[
0
]
clea
rtheenvir
onmentf
ir
st
placea on a
rg
v[
0
](
li
k
el
og
i
n(
1
)
)
I
ftheexecfa
ils,noni
nte
r
a
c
tivesh
ells e
x
it,unle
ss
thes hoptoption execf
a
ili
s set
exit[
n]
ex
itw ithr
e
tur
nvaluen.
Use$
?i
fnon

1
7

BUI
LTI
N COMMA N DS (
cont
i
nued)
export[
][
na
me
[
=va
l
ue
].
.
.
]
w ith no a
r
guments,pr
int na
mes a
nd va
lues of
exporte
dva
r
iables.
Other
w ise,
exportna
me
s tothe
envir
onmentofcommands
na
me
s refertofunctions
stopexporti
ngea
chna
me
pr
intexportbef
oree
a
chva
r
iable
f
c[ e
ditor
]
[ ]
[
f
i
rst[
l
a
st]
]
pr
int arang
eofcommands f
r
om f
i
rsttol
a
stf
r
om la
st
$
H ISTSIZEcommands
r
un e
ditori
fs uppli
ed;i
fnot,
us ef
i
r
stof
$
FCEDI
T,
$
EDITOR,
orvion
commands;e
x
e
cuteresult(
s)
li
ston s ta
ndardoutputi
nste
a
dofediting
don
tpr
intlinenumbers
reverseorderofcommands
[
ol
d=new ][
comma
nd]
s ubstitutenew f
orol
di
n comma
nd(
orla
stcommand
i
fnocomma
nd)andexecutetheresult
f
g[j
obi
d]
putj
obi
din thef
ore
g
round
g
etopts optstr
i
ngna
me[
a
r
g.
.
.
]
parsepa
ra
me
ters a
ndoptions (
seeba
sh
(
1
)
)
i
l
e
][
na
me
]
hash[ ][ f
w ithno a
r
guments,pr
int thehas hta
bleconte
nts,
gi
vinghitcount a
ndf
i
lena
me
f
i
l
e
ente
rf
i
l
ef
orna
mei
n thehas hta
ble
clea
rthei
nte
rna
lhas hta
ble
A ssi
gnmentto$
PATH a
lsoclea
rs thehas hta
ble
help[
pa
tte
r
n]
pr
int help.W ithpa
tte
r
n,pr
int help about a
ll the
commands tha
tma
tchpa
tte
r
n
history[
n]
[
f
i
l
e
]
history[ ]
a
r
g[
.
.
.
]
a
r
g[
.
.
.
]
w ith no options,pr
int the command hi
story
.A n
a
rg
ument ofn pr
ints onlyn li
nes.I
fs uppli
ed,use
f
i
l
ei
nste
a
dof$
H ISTFI
LE
append new hi
stor
yli
nes tohistoryf
i
l
e
clea
rthehi
storylist
readnew hi
storyli
nes in thef
i
l
ei
ntoth
e
i
nte
rna
lhi
storyli
st
per
f
orm hi
storys ubstitution andpr
int
ther
esults
replaceinte
rna
lhi
storyw ithconte
nts of
hi
storyf
i
le
placethea
r
g
si
ntothehi
storylist
f
orla
teruse
w riteth
ei
nte
rna
lhi
storytothef
i
le
j
obs [
][
j
obi
d.
.
.
]
comma
nd[
a
r
g
s.
.
.
]
listinf
orma
ti
on aboutj
obs
a
lsoli
stproce
ss i
d
onlyli
ststoppedorex
itedj
obs
onlyli
stproce
ss groups
onlyli
strunningj
obs
onlyli
ststoppedj
obs
replacea
nyj
obi
di
n thecommandli
ne
w iththecor
r
e
spondingproce
ss g
roupID,
a
ndexecuteth
ecommand
1
8

BUI
LTI
N COMMA N DS (
cont
i
nued)
k
ill[si
g
]j
obi
d.
.
.
k
ill[ si
g
na
me
][ si
g
num]j
obi
d.
.
.
send SI
G TERM or g
i
ven si
gna
l to na
med j
obi
ds.
Signa
ls a
re na
me
s li
sted i
n /
usr/
inc
lude
/
signa
l.
h
w ithorw ithoutthepr
e
f
ix

SI
G

.Stoppedj
obs get
a SIG CON T f
irst i
f si
gi
s either SI
G TERM or
SIG H UP
[
si
g
s.
.
.
]
li
st si
gna
l names a
nd/
or numbers.I
f si
g is a
nume
ri
ca
lex
itsta
tus,pri
ntthesi
gna
ltha
tk
ill
edthe
proce
ss
let a
r
g.
.
.
eva
luateea
cha
r
ga
sa
n arithme
ti
cexpressi
on;e
x
it0
i
fthe la
st e
x
pre
ssi
on w a
s nonzero,1oth
e
rw i
se
(
seeAr
i
th
met
i
cEva
l
ua
t
i
on)
loca
l[
na
me
[
=va
l
ue
].
.
.
]
crea
tev
a
ri
a
bles w ith the given values loca
l to a
f
unction.W ith no operands ,pr
int ali
st ofloca
l
va
r
ia
bles.
Mustbeusedi
ns i
deaf
unction
logout
ex
italog
i
n s hell
+
n][n]
popd[ ][
re
move entri
es f
r
om the dir
ectorystack
.W ith no
a
rg
uments,
r
emovethetope
ntryandcdther
e
+
n
re
moven
thentryf
r
om lef
t,
n 0
n
re
moven
thentryf
r
om r
ight,
n 0
dontchangedir
ectory
printff
orma
t[
a
r
g.
.
.
]
pr
intoutput li
k
eA N SIC printf
,
w ithex
te
nsi
ons
%b
ex
pandesca
pesequences i
n s tr
ings
%q
pr
intquote
dstri
ngtha
tca
nbere
r
e
a
d
For
ma
tconversi
ons a
rereuseda
s needed
di
r
]
pus hd[ ][
+
n][n]
pus hd[ ][
add an entr
y to the dir
ectory stack
.W ith no
a
rguments,
ex
changethetoptw oentr
i
es
+
n
rota
teth
esta
c
k
soth
a
tth
en
th
entryf
r
om lef
ti
sa
tthetop,
n 0
n
rota
teth
esta
c
k
soth
a
tth
en
th
entryf
r
om r
ightis a
tthetop,
n 0
dontchangedir
ectory
di
r
pushdi
ronthestacka
ndcdther
e
pw d[ ]
pr
intw ork
i
ngdir
e
ctoryna
me
pr
intlog
ica
lpa
th(
def
a
ult)
pr
intphy
si
ca
lpa
th
I
fbothareg
i
ven,
thela
st oneon thecommandli
ne
wi
ns
na
me
][ ][ prompt][
na
me
s.
.
.
]
r
e
a
dstdin and assi
gn tona
me
s.$
IFS s pli
ts i
nput.
$
REP
LY is se
ti
fnona
megi
ven.
Exi
t0unless endof
f
i
leencounte
r
e
d
readw ords i
ntoi
ndexedar
r
a
yna
me
userea
dlinei
freadi
ngf
r
om ate
rmi
nal
pr
intprompti
freadi
ngf
r
om ate
rminal
bef
orer
e
a
di
ng
a
t endofli
nedoes notdoli
ne
continua
ti
on

1
9

BUI
LTI
N COMMA N DS (
cont
i
nued)
rea
donly[
][
na
me
=va
l
ue.
.
.
]
ma
r
kna
me
s readonly
;pr
intli
sti
fnona
me
s
ea
chna
memustbea
n ar
r
a
y
ea
chna
memustbeaf
uncti
on
pr
intrea
donlybef
oree
a
chva
r
iable
re
turn [
n]
ex
itf
unctionor.
scr
iptw ithr
e
tur
nvaluen.
W ithno
n,
r
e
tur
n s ta
tus ofla
stcommand.
I
fnotin f
uncti
on
or.
scr
ipt,
pr
inta
nerrormessa
ge
w ords]
set[options][ option][
setf
la
g
sa
ndoptions (
seeOpt
i
ons Toset)
.
w ords set
positiona
lpa
ra
meters
set[
+
options][
+
ooption][
w ords]
unsetf
lag
sa
ndoptions
sh
i
f
t[
n]
rena
mepositiona
lpara
me
te
r
s;$
n+
1
=$
1.
.
.
ndef
aults to1
][
option.
.
.
]
s hopt[
pr
int or ch
a
nge values of shell options.W ith no
a
rguments,
pr
intshelloption i
nf
orma
tion
onlychang
e
options
pr
intse
ttings forre
readi
ng
qui
e
tmode;e
x
itsta
tus indi
ca
te
s
optionsta
tus
se
t(
enable
)gi
venoption;w ithno
options,
pr
intthosetha
ta
rese
t
unse
t(
disa
ble
)gi
venoption;w ithno
options,
pr
intthosetha
ta
reunset
(
SeeOpt
i
ons Tos hopt)
s us pend[ ]
s us pendthesh
elluntilSIG CON T is recei
ved
f
orcesuspensi
on,
eve
nf
orlog
i
n s hell
te
st
eva
luate conditi
ona
l expressi
ons (
see Opt
i
ons To
te
standCondi
t
i
ona
lExpr
e
ssi
ons)
times
pr
inta
c
cumula
tedpr
oce
ss times
wo
r
d][
si
g
s]
tra
p[ ][
execute w o
r
di
f si
gna
l in si
g
s rece
i
ved.si
g
s a
r
e
numbers or signa
l na
mes w ith or w ithout

SI
G

.
W ith no w o
r
d orsi
g
s,pr
int tr
aps.W ith no w o
r
d,
rese
tsi
g
s toe
ntrydef
aults.
I
fw o
r
d
si
g
s
to e
ntrydef
aults.I
fw o
r
dis thenullstring,
ignore
si
g
s.
I
fsi
g
si
s 0orEXI
T,
executew o
r
don exitf
r
om
sh
ell.I
f si
g
s i
s DEBUG ,r
un w o
r
d a
f
ter every
command.
pr
intali
stofsigna
lnames a
nd numbers
pr
inttraps w ithquoti
ng
type[
]na
me.
.
.
descr
ibehow thesh
elli
nte
rpr
e
ts na
me
pr
inta
llpossiblei
nte
rpr
e
ta
ti
ons
ofna
me
pr
intthenameofthef
i
l
etoexecutei
f
na
meis a
n ex
te
rna
lprog
r
a
m
pr
int ak
ey
w ordde
scri
bi
ngna
me

20

BUI
LTI
N COMMA N DS (
cont
i
nued)
ulimit[
ty
pe
][
options][
l
i
mi
t]
setorpr
intper
proce
ss limits
ty
pe(
def
aultis both)
:
har
dli
mi
t
softli
mi
t
options:
a
ll(
dis pla
yonly
)
cor
ef
ilesize

ofda
tasegment
ma
xi
mum f
i
l
esize

ofphy
si
ca
lmemory
ma
xi
mum f
i
l
edescr
iptor+1
sizeofpi
pebuf
f
ers

ofsta
ckseg
ment
cpus econds
ma
xproce
sse
sf
oroneuser

ofvirtualmemor
y
is a
ssumedi
fno options a
r
egi
ven.
Thesizef
or
is i
n 51
2by
teblock
s;theothers a
rei
n s izes of
1
0
24by
te
s
uma
sk[ ][
ma
sk
]
setf
i
lecr
e
a
tion per
missi
ons ma
sktocomplementof
ma
ski
focta
l,
orsy
mboli
cva
luea
s i
n ch
mod.W ith
no a
r
guments,
pr
intcur
r
entma
sk
.
A n octa
lma
ski
s
per
missi
ons to re
move, a sy
mboli
c ma
sk i
s
per
mi
ssi
ons tok
eep
pr
intoutpu
tforre
readi
ng
pr
intcur
r
entma
ski
ns y
mbolicf
orm
una
lia
s [ ][
na
me
s]
re
movea
li
a
ses na
me
s
re
movea
lla
li
a
ses
na
me
s]
unset[ ][
unsetva
ria
bles na
me
s(
sa
mea
s
)
unsetf
uncti
ons na
me
s
unsetva
ria
bles na
me
s
Unsetti
ng LI
N EN O, MA I
LCHECK, OPTARG ,
OPTIND,RA NDOM,SECON DS,TMOUT and _
re
moves their speci
a
l meani
ng, eve
n i
f us ed
a
f
te
rw a
rds
wa
it[
j
obi
d.
.
.
]
wa
itf
orj
obj
obi
d;ifnoj
ob,
wa
itf
ora
llch
ildren

OPTI
ONS TO set
Thesetcommand i
s compli
ca
te
d.H erei
s asumma
ry
.
Use + inste
a
d of to tur
n options of
f
.W ith no
a
rg
uments,set pr
ints the names a
nd va
lues of a
ll
va
r
iables.

set[a
bBCefh
Hk
mnpPtuvx
][ooption.
.
.
][
a
r
g.
.
.
]
automa
ti
ca
llyex
portvar
iables upon
a
ssignment
pr
intj
obcompletion messa
ges
i
mmedi
a
te
ly
,
don
tw a
itf
orne
x
tprompt
ena
blebr
aceexpansi
on(
def
ault)
f
orce>|toover
w ritef
ore
x
istingf
i
l
es
ex
ituponnonzeroexitf
r
om acommand
di
sa
blepa
ttern expans i
on
sa
vecommandloca
tions i
n the
i
nterna
lha
s hta
ble(de
f
ault)
ena
ble!
sty
lehistor
y(
def
a
ult)
placea
llva
r
iablea
ssi
gnments i
n
theenvir
onment(
obsolete)
r
un back
g
roundj
obs i
n theirow n
proce
ss gr
oup,
pr
intamessa
ge
w hen theyex
it;se
ta
u
toma
ti
ca
llyf
or
i
nte
r
a
c
ti
vesh
ells on j
obcontrolsy
stems
readcommands w ithoutexecutingthem
(
i
gnoredi
finte
r
a
c
tive)
se
topti
ons;w ithnoa
r
guments,
pr
int
cur
r
entse
tti
ngs
a
llexport sa
mea
s
braceexpa
nd
sa
mea
s
emacs
usea
ne
ma
c
ssty
leli
ne
editor(
def
ault)
erre
xit
sa
mea
s
ha
sh
a
ll
sa
mea
s
histexpand
sa
mea
s
history
ena
blehi
story
ignoreeof li
k
eI
G N OREEOF=1
0
k
ey
w ord
sa
mea
s
monitor
sa
mea
s
noclobber sa
mea
s
noexec
sa
mea
s
noglob
sa
mea
s
notif
y
sa
mea
s
nounse
t
sa
mea
s
onecmd
sa
mea
s
OPTI
ONS TO te
st
physica
l sa
mea
s
Thete
stcommand,
andits sy
nony
m[
.
.
.
]
,
a
rebui
lti
n to
posix
obeythePOSIX 1
0
0
3.
2
ba
sh.
Thecommandaccepts a
lloftheoptions li
ste
di
n
sta
nda
r
d
theCondi
t
i
ona
lExpr
e
ssi
ons se
ction.
H ow eve
r
,
si
nceitis
pr
ivileged sa
mea
s
acommand,
options a
nda
rguments mustbequote
dto
verbose
sa
mea
s
g
etpr
operbehavi
or
,
a
ndnor
ma
lpa
ttern e
x
pans i
on and
vi
us eavi
sty
lelineeditor
f
ields pli
ttinga
redone.
Pa
renth
e
ses usedf
orgroupi
ng
xtrace
sa
mea
s
must bequoted.A rithme
ti
cexpansi
on i
s not donef
or
don
tr
e
a
d$
EN V,
donotta
k
esh
ell
nume
ri
coper
a
tors,a
nd pa
ttern ma
tchi
ngi
s not done
f
uncti
ons f
rom envir
onment,
andignore
f
or==and!
=.
te
stcompli
e
s w ithPOSI
X.
options i
n$
SH ELLOPTS envir
onment
and
options h
a
ve the f
ollow i
ngmea
ni
ngs,
The
va
r
ia
ble
i
nste
a
doftheones li
stedi
n Condi
t
i
ona
lExpr
e
ssi
ons:
f
ollow thephy
si
ca
ldir
ectorystructur
e
f
orcommands thatchangethedir
ectory
log
ica
lA N D
readandexecuteonecommand,
log
ica
lOR
then exi
t
ma
k
eita
n er
r
ortosubstitutea
n unset
va
r
ia
ble
pr
intinputlines a
s they

r
er
e
a
d

21

22

OPTI
ONS TO set(
cont
i
nued)
pr
intcommands a
s they

r
eexecuted,
precededbyex
pandedvalueof$
PS4.
Outputis quotedforla
terreuse
tur
n of
f , ,
s toplook
i
ngf
orfla
g
s;
anyre
ma
i
ninga
rgs se
tth
e
positiona
lpa
ra
meters
donotchangef
lag
s;setpos iti
ona
l
pa
ra
me
te
r
s from a
rg
umentlist;
w ithnoa
r
g
s,
unsetthepositi
ona
l
pa
r
a
me
ters

OPTI
ONS TO s hopt
Thes hoptcommandsets orunsets anumberofoptions
tha
ta
f
f
ect how bashbeh
a
ves.Th
i
s se
ction descr
ibes
ea
choption
s ef
f
e
ctw hen enabled.
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ss noted,th
e
y
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rea
lldi
sa
bledbydef
a
ult.
cdable_
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ea
ta
na
rgumenttocdtha
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ctorya
s a
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iablew hoseva
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s thedir
ectoryna
me
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tte
mpt to cor
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ect mi
nor spelli
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n
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rg
uments to cd.Er
r
ors tri
ed a
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n e
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ore
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enableth
ee
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tter
ns)
hista
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orf
urtherediting
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Enabledbydef
a
ult
23

OPTI
ONS TO s hopt(
cont
i
nued)
lithist
i
f cmdhist is a
lso enabled, sa
ve multil
i
ne
commands w ithnew li
nes,
notse
mi
colons
ma
ilw a
rn
pr
int aw a
rni
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ngcheck
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or
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nce the la
st ti
me it w a
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do a casei
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t don
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rs
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ables
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oreprintingthem.
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f
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int a
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terth
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enumberofpositiona
lpara
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ellf
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s gi
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Ena
bledbydef
ault
SPECI
AL CH A RA CTERS
#
|
;
&
&&
|
|

"
$
()
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(
(
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.
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)
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$
(
(
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.
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)
\
\new line

sta
rtofcomment;te
rmi
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tedbynew line
(
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pe)connects tw ocommands
commandsepa
r
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tor
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un proce
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f
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om /
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nulli
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ol
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ollow i
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i
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.
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nli
nea
rithme
ti
ceva
lua
tion
tr
ea
tf
ollow i
ngcha
r
a
c
terlitera
lly
li
necontinua
ti
on

JOB I
DS A N D JOB CONTROL
Jobs canberepre
se
nteda
sf
ollow s:
j
obi
d
%%
%+
%?str
%n
%pr
e
f

thej
obidentif
ierforaj
ob,
w here:
cur
r
entj
ob
cur
r
entj
ob
previ
ous j
ob
j
obuni
quelyidentif
iedbystr
j
obnumbern
j
obw hosecommandli
nebegi
ns
w ithpr
e
f

Us ually
,aproce
ss I
D ma
ybe used i
ns te
a
dofaj
obi
d.
Commands tha
t ta
k
eaj
obi
dus ethecur
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ob i
fno
j
obi
di
s suppli
ed.
Tra
ps on SIG CH LD executew heneveraj
ob comple
te
s.
Thecommands f
gandbga
reonlya
va
i
la
bleon s y
stems
that support j
ob contr
ol.Thi
s i
nclude
s Linux
,BSD
sy
stems,
Sy
stem V Relea
se4,
andmostUNI
X systems.
24

REA DLI
NE
Therea
dlineli
br
a
ryi
mplements commandli
neediti
ng.
By def
a
ult,it provi
des a
n e
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nterfa
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nterfa
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va
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lable.rea
dline i
s
i
niti
a
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zedeitherf
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om thef
i
lena
med by$
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NPUTRC (
i
f
set)
,or from
/
.
inputrc.I
n tha
tf
ile,y
ou ca
n use
conditi
ona
ls, def
ine k
ey bi
ndings for ma
cros a
nd
f
uncti
ons,a
ndse
tva
ria
bles.

REA DLI
NEVA RI
A BLES
Va
r
ia
bles contr
ol di
f
f
er
ent a
spects
behavi
or
.
Yousetav
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of rea
dline
s

setva
r
ia
bl
eva
l
ue
Unless other
wi
senoted,
va
l
ues h
ould beeitherOn or
Of
f
.Thedescr
iptions below descr
ibetheef
f
ect w hen
the va
r
iable i
s On.Def
ault va
lues a
re sh
ow n i
n
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ses.

From thebashleve
l,
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ndallow s y
ou to
add,r
emove a
nd change ma
cro a
nd k
ey bi
ndi
ngs. bellstyle(
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vei
nputmodemap names tha
t contr
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ines how rea
dlines h
ouldr
ingthebell:
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ction ta
k
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or e
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chinput char
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te
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p na
mes
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ingthebell
a
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eemacs,emacsstandard,emacsme
ta,emacsc
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command,andviinsert.emacs i
s thesa
mea
s
visible
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la
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emacsstandard,
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ndviis thesa
mea
s vi
command.
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#
)
ins ert this stri
ng f
or readlinei
nse
rtcomment,
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cheditory
ou pr
ef
erw ith
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ne
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c
s modeandto#i
n vimode)
or
in y
our
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.
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rcf
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l
e,
ora
trunti
me.
comple
tioni
gnore
c
a
se(
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f
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rea
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nds th
ec
h
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racter na
mes DEL,ESC,
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sew hen doingcomple
ti
ons
LFD,
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NE,
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C and comple
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ryitems (
1
0
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)
TA B.
i
fthenumberofcomple
tion items i
s le
ss than thi
s
va
lue,
placethem i
n thecommandli
ne.
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se,
a
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ouldbeshow n
REA DLI
NEDI
RECTI
VES
rtme
ta(
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Dir
ectives i
n the.
inputrc f
i
le provi
de conditiona
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trea
tcha
r
a
c
ters w iththeeighthbitseta
s theme
ta
i
ncludef
a
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s simila
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ssor
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i
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e.
g.
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if
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sta
rt a conditi
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or te
rmina
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l editing mode.Possi
ble va
lues a
r
e
speci
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ngs.
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n te
stthef
ollow i
ng:
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sttheappli
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g.
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ena
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f
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te
sttheeditingmode,
e
ma
c
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ow k
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tion=is optiona
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ena
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llow ed va
lues.The editingmode va
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iable a
lso
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nput;k
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unction r
un thef
unction.
a
f
f
ects thek
ey
ma
p
ma
rk
dir
ectories (
On)
Youca
n usetheseesca
pesequences i
n bindings:
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tocompleteddir
ectoryna
mes
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a
a
ler
t(
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r
ca
r
r
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ager
e
turn
ma
rk
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iedlines (
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f
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ba
ck
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ce
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t
horiz
onta
ltab(
TA B)
placea*a
tthef
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ontofmodi
f
iedhi
storyli
nes
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olpr
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ix \
v
verticalta
b
outputmeta(
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f
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d
dele
te(
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ck
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int cha
r
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ghthbitsetdir
ectly
,
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e
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"
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ter
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f
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eed
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li
ter
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tions horizonta
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x
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ti
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orizonta
lly
,w iththema
tch
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s
\
n
new li
ne
\
xh
h
h hexva
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h
h
sor
te
da
lphabe
tica
lly
,
i
nste
a
dofverti
ca
llydow n the
screen
Ma
cr
os a
ndf
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ndi
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k
e:
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ow a
lli
f
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mbiguous (
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ma
cro:
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e
y
se
q:
"
te
x
t"
immedia
tely li
st w ords w ith multiple possi
ble
f
uncti
on:
k
e
y
se
q:
f
unc
tionna
me
comple
ti
ons,
ins te
a
dofringi
ngthebell
sta
ts (
Of
f
)
Ma
cros h
a
ve quoted te
x
t on th
e right of the colon; visiblew hen li
sti
ng possi
ble comple
ti
ons, append a
f
uncti
ons h
a
ve f
unction na
mes.A k
e
y
se
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char
a
c
te
rtha
tdenote
s thef
i
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s ty
pe
si
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a
racterna
me(
sucha
s
)
,
or a quote
d stri
ng of c
ha
r
a
c
ters (
si
ngle or double
quote
s)
.
25

Mor
ei
nf
orma
ti
on aboutrea
dlineca
n bef
oundonl
i
neat
http:
/
/
www.
ssc.
com/
ssc/
bash.
26