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Dcs Notes PDF
Dcs Notes PDF
IU KHN PHN TN
Lecture Notes
MC LC
1
NHP MN
1.1 Phm vi cp
1.2 Ni dung chng trnh
1.3 Yu cu kin thc c s
1.4 Tng quan cc gii php iu khin
1.4.1
c trng cc lnh vc ng dng iu khin
1.4.2
Cc h thng iu khin cng nghip
1.4.3
H iu khin phn tn
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
10
11
13
13
14
15
17
18
19
21
21
21
25
26
28
28
28
28
29
4.1.4
X l phn tn
4.2 Cc kin trc x l phn tn
4.3 C ch giao tip
4.4 ng b ha trong x l phn tn
4.4.1
ng b ha cc tn hiu vo/ra
4.4.2
ng b ha thi gian
31
31
32
34
34
34
36
36
36
38
38
39
39
40
42
42
42
43
44
45
46
49
51
51
53
53
54
55
56
57
58
58
60
61
63
63
63
65
8.1 MMS
8.2 IEC-61131-5
8.2.1
M hnh giao tip mng
8.2.2
Dch v giao tip
8.2.3
Cc khi chc nng giao tip
8.3 OPC
8.3.1
Tng quan v kin trc OPC
8.3.2
OPC Custom Interfaces
8.3.3
OPC Automation Interface
8.4 Ngn ng nh du kh m XML
8.4.1
Gii thiu chung
8.4.2
ng dng XML trong phn mm khung iPC
65
69
69
69
70
72
72
75
76
77
77
78
81
81
82
82
87
88
10
LP TRNH IU KHIN PHN TN
10.1
Lp trnh theo chun IEC 61131-3
10.1.1
Kiu d liu
10.1.2
T chc chng trnh
10.1.3
Ngn ng FBD
10.1.4
Ngn ng ST
10.1.5
Ngn ng SFC
10.2
Lp trnh vi ngn ng bc cao
89
89
90
92
95
96
97
98
11
CHC NNG IU KHIN GIM ST
11.1
Gii thiu chung v cc h iu khin gim st
11.1.1
Cc thnh phn chc nng c bn
11.1.2
Cng c phn mm SCADA/HMI
11.2
Xy dng cu trc h thng
11.3
Thit k giao din ngi-my
11.3.1
Yu cu chung
11.3.2
Cc phng php giao tip ngi-my
11.3.3
Thit k cu trc mn hnh
11.3.4
Cc nguyn tc thit k
99
99
100
101
104
104
105
105
105
106
12
TNH SN SNG V TIN CY CA CC H KPT
12.1
t vn
107
107
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
C ch d phng
C ch an ton
C ch khi ng li sau s c
Bo mt
Bo tr
107
108
108
108
108
13
NH GI V LA CHN GII PHP IU KHIN PHN TN
110
13.1
nh gi v la chn cc sn phm DCS tch hp trn vn
110
13.1.1
Phm vi chc nng
110
13.1.2
Cu trc h thng v cc thit b thnh phn
110
13.1.3
Tnh nng m
110
13.1.4
Pht trin h thng
111
13.1.5
tin cy v tnh sn sng
111
13.1.6
Gi thnh, chi ph
111
13.2
So snh gii php DCS tch hp trn vn vi cc gii php khc
112
14
GII THIU MT S H IU KHIN PHN TN TIU BIU
14.1
PCS7 ca Siemens
14.2
PlantScape ca Honeywell
14.3
DeltaV ca Fisher Rosermount
14.4
Centum CS1000/CS3000 ca Yokogawa
14.5
AdvantOCS ca ABB
113
113
113
113
113
113
15
MT S HNG NGHIN CU V NG DNG
114
15.1
Tr tu nhn to phn tn
114
15.2
iu khin v gim st cc h thng giao thng
115
15.2.1
t vn
115
15.2.2
M hnh h thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng bng cng
ngh Agent
116
15.3
iu khin v gim st cc h thng sn xut v cung cp in 117
TI LIU THAM KHO
119
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1-1:
Hnh 2-1:
Hnh 2-4:
Hnh 2-5:
Hnh 2-6:
Hnh 3-1:
Hnh 3-2:
Hnh 3-3:
Hnh 3-4:
Hnh 3-5:
Hnh 5-1:
Hnh 6-1:
Hnh 6-2:
Hnh 6-3:
Hnh 6-4:
Hnh 6-5:
Hnh 6-6:
Hnh 6-7:
Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn cng qu trnh .... 50
Hnh 6-8:
nhau
Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai qu trnh khc
51
Hnh 6-9: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai my khc nhau
vi DCOM ............................................................................................. 52
Hnh 7-1:
Hnh 7-2:
Hnh 7-3: Giao tip gia cc chng trnh trong cng mt cu hnh bng
bin ton cc ........................................................................................ 55
Hnh 7-4:
Hnh 7-5:
Hnh 7-6:
Hnh 7-7:
Hnh 7-8:
Hnh 7-9:
M hnh ng dng.................................................................... 60
Hnh 8.2:
Hnh 8.3:
Hnh 8.4:
Hnh 8.5:
Hnh 9.1:
Lu chi tit mt vng iu khin p sut (bn tri) v lu
n gin ha (bn phi) ........................................................................ 86
Hnh 10-1: Minh ha mt s ngn ng lp trnh PLC................................. 89
Hnh 10-2:
Hnh 10-3:
Hnh 10-4:
NHP MN
1.1 Phm vi cp
Phm vi cp ca mn H thng iu khin phn tn l cc h thng t
ng ho hin i c cu trc phn tn trong cng nghip cng nh trong
nhiu lnh vc khc. Mn hc c xy dng trn c s ng dng cc tin b
mi nht ca k thut iu khin, k thut truyn thng cng nghip, cng
ngh phn mm vo trong cc h thng iu khin v gim st.
Mc ch ca mn hc cho sinh vin lm quen vi cu trc v cc thit b
phn cng cng nh cc thnh phn phn mm ca cc h thng iu khin
v gim st hin i, nm c cc nguyn tc v phng php c bn cho
hng gii quyt nhng bi ton thng c t ra trong thc t nh thit
k cu trc h thng, tch hp h thng, a vo vn hnh v chn on h
thng. Bn cnh , mn hc a ra cc hng nghin cu l thuyt v ng
dng mi, to c s cho cc sinh vin mun tip tc hc v nghin cu cc
bc sau i hc.
iu khin cc h thng phn phi nng lng (du kh, gas, in): Kt
hp gia cc bi ton iu khin qu trnh vi iu khin s kin ri
rc, iu khin logic, s dng PLC, DCS, IPC,...
T ng ha ta nh: Rle, PLC, p, C,...
iu khin v gim st cc h thng quc phng: IPC, P, C, DSP v
cc thit b c chng khc.
iu khin v gim st cc h thng thy li, mi trng: PLC, IPC, ...
...
1.4.2
IU KHIN RI RC/LOGIC
Cc b iu khin c
B iu khin PID kh nn
(1920-1930)
Cc h iu khin c
B iu khin PID in t
(1940-1950)
Rle in
Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC), 1970
DCS
PLC-based DCS
PC-based DCS
1.4.3
H iu khin phn tn
Thit b iu khin t ng
NI
I/O
I/O
NI
NI
ni trc tip
ni qua mng
NI
NI
Cm bin v chp hnh
NI
I/O
network interface
(giao din mng)
input/output
(vo/ra)
Qu trnh k thut
QL
cng ty
iu hnh
sn xut
iu khin gim st
Cp iu
khin qu
trnh
iu khin
Chp hnh
Cp trng
Qu trnh k thut
Hnh 2-2: M hnh phn cp chc nng ca mt h thng iu
khin v gim st
2.2.1
Cp chp hnh
2.2.2
Cp iu khin
2.2.3
Cp iu khin gim st
2.3.1
iu khin tp trung
I/O
Hin trng
Phn on 1
Phn on 2
I/O: input/output A: actuator
Hnh 2-3:
Phn on n
S: sensor
2.3.2
Hin trng
I/O
I/O
I/O
2.3.3
iu khin phn tn
10
PHNG IU KHIN
TRUNG TM
MTGS
MTGS
bus h
thng
MTK 1
MTK 2
MTK n
PHNG IU
KHIN CC B
HIN TRNG
Phn on 1
Hnh 2-5:
Phn on 2
Phn on n
2.3.4
11
MTGS
MTGS
bus h
thng
PHNG IU KHIN
TRUNG TM
MTK 1
bus trng
MTK 2
bus trng
I/O
MTK n
PHNG IU
KHIN CC B
bus trng
I/O
I/O
Phn on 1
Phn on 2
HIN TRNG
Phn on n
12
CC THNH PHN CA MT H IU
KHIN PHN TN
3.1 Cu hnh c bn
Cu hnh c bn mt h iu khin phn tn c minh ha trn Hnh
3-1, bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Cc trm iu khin cc b (local control station, LCS), i khi cn
c gi l cc khi iu khin cc b (local control unit, LCU) hoc
cc trm qu trnh (process station, PS).
Cc trm vn hnh (operator station, OS)
Trm k thut (engineering station, ES) v cc cng c pht trin
H thng truyn thng (field bus, system bus).
My
PCtnh
phng th
Factory LAN
Operator
Station
Operator
Station
Engineering
Station
System bus
Local Control
Station
Local Control
Station
Remote
I/O Station
PROCESS
13
3.1.1
Trm iu khin cc b
14
3.1.2
15
16
3.1.3
Trm vn hnh
17
Operator Terminals
Engineering
Station
Operator
Station
Terminals bus
System bus
Controller
3.1.4
18
3.1.5
Bus h thng
19
Factory
Server
LAB
OS
ES
OS
SS
SYSTEM BUS
Control
Station 1
Control
Station n
Control
Station 2
FIELDBUS
I/O
Controller
S
A
A
I/O
Controller
I/O
Controller
I/O
Motor
Control
Center
Phn on 1
Phn on 2
Phn on n
20
3.2.2
controller hay PLC l thng hiu ng k ca cng ty Allen Bradley. Sau ny,
khi my tnh c nhn tr nn ph bin th t vit tt PLC hay c dng hn
trnh nhm ln. V vy t y v sau ta s dng khi nim thit b iu
khin kh trnh nhng vi t vit tt l PLC.
Vi cu trc ghp ni vo/ra linh hot, nguyn tc lm vic n gin theo
chu k, kh nng lp trnh v lu tr chng trnh trong b nh khng cn
can thip trc tip ti phn cng, PLC nhanh chng thu ht s ch trong
gii chuyn ngnh. Vo thi im cc my tnh iu khin chuyn dng v
khng chuyn dng u c kch c rt ln v gi thnh rt cao, th vic s
dng PLC l gii php l tng thay th cc mch logic t hp v tun t
trong iu khin cc qu trnh gin on.
Cho n nay, danh mc cc chng loi PLC c mt trn th trng tht
phong ph n mc kh c th bao qut. Chng khng nhng khc nhau
cng sut lm vic ca b x l trung tm, dung lng b nh v s lng
cc cng vo/ra, m cn cc c tnh chc nng nh cu trc linh hot,
phng php lp trnh v kh nng ni mng. Tr mt s loi nh dng
trong cc ng dng n gin, hu ht cc PLC hin i u khng dng li
vic thc hin cc php tnh logic n gin, m cn c kh nng lm vic vi
cc tn hiu tng t v thc hin cc php ton s hc, thm ch c cc thut
ton iu khin phn hi nh iu khin nhiu im, PID v iu khin m.
Cc b m, b nh thi v mt s hm ton hc thng dng thuc phm vi
chc nng chun ca mt PLC. Vic s dng PLC v vy khng ch dng li
cc qu trnh gin on, m nay rt ph bin i vi iu khin cc qu
trnh lin tc nh trong cng nghip ch bin, khai thc, cng ngh mi
trng v.v...
Mt s h DCS trn nn PLC tiu biu l SattLine (ABB), Process Logix
(Rockwell), Modicon TSX (Schneider Electric), PCS7 (Siemens), Thc cht,
ngy nay a s cc PLC va c th s dng cho bi ton iu khin logic v
iu khin qu trnh. Tuy nhin, cc PLC c s dng trong cc h iu
khin phn tn thng c cu hnh mnh, h tr iu khin trnh t cng vi
cc phng php lp trnh hin i (v d SFC).
Cu trc phn cng
Hnh 3-5 minh ha cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca mt h thng
thit b iu khin kh trnh v quan h tng tc gia chng. V c bn, mt
PLC cng c cc thnh phn ging nh mt my vi tnh thng thng, l vi
x l, cc b nh lm vic v b nh chng trnh, giao din vo/ra v cung
cp ngun. Tuy nhin, mt im khc c bn l cc thnh phn giao din
22
2002, Hong Minh Sn
23
CPU
B nh
lm vic
Tn hiu iu khin
Vo tng t v vp s
(AI, DI)
Tn hiu o
B nh
chng trnh
Giao din
lp trnh
Ra tng t v ra s
(AO, DO)
ng h
nhp
Vi x l
Ngun nui
(PS)
24
3.2.3
Cc h DCS trn nn PC
Gii php s dng my tnh c nhn (PC) trc tip lm thit b iu khin
khng nhng c bn ti rng ri, m tr thnh thc t ph bin trong
nhng nm gn y. Nu so snh vi cc b iu khin kh trnh (PLC) v
cc b iu khin DCS c chng th th mnh ca PC khng nhng nm
tnh nng m, kh nng lp trnh t do, hiu nng tnh ton cao v a chc
nng, m cn kha cnh kinh t. Cc bc tin ln trong k thut my tnh,
cng nghip phn mm v cng ngh bus trng chnh l cc yu t thc y
kh nng cnh tranh ca PC trong iu khin cng nghip.
DCS trn nn PC l mt hng gii php tng i mi, mi c mt s sn
phm trn th trng nh PCS7 (Siemens, gii php Slot-PLC), 4Control
(Softing), Stardom (Yokogawa), Ovation (Westinghouse-Emerson Process
Management) Hng gii php ny th hin nhiu u im v mt gi
thnh, hiu nng tnh ton v tnh nng m. Mt trm iu khin cc b
chnh l mt my tnh c nhn cng nghip c ci t mt h iu hnh
thi gian thc v cc card giao din bus trng v card giao din bus h
thng.
Trong gii php iu khin dng my tnh c nhn th mt vn thng
rt c quan tm l tin cy ca my tnh. Mt phn ta c th yn tm bi
vi cu trc vo/ra phn tn, my tnh iu khin c t trong phng iu
khin trung tm vi iu kin mi trng lm vic tt. Mt khc, trn th
trng cng c rt nhiu loi my tnh c nhn cng nghip, m bo
tin cy cao khng km mt PLC. Mt khi my tnh ch c ci t h iu
2002, Hong Minh Sn
25
3.3 Cc vn k thut
Cc vn k thut di y ng vai tr c bit quan trng khi nghin
cu v cc h iu khin phn tn, s c cp chi tit trong cc phn
sau.
Kin trc x l phn tn (distributed processing): Cu trc phn tn v
mt vt l (a l) dn n phn tn v mt x l thng tin. X l phn
tn l mt khi nim vay mn t lnh vc tin hc. X l phn tn khc
vi x l cc b v khc vi x l ni mng tnh thng nht, xuyn
sut trong vic xy dng ng dng v trao i d liu gia cc trm.
Tnh nng thi gian thc (real-time): Tnh nng ca mt h thng lun
sn sng phn ng vi cc s kin bn ngoi v a ra p ng mt
cch ng n v kp thi. Vi kin trc x l phn tn, vic p ng
tnh nng thi gian thc c ci thin bi kh nng x l thng tin ti
ch. Song cng nhiu vn c t ra trong vic giao tip gia cc
thnh phn (real-time interprocess communication), trong vn
giao thc mng ng mt vai tr quan trng.
Tnh sn sng (availability) v tin cy (reliability): Mt c im
ni bt so vi cc hng gii php khc l tnh sn sng cao thng qua
kh nng d phng tch hp, c th la chn d phng cho tng thnh
phn. Tnh sn sng, phng php giao tip s, kin trc x l phn
tn, phn mm ng gi, phn cng chun ha cng nghip, tch
hp cao gia cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm l cc yu t
gip cho cc h thng iu khin phn tn c tin cy cao.
H tr chun (standard support): Thc ra, y khng phi l c im
tiu biu ca cc h DCS truyn thng. Nhng y l mt yu cu
khng th thiu c trong cc h DCS mi. c bit, s tng thch
vi cc chun cng nghip l tin cho tnh nng m, cho kh nng
tng tc vi cc thit b ca cc hng th ba.
2002, Hong Minh Sn
26
27
4.1.2
28
4.1.3
30
4.1.4
X l phn tn
ng b ha cc qu trnh x l phn tn
31
32
p dng cho trao i d liu tun hon hoc khng tun hon, thch
hp cho tt c cc kin trc khc nhau.
p dng cho trao i d liu tun hon hoc khng tun hon, thch
hp cho kin trc Client/Server hoc kin trc bnh ng.
Hp th (Mailbox)
Cc trm s dng mt mi trng trung gian nh files, mt c s d
liu hoc mt chng trnh server khc ghi v c d liu
Linh hot nhng km hiu qu, khng m bo tnh nng thi gian
thc
p dng cho trao i d liu c tnh cht t quan trng, thch hp cho
kin trc Client/Server hoc kin trc t tr.
33
ng b ha cc tn hiu vo/ra
4.4.2
ng b ha thi gian
34
35
36
phn chia thnh cc gii thut con n gin hn, cu trc d liu ln c
chia thnh nhng cu trc nh hn. Qu trnh tng t cng c tin hnh
trong qu trnh thit k.
Phng php phn tch, thit k hng th tc hoc hng d liu c u
im n gin, nhanh chng to ra kt qu (do tin hnh theo kiu t trn
xung) nhng kt qu to ra khng phn nh bn cht ca th gii thc dn
n cng nhc, kh thay i khi yu cu t ra thay i, kh m rng khi h
thng pht trin.
Phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm tin tin hin nay l hng i
tng (object-oriented), trong khi c bn xy dng nn phn mm l
i tng hay lp. Ni mt cch n gin, i tng l s phn nh th gii
t nhin xung quanh. V d nu trong h thng iu khin c cc thit b
vo/ra s/tng t nh AI, AO, DI, DO th trong phn mm cng c cc lp AI,
AO, DI, DO ; trong h thng iu khin c khu iu khin PID th trong
phn mm cng c lp PID,...
Trong cc h thng iu khin, cc i tng c th i din cc thnh
phn h thng nh:
Cc thut ton iu khin
X l s kin v bo ng
X l mnh lnh
Quan st v chn on
Cu hnh vo/ra
M phng
Thng tin thit k
Vic tru tng ho th gii t nhin thnh cc lp i tng nh vy c
gi l m hnh ho hng i tng. Da trn m hnh i tng thu c,
phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng s b sung thm
cc lin kt v lp i tng mi, tinh chnh li,... to ra mt m hnh i
tng chi tit ca phn mm. Cui cng, ngi lp trnh s dng mt ngn
ng lp trnh no (khng nht thit phi l ngn ng hng i tng) th
hin m hnh i tng chi tit thnh m ngun. u im ln nht ca phn
tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng khng phi nm ch to ra
chng trnh nhanh tn t cng sc, m nm ch n gn vi thc t v do
thc y vic ti s dng li nhng thnh qu xy dng c nh m
lnh hay bn thit k.
37
5.2.1
<<active>>
Controller
sensor
actuator
Sensor
Actuator
1
Thermometer
sensors
controller
ControlSystem
Valve
1..*
*
1
<<friend>>
valves
plant
Plant
<<friend>>
PT2
5.2.2
Mu thit k
38
5.2.3
Phn mm khung
39
bin dch (compile-time), trong khi phn mm thnh phn cho php s dng
li phn mm (di dng cc component) vo c giai on bin dch v giai
on chy (run-time). Do vy, theo t tng phn mm thnh phn, ngn ng
lp trnh cng nh lp l th yu, giao din mi l quan trng. Ni nh vy
tc l mt thnh phn phn mm (component) l cc phn mm c th c
vit cc ngn ng khc nhau, c hon chnh, bin dch v ng gi, c
cc giao din chun c th s dng thun tin, linh hot trong nhiu ng
dng khc nhau m khng cn bin dch li. Thm ch trong mt s trng
hp, vic s dng cc thnh phn phn mm c sn khng i hi lp trnh.
V d ngi son tho mt vn bn c th s dng kt hp cc thnh phn
phn mm c sn nh trnh son tho cng thc, v th, ... m cm tng
nh tt c u nm trong chng trnh son tho vn bn.
Mt s v d m hnh phn mm thnh phn tiu biu l:
Delphi VC
JavaBeans
ActiveX-Controls
40
41
6.1 Yu cu chung
Mt kin trc i tng phn tn to iu kin cho vic lp trnh mt
mc tru tng cao hn so vi phng php hng i tng c in. C th,
im khc bit so vi lp trnh hng i tng c in nm tnh trong
sut phn tn (distribution transparency), th hin qua cc c tnh sau:
Trong sut v tr: Mt client khng cn bit rng i tng server nm
trong cng mt qu trnh tnh ton, thuc mt qu trnh tnh ton khc
trn cng mt trm hoc trn mt trm khc, cch s dng i tng
server l thng nht. Ngc li cng vy.
Trong sut th hin: Client khng cn quan tm ti vic i tng
server c th hin bng ngn ng lp trnh no v bng phng php
no, m ch cn quan tm ti giao din c th s dng.
Trong sut nn: Mt client khng cn bit rng i tng server nm
trn h iu hnh no, trn nn my tnh kin trc ra sao.
Trong sut truyn thng: M thc hin client v cc i tng server
khng lin quan ti mng truyn thng v giao thc truyn thng c
th
6.2 Cc mu thit k
p ng cc yu cu trn, ngi ta thng p dng cc mu thit k
sau y:
Proxy: Mt i tng i din cho server bn pha client, client c
th s dng i tng server n gin nh vi mt i tng ni trnh
(v d thng qua con tr).
Broker: B phn che du chi tit v c ch truyn thng c th, to iu
kin cho client/proxy v server giao tip vi nhau m khng ph thuc
vo nn v h thng truyn thng bn di. Broker c mt c bn client
v server.
Adapter: i tng trung gian, c vai tr thch ng giao din gia
broker v server, to iu kin cho vic pht trin server mt cch c
lp, cng nh s dng cc server c sn (cha tun theo kin trc i
tng phn tn).
2002, Hong Minh Sn
42
Proze B
1: op ( )
client
5: op( )
4: upcall( )
proxy
adapter
2: marshal ( )
broker_A
server
3: dispatch( )
IPC
broker_B
43
Client
Dynamic
Invocation
Object Implementation
IDL
Stubs
ORB
Interface
Static IDL
Skeleton
Dynamic
Skeleton
Object
Adapter
6.4.1
Giao din
45
6.4.2
i tng COM
i tng
Cc giao
din khc
46
Interface Pointer
Interface Function Table
pointer
Pointer to Function1
Pointer to Function2
Pointer to Function3
...
Function1(...)
{
...
}
Function2(...)
{
...
}
Function3(...)
{
...
}
...
47
ULONG IUnknown::AddRef() {
return ++m_RefCount;
}
//gim bin cha s m tham chiu, nu bng 0 th hu i tng
ULONG IUnknown::Release() {
--m_RefCout;
if (m_RefCount == 0) {
delete this;
return 0;
}
return m_RefCount;
}
48
6.4.3
Client
Application
Object
Interface
Pointer
49
Application
Object
Object
Application
client
server
object
Hnh 6-7: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn cng qu
trnh
50
Qu trnh client
client
Proxy server
Stub
proxy
object
COM
Engine
Hnh 6-8: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai qu
trnh khc nhau
6.4.4
6.4.5
DCOM (Distributed COM) m rng COM cho vic giao tip gia cc i
tng phn tn, thuc cc chng trnh chy trn nhiu my tnh khc nhau
trn mng LAN, WAN hay Internet. Vi DCOM, cc ng dng c th phn tn
trn nhiu v tr em li s thun li cho chnh ng dng. Ngy nay khi ngi
ta ni ti COM l cng thng bao hm DCOM trong .
DCOM l mt cng ngh l tng cho nhng ng dng nhiu tng lp bi
v n cho php nhng thnh phn ActiveX lm vic ngang qua mng. Nhiu
ngi c th pht trin thm cng mt thnh phn m khng cn phi lo lng
v lp trnh mng, tnh tng thch h thng hoc s hp nht ca nhng
thnh phn xy dng t nhng ngn ng khc nhau. N dn ti h thp gi
thnh v lm gim s phc tp ca vic phn tn cc ng dng thnh phn.
2002, Hong Minh Sn
51
Client
Stub
Proxy
CoCreateInstance()
COM
Runtime
Security
Provider
DCE RPC
Security
Provider
Protocol Stack
Component
DCE RPC
Protocol Stack
CoCreateInstance()
(Remote)
Activation
SCM
SCM
DCOM networkprotocol
Hnh 6-9: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai my
khc nhau vi DCOM
52
7.1 IEC-61131
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) l mt t chc ton cu
bao gm cc hi ng cc quc gia. Mc tiu ca t chc ny l thc y
cng vic chun ho trong lnh vc in v in t.
IEC 61131 l tiu chun v b iu khin kh trnh PLC v cc thit b
ngoi vi i km vi n. Chun IEC 61131 bao gm 9 phn, trong cc phn
1 n 5 l quan trng nht:
Phn 1 (General Information): a ra cc nh ngha chung v cc c
tnh chc nng tiu biu cho mi h thng iu khin s dng PLC, v
d c ch thc hin tun hon, nh qu trnh, thit b lp trnh v giao
din ngi-my.
Phn 2 (Equipment requirements): t ra cc yu cu in hc, c hc
v chc nng cho cc thit b; nh ngha phng php kim tra v th
nghim cc kiu thit b tng ng. Cc yu cu c nh ngha l
nhit , m, cung cp ngun, khng nhiu, phm vi tn hiu
logic v sc bn c hc ca cc thit b.
Phn 3 (Programming languages): nh ngha cc ngn ng lp trnh
cho cc thit b iu khin kh trnh. Ngoi ba ngn ng kinh in l
biu hnh thang (Ladder Diagram, LD), biu khi chc nng
(Function Block Diagram, FBD) v lit k lnh (Instruction List, IL), v
mt ngn ng bc cao kiu vn bn c cu trc (Structured Text, ST)
th mt phng php lp trnh ha phc v biu din cc thut ton
iu khin trnh t l SFC (Sequential Function Chart) cng c
chun ha.
Phn 4 (Guidelines for users): a ra cc nguyn tc ch o cho ngi
s dng trong cc qu trnh ca mt d n, t phn tch h thng cho
ti la chn thit b, vn hnh v bo tr h thng.
Phn 5 (Communication): cp ti phng php truyn thng gia
cc PLC cng nh gia PLC v mt thit b khc trn c s cc khi
hm chun. Cc dch v truyn thng ny m rng chun ISO/IEC
9506-1/2, thc cht l mt tp con trong cc dch v c qui nh
trong MMS.
2002, Hong Minh Sn
53
7.1.1
M hnh phn mm
CONFIGURATION
RESOURCE
RESOURCE
TASK
TASK
TASK
TASK
PROGRAM
PROGRAM
PROGRAM
PROGRAM
FB
FB
FB
FB
REPRESENTED VARIABLES
INITIALIZATIONS
ACCESS PATHS
Communication function
or
Function block
Variable
54
7.1.2
FB2
a
PROGRAM B
VAR_EXTERNAL
x: BOOL;
END_VAR
FB2
FB1
FB_X
a
VAR_GLOBAL
x: BOOL;
END_VAR
FB_Y
x
Hnh 7-4 biu din cch giao tip a nng nht thng qua khi chc nng
giao tip. Chi tit v loi khi chc nng ny c m t trong IEC 61131-5,
y ch lu rng, s dng khi chc nng truyn thng, gi tr ca bin c
th c truyn gia cc b phn ca chng trnh, gia cc chng trnh
trong cng mt cu hnh hay trong cc cu hnh khc nhau, thm ch gia
chng trnh chy trong PLC vi cc h thng khc khng phi PLC.
55
CONFIGURATION D
CONFIGURATION C
PROGRAM
rcv1 PROGRAM
RCV
send
SEND
FB1
FB_
RD1
SD1
a
FB2
FB_
b
CONFIGURATION C
CONFIGURATION D
P1
PROGRAM B
PROGRAM A
FB1
FB_X
a
Z
'CSX'
TO_FB2
FB2
READ
RD1
VAR_1
FB_Y
b
VAR_ACCESS
CSX: P1.Z : REAL READ_ONLY;
7.2 IEC-61499
IEC 61499 l tiu chun lin quan n vic s dng cc khi chc nng
vi t cch l cc module phn mm trong h thng o lng - iu khin
2002, Hong Minh Sn
56
7.2.1
M hnh h thng
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
Thit b 3
Thit b 4
ng dng A
ng dng B
ng dng C
Qu trnh k thut
Hnh 7-6: M hnh h thng theo IEC 61499
57
7.2.2
M hnh thit b
Nh biu din trong Hnh 7-7, mi thit b cha trong n t nht mt giao
din, ngoi ra c th c hoc khng cha cc ti nguyn v mng khi chc
nng.
Lin kt truyn thng
Lung d liu v s kin
Ti nguyn X
Ti nguyn Y
Ti nguyn Z
ng dng A
ng dng C
ng dng C
Qu trnh k thut
Hnh 7-7: M hnh thit b theo IEC 61499 (v d thit b 2 trong
Hnh 7-6.
7.2.3
M hnh ti nguyn
58
to ra, t cu hnh, th hin bng tham s, khi ng, xa, ... m khng nh
hng n cc ti nguyn khc bn trong thit b.
Chc nng ca ti nguyn l nhn d liu v/hoc s kin t giao din
truyn thng hoc giao din qu trnh, x l d liu/s kin ri gi tr li
d liu/s kin ti giao din truyn thng/qu trnh theo yu cu ca ng
dng s dng ti nguyn.
Giao din truyn thng
ng dng cc b
(hoc phn cc b ca ng dng phn tn
nh x truyn thng
S kin
D liu
Khi chc
nng giao
din dch v
Thut
ton
Khi chc
nng giao
din dch v
nh x qu trnh
Giao din qu trnh
Cc hm dch v
Hnh 7-8: M hnh ti nguyn
59
7.2.4
M hnh ng dng
Lung d liu
Hnh 7-9: M hnh ng dng
60
7.2.5
u ra s kin
Tn khi
Lung s kin
Lung s kin
iu khin
thc hin
(che giu)
Tn kiu
Thut ton
(che giu)
Lung d liu
Lung d liu
D liu ni b
(che giu)
u vo d liu
u ra d liu
Nng lc ti nguyn
(Lp lch, nh x truyn thng, nh x qu trnh)
Hnh 7-10:
61
Thut ton bn trong khi hm, v nguyn tc, khng nhn thy c t
bn ngoi, tr phi c ngi cung cp khi hm m t theo mt cch no
. Thm na, khi hm c th cha bn trong n cc bin ni b hay cc
thng tin v trng thi tn ti khng i gia nhng ln gi thut ton ca
khi hm nhng chng cng khng truy cp c t bn ngoi.
Mi kiu khi chc nng l mt yu t phn mm ch r c tnh ca tt
c cc bin th hin thuc kiu , bao gm :
Tn kiu
S lng, tn, tn kiu v trt t ca cc u vo s kin v u ra s
kin
S lng, tn, kiu d liu v trt t ca cc bin u vo, bin u ra
v bin ni b
c t kiu khi chc nng ngoi phn chung k trn cn c thm phn
nh ngha chc nng c trng ca khi ph thuc vo loi khi c th. C
c thy 3 loi khi chc nng :
Khi chc nng c bn l n v chc nng nh nht, khng th phn
chia hn c na
Khi chc nng kt hp (Siu khi) l loi khi chc nng hp thnh t
nhiu khi chc nng khc nh hn
Khi chc nng dch v giao tip l loi khi chc nng cung cp cc
dch v giao din gia cc khi chc nng khc vi nhau hoc gia ti
nguyn v mng truyn thng v gia ti nguyn v qu trnh cng ngh
c iu khin.
i vi kiu khi chc nng c bn, chc nng c trng ca n c din
t bng cch m t thut ton bn trong khi hot ng da trn gi tr
ca cc bin u vo, bin u ra, bin ni b to ra gi tr mi cho cc
bin u ra v bin ni b nh th no, cng nh mi lin h gia s khi
ng, thc thi v kt thc ca thut ton vi s xut hin ca cc s kin ti
u vo v s kin u ra ca khi.
i vi kiu khi chc nng kt hp, c t kiu cn bao gm cc lin kt
d liu v lin kt s kin gia nhng khi chc nng thnh phn bn trong
khi chc nng kt hp.
i vi kiu khi chc nng phc v giao tip, chc nng c trng c
m t bng cch nh x cc dch v c bn m n cung cp thnh cc u
vo s kin, u ra s kin, u vo d liu, u ra d liu ca n.
62
7.2.6
M hnh phn tn
7.2.7
M hnh qun l
7.2.8
63
64
8.1 MMS
MMS (Manufactoring Message Specification) l mt chun quc t cho
vic xy dng lp ng dng theo m hnh qui chiu OSI. Chun ny c
ngha c bit trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip. V c bn, MMS
qui nh mt tp hp cc dch v chun cho vic trao i d liu thi gian
thc cng nh thng tin iu khin gim st. Cc dch v ny cng nh cc
giao thc tng ng c chun ha trong ISO/IEC 9506.
MMS c xut x t MAP (Manufactoring Automation Protocol), mt giao
thc do hng General Motors khi xng pht trin vo u nhng nm 80.
Mc d MAP khng tr thnh giao thc truyn thng thng nht cho cng
nghip t ng ha, n tc ng c tnh cht nh hng ti cc pht trin
sau ny. Trn c s ca MAP, cc dch v truyn thng c nh ngha
trong MMS to c s quan trng trong vic xy dng lp ng dng trong
nhiu h thng bus trng. Mt s v d nh FMS (Fieldbus Message
Specification) ca PROFIBUS, PMS (Peripheral Message Specification) ca
Interbus, MPS (Manufactoring Periodic/aperiodic Services) ca WorldFIP v
RAC (Remote Access Control) ca Bitbus u l cc tp con cc dch v
MMS.
Cc dch v c nh ngha trong MMS c tnh cht thng dng v a
dng, c th thch hp vi rt nhiu loi thit b, nhiu ng dng v ngnh
cng nghip khc nhau. V d, dch v Read cho php mt chng trnh ng
dng hoc mt thit b c mt hoc nhiu bin mt lc t mt chng trnh
ng dng hoc mt thit b khc. Bt k mt thit b l PLC hay robot, mt
chng trnh iu khin t ng hay chng trnh iu khin gim st, cc
dch v v thng bo MMS u nh nhau.
V c bn, MMS nh ngha:
Hn 80 dch v truyn thng thng dng cho cc h thng bus, trong
c kim sot ng ni, truy nhp bin, iu khin s kin, ci t
v can thip chng trnh
Mt giao thc qui nh cu trc d liu cho vic chuyn giao tham s
ca cc dch v
65
66
67
M t tm tt cc dch v
V d
Environment and
General Management
Services
- Initiate
- Abort
- Status
- UnsolicitedStatus
- Identity
Domain Management
Services
- InitiateDownloadSequence
- DownloadSegment
- InitiateUploadSequence
- UploadSegment
- RequestDomainDownload
- RequestDomainUpload
Program Invocation
Management Services
- CreateProgramInvocation
- Start
- Stop
- Resume
- Reset
Variable Access
Services
- Read
- Write
Semaphore
Management Services
ng b ha vic truy
nhp cnh tranh ti nguyn
ca VMD
- DefineSemaphore
- DelelteSemaphore
- ReportSemaphoreStatus
Operator
Communication
Services
- Input
- Output
Event Management
Services
X l s kin, s c
- AlterEventCondition
Monitoring
- EventNofification
- AcknowledgeEvent
Notification
Journal Management
Services
- InitiateJournal
- ReportJournalStatus
68
8.2 IEC-61131-5
8.2.1
My tnh
KGS
Client
Server
PLC1
Client
PLC2
8.2.2
Vo/ra
B x l trung tm
Cung cp ngun
B nh
69
PLC
yu cu
PLC p Khi hm
ng
c sn
iu khin
Bo ng
Qun l ni
8.2.3
Cc dch v giao tip c thc hin qua cc khi chc nng giao tip
(communication function block, CFB), nh c lit k trong bng di y.
Bng 8.3: Cc khi chc nng giao tip (CFB)
STT
Chc nng
nh a ch cc bin t xa
REMOTE_VAR
2
3
STATUS,
USTATUS
READ,
5
6
USEND,
URCV
iu khin tham s
WRITE,
8
9
iu khin lin ng
SEND,
RCV
10
11
Bo ng c lp trnh
NOTIFY,
ALARM
12
Qun l ni
CONNECT
70
iu khin
Hai phng php iu khin cn c PLC h tr: iu khin tham s
(parametric) v iu khin kha lin ng (interlocked)
iu khin tham s: Hot ng ca cc thit b c iu khin bng
cch thay i cc tham s ca chng. PLC s dng khi WRITE
thc hin hat ng ny t mt chng trnh ng dng.
Bo ng
Mt PLC c th gi cc bo ng ti cc client khi mt s kin xy ra.
Client c th thng bo li xc nhn ti b iu khin. PLC s dng cc
khi ALARM v NOTIFY trong cc chng trnh ng dng gi cc thng
bo cn xc nhn v khng cn xc nhn.
Qun l cc mi lin kt
Cc chng trnh ng dng trong PLC s dng khi CONNECT qun l
cc mi lin kt.
71
8.3 OPC
Tin b ca cc h thng bus trng cng vi s ph bin ca cc thit b
cn trng thng minh l hai yu t quyt nh ti s chuyn hng sang cu
trc phn tn trong cc gii php t ng ha. S phn tn ha ny mt mt
mang li nhiu u th so vi cu trc x l thng tin tp trung c in, nh
tin cy v tnh linh hot ca h thng, nhng mt khc cng to ra hng
lot thch thc mi cho gii sn xut cng nh cho ngi s dng. Mt trong
nhng vn thng gp phi l vic tch hp h thng. Tch hp theo chiu
ngang i hi kh nng tng tc gia cc thit b t ng ha ca nhiu nh
sn xut khc nhau. Bn cnh , tch hp theo chiu dc i hi kh nng
kt ni gia cc ng dng c s nh o lng, iu khin vi cc ng dng
cao cp hn nh iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu (supervisory control
and data acquisition, SCADA), giao din ngi-my (human-machine
interface, HMI) v h thng iu hnh sn xut (manufactoring execution
system, MES). Vic s dng mt chun giao din v vy tr thnh mt iu
kin tin quyt. Tiu biu cho hng i ny l chun OPC, c chp nhn
rng ri trong cc ng dng t ng ha qu trnh cng nghip.
8.3.1
OPC (OLE for Process Control) l mt chun giao din c hip hi OPC
Foundation xy dng v pht trin. Da trn m hnh i tng thnh phn
(D)COM ca hng Microsoft, OPC nh ngha thm mt s giao din cho khai
thc d liu t cc qu trnh k thut, to c s cho vic xy dng cc ng
dng iu khin phn tn m khng b ph thuc vo mng cng nghip c
th. Trong thi im hin nay, OPC cng nh COM tuy mi c thc hin
trn nn Windows, song c nhiu c gng ph bin sang cc h iu
hnh thng dng khc.
Vi mc ch ban u l thay th cho cc dng phn mm kt ni nh I/ODrivers v DDE, OPC qui nh mt s giao din chun cho cc chc nng
nh:
Khai thc, truy nhp d liu qu trnh (Data Access) t nhiu ngun
khc nhau (PLC, cc thit b trng, bus trng, c s d liu,..)
X l s kin v s c (Event and Alarm)
Truy nhp d liu qu kh (Historical Access)
Trong tng lai OPC s h tr cc chc nng khc nh an hon h thng
(Security) v iu khin m (Batch). OPC s dng c ch COM/COM cung
2002, Hong Minh Sn
72
Visual Basic,
VB Scripts,...
Automation
Interface
OPC Server
OPC Group
-Item
-Item
C++, Java,
Delphi,...
Custom
Interfaces
Cc thit b t ng ha
Nh c minh ha trn Hnh 8.2, hai kiu i tng thnh phn quan
trng nht trong kin trc OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group. Trong khi OPCServer c nhim v qun l ton b vic s dng v khai thc cc d liu, th
cc i tng OPC-Group c chc nng t chc cc phn t d liu (items)
2002, Hong Minh Sn
73
thnh tng nhm tin cho vic truy nhp. Thng thng, mi item ng vi
mt bin trong mt qu trnh k thut hay trong mt thit b iu khin.
OPC Server
OPC Server l mt i tng phn tn, cung cp giao din OPC chun cho
cc ng dng. Vic giao tip qua cc mng cng nghip c thc hin bng
cc li gi n gin, thng nht khng ph thuc vo mng truyn thng v
giao thc c s dng.
OPC Server h tr hai phng php truy cp d liu :
Polling: Client ch ng yu cu Server cung cp d liu mi khi cn
Publisher/Subscriber: Client ch cn mt ln yu cu Server, sau
ty theo cch t (Theo chu k, theo s thay i ca gi liu hoc theo
mt s kin no ). Phng php ny cn c gi l truy cp khng
ng b.
OPC-Client
OPC-Client
OPC-Interface
OPC-Interface
OPC-Server
OPC-Server
OPC-Server
74
Chun OPC hin nay qui nh hai kiu giao din l Custom Interfaces
(OPC Taskforce, 1998b) v Automation Interface (OPC Taskforce, 1998c)2.
Kiu th nht bao gm mt s giao din theo m hnh COM thun ty, cn
kiu th hai da trn cng ngh m rng OLE-Automation. S khc nhau
gia hai kiu giao din ny khng nhng nm m hnh i tng, cc
ngn ng lp trnh h tr m cng cn tnh nng, hiu sut s dng.
Custom Interface dng cc ngn ng nh C/C++phc tp hn nhng hiu
sut cao, da trc tip trn cc i tng COM. Automation Interface dng
cc ngn ng n gin, phong php lp trnh n gin, hiu qu thp, da
trn cng ngh COM automation.
8.3.2
Ging nh cc i tng COM khc, hai loi i tng thnh phn quan
trng nht ca OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group cung cp cc dch v qua
cc giao din ca chng, c gi l OPC Custom Interfaces, nh c minh
ha trn Hnh 3. Tham kho (OPC Taskforce, 1988b) tm hiu ngha c
th ca tng giao din. Chnh v nhng giao din ny ch l cc giao din theo
m hnh COM thun ty, vic lp trnh vi chng i hi mt ngn ng bin
dch. Trong thc t, C++ l ngn ng chim u th tuyt i phc v mc
ch ny. Bn cnh , cc cng c khc nhau cng cung cp mt s phn
mm khung (frameworks) thch hp h tr ngi lp trnh.
IUnknown
IOPCCommon
IUnknown
OPC Server
IOPCServer
IOPCItemProperties
[IOPCServerPublicGroups]
[IOPCBrowseServerAddressSpace]
[IPersistFile]
IConnectionPointContainer
OPC Group
IOPCItemMgt
IOPCGroupStateMgt
[IOPCPublicGroupStateMgt]
IOPCSyncIO
IOPCAsyncIO2
IConnectionPointContainer
truy nhp d liu dng OPC Custom Interfaces, ta cn thc hin hang
lot cc bc sau:
Lu khi nim Automation c dng y hon ton khng c lin quan ti k thut t ng
ha
75
tng OPC-Group
S dng cc giao din thch hp ca OPC-Group t chc v cu
8.3.3
76
77
8.4.2
XML EDITOR
VISUAL APPLICATION
*.xml
EDITOR
ENGINE
OPC
HMI/SCADA
APPLICATION
framework
iPC
C++ CONTROL
78
Tng t nh vy, cc khi chc nng vo/ra tng t qua mng ProfibusDP (a ch slave=3, module 3) s dng trong mch vng iu khin c
khai bo nh sau:
<dll filename="DPIO.dll">
<FB_list>
<FB type="AI" id="AI103"> <init> slave=3; module=3; </init> </FB>
<FB type="AO" id="AO103"> <init> slave=3; module=3; </init> </FB>
</FB_list>
</dll>
79
80
Biu trnh t chc nng (sequential function chart, SFC) biu din
cc bc thc hin chc nng ca qui trnh cng ngh. Ti liu hnh
thnh phc v bi ton iu khin trnh t v iu khin logic. Chnh
v s gn gi vi vic m t thut ton iu khin, SFC cng c coi
l mt ngn ng lp trnh. SFC c gii thiu chi tit trong bi 10.
81
9.2 Lu P&ID
Cc biu tng lu P&ID c s dng tng i thng nht trn ton
th gii. Hai chun do ISA (Instrument Society of America) pht hnh c
chp nhn rng ri trn ton th gii l:
ANSI/ISA S5.1: Instrumentation Symbols and Identification.
ANSI/ISA S5.3: Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control/Shared
Display Instrumentation, Logic and Computer Systems.
9.2.1
82
Phng iu khin
trung tm
(Remote)
V tr m rng
Hin trng
(Auxilary
Location)
(Local)
83
84
Thay i
Cc ch ci ng sau
Chc nng hin th
hoc b ng
Bo ng (Alarm)
t nng (Burner,
B combustion)
Ty s dng
Phn t sensor
T l (Fraction)
Knh (Glass), thit b
nhn
G Ty s dng
H Bng tay (Hand)
I
Dng in
Cng sut
Cao (High)
Hin th (Indication)
Qut
Tn sut thay
i
L Mc (Level)
M Ty s dng
Trm iu khin
nh sng (Light)
Thp (Low)
Trung bnh
(Middle)
Nht thi
(Momentary)
N Ty s dng
Ty s dng
O Ty s dng
Hn ch (Orifice)
P p sut (Pressure)
im th (Point)
Q S lng(Quantity)
Ty s dng
Chnh lch
(Differential)
E in p
F Lu tc (Flow rate)
Ty s dng
iu khin
(Control)
C Ty s dng
D Ty s dng
Ty s dng
Ty s dng
Bc x, phng x
R (Radiation)
Chuyn mch
(Switch)
T Nhit (Temperature)
Truyn, pht
(Transmit)
U Nhiu bin
a chc nng
a chc nng
a chc nng
85
rung (Vibration),
V phn tch c hc
X Khng xp loi
Trc X
Khng xp loi
Khng xp loi
Trc Y
Trc Z
Truyn ng,
chp hnh
Khng xp loi
V d minh ha
Hnh 9.1 minh ha mt v d mch vng iu khin p sut. Lu chi
tit bn tri l c s cho thit k h thng v pht trin phn mm, trong khi
lu n gin ha bn phi c th xut hin trn cc lu cng ngh.
Mch vng iu khin p sut c iu khin bi trm iu khin DCS.
Gi tr t c a t mt my tnh thng qua ng truyn d liu. Mch
vng iu khin c s nhn 211, k hiu vng iu khin s 11 trn lu s
2. Thit b o p sut PT-211 c ni vi ng dn qua mt van kha v
phm vi lm vic 0-300 PSIG. Tn hiu ra l dng in 4-20mA, c k hiu
u vo AI-17 trong h DCS. B iu khin PIC-211 c thc hin thut
ton PI trn trm s 2 (C-2). u ra ca b iu khin c k hiu AO-21
c a vo mt b chuyn i dng-p sut (PY-211) gn trn van iu
chnh PCV-211. Van iu chnh l loi tuyn tnh, ng an ton, c trang b
b nh v (P). C b nh v v b bin i c cp kh nn.
AI-17
C-#2
(PI)
PAH
dP/dt PIC
211
S.P.
AO-21
PIC
211
0-300#
PT
211
PY
211
AS
P
AS
LIN. FC
Chi tit
PCV
211
n gin ha
86
9.2.2
Chun m rng ISA S5.1 cho cc chc nng trong mt h iu khin phn
tn. Thc ra, S5.1 vn gi nguyn tp hp cc biu tng, nhng m rng v
chi tit ha ngha ca mt s biu tng.
Cc biu tng cho hin th/iu khin chia s
Thng thng ngi vn hnh c th can thip:
1) Hin th chia s
2) Hin th chia s v iu khin chia s
3) Truy nhp ch qua ng truyn thng
4) Giao din vn hnh trn ng truyn thng
Thit b lp ti v tr m rng:
1) Lp trn panel ti v tr m rng, thng thng c giao
din s dng tng t, khng lp ti trm vn hnh trung
tm
2) C th l mt b iu khin d phng hoc mt trm
thao tc bng tay
3) Truy nhp c th ch qua ng truyn thng
4) Giao din vn hnh qua ng truyn thng.
Thng thng ngi vn hnh khng th can thip:
1) B iu khin chia s cm (khng c giao din)
2) Hin th chia s lp ti hin trng
3) Tnh ton, iu ha tn hiu trong b iu khin chia s
4) C th c ni mng truyn thng
5) Thng thng vn hnh khng cn giao din
6) C th thay i khi cu hnh
Cc biu tng my tnh
Cc biu tng di y c s dng ch cc my tnh v chc nng
my tnh tch bit vi cc thnh phn c bn tch hp trong h DCS. Cc my
tnh ny c th c ni mng vi cc thnh phn cn li, hoc ng c lp.
Thng thng ngi vn hnh c th can thip:
1) Mn hnh ch th
2) My tnh iu khin
2002, Hong Minh Sn
87
88
ANDN B
ST
Ladder Diagram(LD)
A B
-| |--|/|----------------( )
Hnh 10-1:
89
10.1.1
Kiu d liu
Cc kiu d liu c s
Cc kiu d liu c s chun ha trong IEC 61131-3 c lit k trong
bng 10.1, km theo qui nh v chiu di nh v gi tr khi to mc nh.
Phm vi biu din ca cc s c th suy ra t chiu di nh. Cch biu din
cc s thc tun theo chun IEC 559.
Bng 10-1:
STT
T kha
Kiu d liu
Chiu di
(bit)
Gi tr khi to
mc nh
BOOL
Kiu Bool
0/FALSE
SINT
INT
Kiu nguyn
16
DINT
Kiu nguyn p
32
LINT
Kiu nguyn di
64
USINT
UINT
16
UDINT
32
ULINT
64
10
REAL
S thc
32
0.0
11
LREAL
S thc di
64
0.0
12
TIME
--
T#0S
13
DATE
Ngy thng
--
D#0001-01-01
14
TIME_OF_DAY
TOD
--
TOD#00:00:00
15
--
DT#0001-01-0100:00:00
90
16
STRING
Chui k t 8bit
8xN
''
17
BYTE
Chui 8 bit
18
WORD
Chui 16 bit
16
19
DWORD
Chui 32 bit
32
20
LWORD
Chui 64 bit
64
21
WSTRING
Chui k t 16bit
16 x N
""
91
STT
1
2
3
4
M t/v d
Dn xut trc tip t kiu c s, v d
TYPE RU_REAL : REAL ; END_TYPE
Cc kiu lit k, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE: (SINGLE_ENDED, DIFFERENTIAL);
END_TYPE
Cc kiu dy con, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_DATA: INT (-4095..4095); END_TYPE
Cc kiu mng, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_16_INPUT_DATA: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_DATA;
END_TYPE
Cc kiu cu trc, v d:
TYPE
ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION:
STRUCT
RANGE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_RANGE ;
MIN_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ;
MAX_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ;
END_STRUCT ;
ANALOG_16_INPUT_CONFIGURATION :
STRUCT
SIGNAL_TYPE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE ;
FILTER_PARAMETER : SINT (0..99) ;
CHANNEL: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION;
END_STRUCT ;
END_TYPE
10.1.2
92
FUNCTION
Ging nh trong PASCAL, mt hm c mt hoc nhiu u vo v chnh
xc mt u ra. Mt hm khng c trng thi, c ngha l gi hm vi cc gi
tr u vo nh nhau s cho kt qu nh nhau.
V d v hm l cc hm ton hc SIN, COS, ADD,... hoc cc hm logic
AND, OR,... Mt hm c biu din ha nh trn Hnh 10-2.
KHAI BO HM
S DNG HM
Name
Name
Data Type
Data Type
Data Type
P1
P2
P3
Data Type
Hnh 10-2:
X
0.25
P1
P2
P3
Cc tham s thc ti
Khai bo v s dng mt hm
Cn lu :
Khai bo VAR_INPUT .. END_VAR cho cc bin u vo
Khai bo VAR .. EBD_VAR cho cc bin cc b
Kt qu tr v c gn cho tn hm
Cc hm cng c th c np chng c th p dng vi nhiu kiu
d liu khc nhau (Hnh 10-3).
93
HM THNG THNG
HM NP CHNG
ADD_REAL
ADD
ANY_NUM
ANY_NUM
ANY_NUM
Hnh 10-3:
ANY_NUM
REAK
REAL
REAL
REAL
FUNCTION_BLOCK
Hm v khi chc nng l cc khi t chc chng trnh c gi tr s dng
li. Mt khi chc nng ging nh mt i tng, c trng thi v c th c
nhiu u ra, v d cc b iu khin ng, cc khu Flip-Flop, Timer,
Counter. Nu so snh vi mt i tng th mt khi chc nng ch c mt
hm thnh vin duy nht, v th cch gi mt khi chc nng tng t nh
cch gi mt hm. Mi khi chc nng c mt trng thi ring nn ta phi
phn bit gia kiu khi chc nng (ging nh lp) v th nghim khi chc
nng (ging nh i tng). Ty theo ng cnh m khi nim khi chc
nng c th hiu theo mt trong hai ngha trn. Vic gi mt khi chc nng
cng c thng qua tn ca bin th nghim, ch khng thng qua tn kiu
khi chc nng, nh minh ha trn Hnh 10-4.
S DNG KHI CHC NNG
Tn bin th nghim
FB_NAME
Data Type
Data Type
Data Type
P1
P2
P3
O1
O2
Hnh 10-4:
fb1
FB_NAME
Data Type
Data Type
X
0.25
P1
P2
P3
O1
O2
Cc tham s thc ti
94
VAR
INTERNAL_STATE: BOOL;
END_VAR
(* statements of functionblock body *)
END_FUNCTION_BLOCK
Cn lu :
Khai bo
Khai bo
Khai bo
Khai bo
PROGRAM
Mt chng trnh c th coi nh mt mng cc hm v khi chc nng ni
vi nhau. Khc vi hm v khi chc nng, mt chng trnh c th s dng
cc bin ton cc, cc bin vo/ra qu trnh hoc cc bin nh a ch trc
tip. Mt bin c th thuc cc kiu d liu c bn hoc dn xut nu,
nhng cng c th l mt khi chc nng. Nh vy, cc khi chc nng c gi
tr s dng li, trong khi chng trnh th khng. Mt chng trnh hoc mt
khi chc nng c th c thc hin tun hon, theo s kin hay lin tc
nh cc tc v (TASK) tng ng. Nhiu chng trnh v khi chc nng c
th chia s cng mt tc v.
10.1.3
Ngn ng FBD
95
10.1.4
Ngn ng ST
Lnh trong ST
No.
Kiu lnh
Gn
S dng hm
Quay v RETURN
iu kin r nhnh if
Vng lp FOR
V d
A := B;
CV := CV+1; C := SIN(X);
CMD_TMR(IN:=%IX5, PT:=T#300ms) ;
A := CMD_TMR.Q ;
RETURN ;
D := B*B - 4*A*C ;
IF D < 0.0 THEN NROOTS := 0 ;
ELSIF D = 0.0 THEN
NROOTS := 1 ;
X1 := - B/(2.0*A) ;
ELSE
NROOTS := 2 ;
X1 := (- B + SQRT(D))/(2.0*A) ;
X2 := (- B - SQRT(D))/(2.0*A) ;
END_IF ;
TW := BCD_TO_INT(THUMBWHEEL);
TW_ERROR := 0;
CASE TW OF
1,5: DISPLAY := OVEN_TEMP;
2: DISPLAY := MOTOR_SPEED;
3: DISPLAY := GROSS - TARE;
4,6..10: DISPLAY := STATUS(TW - 4);
ELSE DISPLAY := 0 ;
TW_ERROR := 1;
END_CASE;
QW100 := INT_TO_BCD(DISPLAY);
J := 101 ;
FOR I := 1 TO 100 BY 2 DO
IF WORDS[I] = 'KEY' THEN
J := I ;
EXIT ;
END_IF ;
END_FOR ;
96
No.
Kiu lnh
V d
J := 1;
WHILE J <= 100 & WORDS[J] <> 'KEY' DO
J := J+2 ;
END_WHILE ;
J := -1 ;
REPEAT
J := J+2 ;
UNTIL J = 101 OR WORDS[J] = 'KEY'
END_REPEAT ;
EXIT ;
10
Lnh rng
10.1.5
Ngn ng SFC
97
Step 1
FILL
Transition 1
Step 2
Empty
Transition 2
Step 3
Hnh 10-5:
Mt v d SFC n gin
98
99
11.1.1
100
H THNG
CNH BO,
BO NG
GIAO DIN
NGI-MY
(HMI)
LP BO CO
T NG
(REPORTING)
C S D LIU
QU TRNH
I/OI/ODRIVERS
DRIVERS
Hnh 11-1:
IU KHIN CAO
CP
I/OSERVERS
I/O
Phn mm:
Giao din vo/ra (phn mm giao din qu trnh), di dng cc I/ODrivers, I/O-Servers (DDE,OPC,...).
Giao din ngi-my
C s d liu qu trnh
H thng cnh bo, bo ng
Lp bo co t ng
iu khin cao cp: iu khin m, iu khin trnh t, iu khin
cng thc, iu khin chuyn gia...
Cc thnh phn ni trn c tch hp trong mt h iu khin phn
tn. V vy, vic xy dng cc chc nng SCADA y n gin hn nhiu so
vi trong cc h khc.
11.1.2
101
102
103
104
11.3.1
Yu cu chung
11.3.2
11.3.3
Yu cu cu trc cc mn hnh
Gn vi cc my mc, thit b, cng ngh thc
Khoa hc, kt hp hp l phng php s dng chuyn cp hoc la
chn nhanh
Phn cp mn hnh
Tng quan h thng (system overview), h thng con (subsystem
overview)
Tng quan nhm (group overview)
Hin th nhm (group display)
Hin th chi tit (details display)
Hnh nh h thng, hnh nh phm vi/cng on/my mc di dng
lu cng ngh (process diagram) hoc hnh nh dy chuyn sn
xut
th (trends): th thi gian thc, th qu kh
Ca s bo ng (alarm windows)
105
11.3.4
Cc nguyn tc thit k
Mu
sc
Ch dng mu sc khi tht cn thit
Nn: mu ti, v d xm sm hoc xanh lam m
My mc, thit b: S dng hnh phng, mu v sng khc t so vi
nn, c gng trnh 3D, trnh cc mu hoa vn
Hnh tnh (ng ng, my mc): trnh cc mu ti, chi
Tn hiu trng thi, hnh ng: Chn cc mu ti, chi
Ch vit
Hn ch s font ch, kiu ch, chnh lch ln
Chn phng, trnh cc hiu ng c bit (3D, ln sng, ng
vin,...)
Cc
hnh nh ng
H tr phn bit trng thi, v d nhp nhy
Nht qun trong tt c cc mn hnh
Cc s nn chnh cn phi, cc bin lin quan trc tip gn nhau v
cng cch biu din
Biu din cc n v vt l vi gi tr s v n v, khng dng %
106
12.2 C ch d phng
Yu cu:
Cc thnh phn quan trng cn c d phng hon ton trng
hp li mt thnh phn n (phn cng & phn mm) khng lm mt
i tnh nng do n cung cp
Li mi module hoc card c php khng gy ra t lit hn mt trm
vn hnh hoc mt vng iu khin.
Phn bit
D phng lnh
D phng nng: D phng cnh tranh v d phng d tr
Cc bin php d phng nng
D phng CPU: Mi trm iu khin cn c CPU d phng cnh tranh,
thc hin song song v ng b vi CPU chnh v so snh kt qu
D phng trm iu khin: D phng d tr 1:1, chuyn mch kp
thi, trn tru
D phng d tr h thng mng: D phng cp truyn, d phng
module truyn thng v cc thit b mng khc, chuyn mch kp thi,
trn tru, thi gian chuyn mch < 1ms
D phng vo/ra
D phng trm vn hnh 1:n
2002, Hong Minh Sn
107
12.3 C ch an ton
C c ch dng an ton, dng khn cp (mch cng hoc qua bus an
ton) khi h thng c cc c cu chuyn ng
Tn hiu ra tng t h tr ch an ton khi mt lin lc vi trm
iu khin hoc khi pht hin trm iu khin c li (gi gi tr cui
hoc a v gi tr mc nh)
12.5 Bo mt
t ch bo mt theo trm hoc theo ngi s dng hn ch,
kim sot quyn truy nhp d liu v iu khin
t ch bo mt da trn tng tag ring r hoc tng ca s ring r
Ngi vn hnh cn s dng m ID v mt khu
Cho php thc hin bo mt theo nhm
12.6 Bo tr
Ch bo tr: H thng cn cho php ngi vn hnh a trc tip gi
tr bin qu trnh trong trng hp thit b trng hng, cn sa cha
hoc ang c hiu chnh
Ch th li: mi module, mi card hoc b ngun cn c trang b n
LED hoc n khc ch th trng thi vn hnh
Chn on: H thng phi h tr chn on trc tuyn vi cc yu cu
ti thiu nh:
- CPU ca trm iu khin cn c bin php pht hin v sa li trong
108
2002, Hong Minh Sn
b nh
-
Mng truyn thng thi gian thc cn s dng bin php bo ton d
liu pht hin li
109
13.1.2
13.1.3
Tnh nng m
110
13.1.4
Cu
hnh h thng
n gin, hng i tng
Kh nng pht trin h thng mt cch xuyn sut
Cu hnh v tham s ha cc thit b v mng truyn thng d dng qua
phn mm t trm k thut
Lp
trnh iu khin
n gin, hng i tng
Cc ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng (FBD, SFC, ST,...)
Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao (C/C++, BASIC)
Lp trnh giao tip ngm hay hin
Kh nng t m rng th vin chc nng (thng qua mt ngn ng lp
trnh bc cao)
13.1.5
C ch d phng
Kh nng bo mt
...
13.1.6
Gi thnh, chi ph
Chi ph ban u
Chi ph thit k h thng
Chi ph phn cng
Chi ph phn mm cng c
Chi ph pht trin phn mm ng dng
Chi ph trin khai, a vo vn hnh
Chi ph o to, chuyn giao cng ngh
...
Chi ph vn hnh
Chi ph bo tr, bo dng thit b v phn mm
Chi ph thit b thay th
Chi ph dch v h tr k thut
Chi ph dng h thng khi xy ra s c
2002, Hong Minh Sn
111
...
112
113
15 MT S HNG NGHIN CU V NG
DNG
15.1 Tr tu nhn to phn tn
i vi cc h thng mang c th tnh phn tn, vic ng dng tr tu
nhn to phn tn l mt trong nhng hng nghin cu mi, ha hn nhiu
kt qu kh quan. Gn y, agent (tc t) v multi-agent (a tc t) c coi
l cc cng ngh trng tm ca tr tu nhn to phn tn, thu ht c s
quan tm ca ng o gii nghin cu trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin.
Agent l mt thc th phn mm thng minh, c kh nng t hot ng
vi nhim v xc nh t c cc mc tiu ra. ng lu l trong
thc t khng c nh ngha no cho khi nim agent c chp nhn mt
cch thng nht. Hu nh ngi ta ch c th nht tr rng t hot ng
(autonomy) l trng tm trong khi nim agent. C th ni, chnh v ng
trn cc quan im ng dng khc nhau nn mi nh nghin cu tm cch
a ra mt nh ngha thch hp nht vi lnh vc ng dng c th. Do ,
vic phn loi agent trc nh ngha c l hp l hn qu trnh ngc li.
Trong thc t cng c nhiu quan im phn loi agent khc nhau. V d,
mt s tc gi phn bit agent thng minh, agent di ng vi agent thng
thng. Trn Hnh 15-1 l m hnh phn loi theo Nwana, c chp nhn
tng i rng ri.
Agent hp tc-hc
Hp tc
Hc
Agent thng minh
4
1
Agent hp tc
Hnh 15-1:
T hot
ng
114
t vn
115
hnh kin trc tng th cho iu khin thng minh h thng n tn hiu giao
thng.
A1.2
A1.4
A3.2
A5.1
A5.2
A1.6
4
A3.0
Hnh 15-2:
A1.8
A3.4
A3.6
A3.8
A5.4
A5.6
A5.8
116
117
118
[2]
[3]
Erich Gamma et. al.: Design Patterns Elements of Reuseable ObjectOriented Software. Addision- Wesley, 1995.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
119