448 (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ) | Figure 10.2, Impingement separator (section showing gas flow) designs is used in commercial equipment; a typical example is shown in Figure 10.42. Impingement separators cause a higher pressure drop than settling chambers, but are capable of separating smaller particle sizes, 10-20 yum. 10.8.3. Centrifugal separators (cyclones) Cyclones are the principal type of gas-solids separator employing centrifugal force, and are widely used. They are basically simple constructions: can be made from a wide range of materials; and can be designed for high temperature and pressure operation. Cyclones are suitable for separating particles above about 5 um diameter; smaller particles, down to about 0.5 jzm, can be separated where agglomeration occurs. ‘The most commonly used design is the reverse-flow cyclone, Figure 10.43; other config- trations are used for special purposes. In a reverse-flow cyclone the gas enters the top ‘chamber tangentially and spirals down to the apex of the conical section; it then moves upward in a second, smaller diameter, spiral, and exits atthe top through a central vertical pipe. The solids move radially to the walls, slide down the walls, and are collected at the bottom. Design procedures for cyclones are given by Constantescu (1984). Strauss (1966), Koch and Licht (1977) and Stairmand (1951). The theoretical concepts and experi- ‘mental work on which the design methods are based on discussed in Volume 2, Chapter 8. Stairmand’s method is outlined below and illustrated in Example 10.4, Cyclone design Stairmand developed two standard designs for gas-solid cyclones: a high-efficiency cyclone, Figure 10.44a, and a high throughput design, Figure 10.446. The performance ‘curves for these designs, obtained experimentally under standard test conditions, are shown in Figures 10.45a and 10.456. These curves can be transformed to other cyclone sizes ‘and operating conditions by use of the following scaling equation, for a given separating efficiency: Da)? Or Spi we)” d,=d,|(—?)} x —x— 10.8) (&) Or * Ber ™ oaEQUIPMENT SELECTION, SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN 449 where d = mean diameter of particle separated at the standard conditions, at the chosen separating efficiency, Figures 10.45a or 10.456, dy = mean diameter of the particle separated in the proposed design, at the same separating efficiency, ‘De, = diameter of the standard cyclone = 8 inches (203 mm), De, = diameter of proposed cyclone, mm, Q) = standard flow rate: for high efficiency design for high throughput design 23 m°Ah, 669 m°h, 2 = proposed flow rate, m'/h, Ap; = solid-fluid density difference in standard conditions = 2000 kg/m’, Ap2 = density difference, proposed design, fest uid viscosity (air at 1 atm, 20°C) 0.018 mN sim? ‘iscosity, proposed fluid am Ha A performance curve for the proposed design can be drawn up from Figures 10.45a or 10.45b by multiplying the grade diameter at, say, each 10 per cent increment of efficiency, by the scaling factor given by equation 10.8; as shown in Figure 10.46 (p. 451). [isa Figure 1043. Reverse low cycloneCHEMICAL ENGINEERING 050,020. Re 0780, x02750¢—-9! sab. Set waren [3 one oT me ae ne | | cay | va | ress Ee Cotacting 250, cuca 250, repper henner Samet siamo Og + \oa750e Nears. ® o Figure 1044, Standard eyclone dimension (a) High efficiency cyclone (b) High gas rate cyclone 100 oO Paice size, ym (@) Figure 1045. Performance curves, standard condition (a) High efficiency eyctone