Surveying Traverse

CIVL 1112
Surveying - Traverse Calculations
Surveying - Traverse
1/13
Introduction
Almost all surveying requires some calculations to
reduce measurements into a more useful form for
determining distance, earthwork volumes, land areas,
etc.
A traverse is developed by measuring the distance and
angles between points that found the boundary of a site
We will learn several different techniques to compute the
area inside a traverse
Distance - Traverse
Methods of Computing Area
A simple method that is useful for rough area estimates
is a graphical method
In this method, the
traverse is plotted to scale
on graph paper, and the
number of squares inside
the traverse are counted
A
C
D
Distance - Traverse
Distance - Traverse

B
a
A
Area ABC
b
a

B
1
ac sin
2
a
A
Area ABD
1
ad sin
2
Area BCD
1
bc sin
2
b
C
d
c
D
Area ABCD Area ABD Area BCD
CIVL 1112
Distance - Traverse

B
Area ABE
Balancing Angles
b
D
2/13
Area CDE
1
ae sin
2
Before the areas of a piece of land can be computed, it is

necessary to have a closed traverse
The interior angles of a closed traverse should total:
1
cd sin
2
(n - 2)(180)
where n is the number of sides of the traverse
To compute Area BCD more data is required
Balancing Angles
Balancing Angles
A
Error of closure
B
D
A surveying heuristic is that the total angle should not

vary from the correct value by more than the square root
of the number of angles measured times the precision of
the instrument
For example an eight-sided traverse using a 1 transit,
the maximum error is:
1' 8 2.83' 3'

C
Angle containing mistake
Balancing Angles
Latitudes and Departures
If the angles do not close by a reasonable amount,

mistakes in measuring have been made
The closure of a traverse is checked by computing the

latitudes and departures of each of it sides
If an error of 1 is made, the surveyor may correct one

angle by 1
If an error of 2 is made, the surveyor may correct two
angles by 1 each
If an error of 3 is made in a 12 sided traverse, the
surveyor may correct each angle by 3/12 or 15
Latitude AB
Bearing
E
W
Bearing
W
C
Departure AB
Latitude CD
Departure CD
CIVL 1112
3/13
Latitudes and Departures
Error of Closure
The latitude of a line is its projection on the northsouth

meridian
Consider the following statement:
N
Latitude AB
W
Bearing
If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its lines

until you return to your starting point, you will have walked as
far north as you walked south and as far east as you have
walked west
The departure of a line is

its projection on the east
west line
Departure AB
A northeasterly bearing has:

+ latitude and
+ departure
latitudes = 0
Therefore --
and
departures = 0
Error of Closure
Error of Closure
When latitudes are added together, the resulting error is

called the error in latitudes (EL)
If the measured bearings and distances are plotted on a

sheet of paper, the figure will not close because of EL
and ED
The error resulting from adding departures together is

called the error in departures (ED)
Error of closure
ED
Eclosure
EL
A
Latitudes and Departures - Example
Precision
ED
Eclosure
perimeter
Typical precision: 1/5,000 for rural land, 1/7,500 for

suburban land, and 1/10,000 for urban land
EL
A
N
N 42 59 E
S 6 15 W
234.58
Departure AB
189.53
W (189.53 ft.)sin(615 ') 20.63 ft.

A
E
S 29 38 E
142.39
175.18
N 12 24 W
S 6 15 W
Latitude AB
189.53 ft.
S (189.53 ft.)cos(615 ') 188.40 ft.
175.18
D N 81 18 W
CIVL 1112
4/13

Bearing
Side
N
Departure BC
E (175.18 ft.)sin(2938 ') 86.62 ft.

B
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
S
S
N
N
N
Length (ft.)
Latitude
Departure
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
W
E
W
W
E
E
175.18 ft.
Latitude BC
S 29 38 E
S (175.18 ft.)cos(2938') 152.27 ft.
C
S

Bearing
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Eclosure
S
S
N
N
N
EL
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
ED
Length (ft.)
Latitude
Departure
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
A
S 77 10 E
W
E
W
W
E
0.079
Group Example Problem 1
0.163 0.182 ft.
N 29 16 E
651.2 ft.
B
660.5 ft.
S 38 43 W
0.182 ft.
Eclosure
Precision
939.46 ft.
perimeter
1
5,176
491.0 ft.
826.7 ft.
N 64 09 W
C
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse

attempts to obtain more probable values for the locations
of the corners of the traverse
Bearing
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
S
S
N
N
degree
m inutes
77
38
64
29
10
43
9
16
Length (ft.)
E
W
W
E
651.2
826.7
491.0
660.5
Latitude
Departure
A popular method for balancing errors is called the

compass or the Bowditch rule
The Bowditch rule as devised by Nathaniel
Bowditch, surveyor, navigator and mathematician, as
a proposed solution to the problem of compass
traverse adjustment, which was posed in the
American journal The Analyst in 1807.
CIVL 1112
5/13

A
The compass method assumes:

N 42 59 E
1) angles and distances have same error

2) errors are accidental
S 6 15 W
234.58 ft.
189.53 ft.
The rule states:

E
S 29 38 E
The error in latitude (departure) of a line is to the

total error in latitude (departure) as the length of the
line is the perimeter of the traverse
142.39 ft.
175.18 ft.
N 12 24 W
175.18 ft.
D N 81 18 W
Recall the results of our example problem
Recall the results of our example problem
Side
Length (ft)
Bearing
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
Latitude
Departure
Side
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
Bearing
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
Length (ft)
Latitude
Departure
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
N
Latitude AB
Departure AB
S (189.53 ft.)cos(6 15 ') 188.40 ft.
Correction in Lat AB
LAB
EL
perimeter
S 6 15 W
189.53 ft.
W (189.53 ft.)sin(615 ') 20.63 ft.

A
EL LAB
189.53 ft.
939.46 ft.
Correction in Dep AB
LAB
ED
perimeter
S 6 15 W
perimeter
0.079 ft. 189.53 ft.
0.016 ft.
ED LAB
perimeter
0.163 ft. 189.53 ft.

939.46 ft.
0.033 ft.
CIVL 1112
6/13
N
Latitude BC
Departure BC
S (175.18 ft.)cos(29 38 ') 152.27 ft.
Correction in LatBC
LBC
EL
perimeter
175.18 ft.
S 29 38 E
Correction in LatBC
C
Correction in LatBC
EL LBC
E (175.18 ft.)sin(2938 ') 86.62 ft.

B
S 29 38 E
939.46 ft.
ED LBC
Correction in DepBC
perimeter
0.079 ft. 175.18 ft.
Correction in DepBC
LBC
ED
perimeter
175.18 ft.
perimeter
C
S
0.015 ft.
Correction in DepBC
0.163 ft. 175.18 ft.
0.030 ft.
939.46 ft.
Length (ft.) Latitude

189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
Balanced
Latitude Departure
0.033
0.030

189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
0.033
0.030
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
Corrected latitudes and departures
Corrections computed on previous slides

189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.020
-20.601
86.648
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.025
0.041
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
No error in corrected latitudes and departures
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
Combining the latitude and departure calculations with

corrections gives:
Side
Corrections
Length (ft.) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
Bearing
Balanced
Latitude
Departure
degree m inutes
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
0.016
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.020
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.025
0.041
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
CIVL 1112
7/13
Balance the latitudes and departures for the following

traverse.
In the survey of your assign site in Project #3, you will

have to balance data collected in the following form:
Corrections
Balanced
Length (ft) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
N
600.0
450.0
750.0
1800.0
450.00
-285.00
-164.46
0.54
339.00
259.50
-599.22
-0.72
N 69 53 E
51 23
713.93 ft. 105 39

606.06 ft.
781.18 ft.
78 11
124 47
391.27 ft.
Calculating Traverse Area

In the survey of your assign site in Project #3, you will
have to balance data collected in the following form:
Side
Corrections
Bearing
Balanced
Latitude
Departure
degree m inutes
AB N
BC
CD
DA
69
53
713.93
606.06
391.27
781.18
Eclosure =
Precision =
The meridian distance of a line is the eastwest

distance from the midpoint of the line to the reference
meridian
The meridian distance is positive (+) to the east and
negative (-) to the west
ft.
1
N
A
N 42 59 E
S 6 15 W
234.58 ft.
189.53 ft.
B
E
S 29 38 E
142.39 ft.
Reference
Meridian
The bestknown procedure for calculating land areas is

the double meridian distance (DMD) method
175.18 ft.
N 12 24 W
175.18 ft.
D N 81 18 W
The most westerly and easterly points of a traverse may

be found using the departures of the traverse
Begin by establishing a arbitrary reference line and using
the departure values of each point in the traverse to
determine the far westerly point
CIVL 1112

189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
Departure
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
-20.601
-195.470
D
-30.551
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.020
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.025
0.041
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
Reference
Meridian
86.648
189.53 ft.
142.39 ft.
N 12 24 W
S 29 38 E
175.18 ft.
D N 81 18 W
DMD Calculations
DMD Calculations
The meridian distance of
line EA is:
Meridian distance
of line AB
The meridian distance of line AB

is equal to:
the meridian distance of EA

+ the departure of line EA
+ departure of AB
The DMD of line AB is twice the

meridian distance of line AB
E
C
S 6 15 W
234.58 ft.
E
C
C
Point E is the farthest

to the west
N 42 59 E
175.18 ft.
Reference
Meridian
159.974
8/13
DMD of line EA is the

departure of line
DMD Calculations
Meridian distance
of line AB
B
E
DMD Calculations
The DMD of any side is equal

to the DMD of the last side plus
the departure of the last side
plus the departure of the
present side
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
-20.601
The DMD of line AB is departure of line AB
CIVL 1112
DMD Calculations
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
DMD Calculations
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601 +
86.648 +
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
Side
DMD
-20.601
45.447
The DMD of line BC is DMD of line AB + departure of line

AB + the departure of line BC
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
DMD
-20.601
-20.601
45.447
86.648
-195.470 + -63.375
-30.551 + -289.397
159.974
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD
-20.601
-20.601
45.447
86.648
-63.375
-195.470
-30.551 + -289.397
159.974 + -159.974
The DMD of line EA is DMD of line DE + departure of line

DE + the departure of line EA
Traverse Area - Double Area

The sum of the products of each points DMD and latitude
equal twice the area, or the double area
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD
-20.601
45.447
-63.375
DMD Calculations
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601
86.648 +
-195.470 +
-30.551
159.974
The DMD of line CD is DMD of line BC + departure of line

BC + the departure of line CD
Side
The DMD of line DE is DMD of line CD + departure of line

CD + the departure of line DE
Side
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD Calculations
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
DMD Calculations
Side
9/13
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
-20.601
45.447
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
Notice that the DMD values can be positive or negative
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
45.447
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
The double area for line AB equals DMD of line AB times

the latitude of line AB
CIVL 1112

Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
Balanced
Latitude Departure
1 acre = 43,560 ft.2
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974

AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-1,897
-63.375
-40,249
-289.397
-27,456
-159.974
The double area for line EA equals DMD of line EA times

the latitude of line EA

Side
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
45.447
-6,919
-63.375
-1,897
-289.397
-40,249
-159.974
-27,456
2 Area =
-72,641
Area =
Balanced
Latitude Departure

-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-1,897
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
The double area for line CD equals DMD of line CD times

the latitude of line CD
Side
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-1,897
-63.375
-40,249
-289.397
-159.974
The double area for line DE equals DMD of line DE times

the latitude of line DE
Side
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627

-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

Side
The double area for line BC equals DMD of line BC times

the latitude of line BC
Side
10/13
36,320 ft.2
0.834 acre
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
1 acre = 43,560 ft.2
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
45.447
-6,919
-63.375
-1,897
-289.397
-40,249
-159.974
-27,456
2 Area =
-72,641
Area =
36,320 ft.2
0.834 acre
CIVL 1112
11/13
The word "acre" is derived from Old English cer

(originally meaning "open field", cognate to Swedish
"ker", German acker, Latin ager and Greek
(agros).

(agros).
The acre was selected as approximately the amount of

land tillable by one man behind an ox in one day.
A long narrow strip of land is more efficient to plough than

a square plot, since the plough does not have to be turned
so often.
This explains one definition as the area of a rectangle with

sides of length one chain (66 ft.) and one furlong (ten
chains or 660 ft.).
The word "furlong" itself derives from the fact that it is one
furrow long.
(agros).
Traverse Area Example 4
Find the area enclosed by the following traverse
Side
Balanced
Latitude Departure
DMD
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
600.0
100.0
0.0
-400.0
-300.0
Double Areas
200.0
400.0
100.0
-300.0
-400.0
2 Area =
1 acre = 43,560 ft.2
DPD Calculations
Area =
ft. 2
acre
Rectangular Coordinates
The same procedure used for DMD can be used the

double parallel distances (DPD) are multiplied by the
balanced departures
Rectangular coordinates are the convenient method

available for describing the horizontal position of survey
points
The parallel distance of a line is the distance from the

midpoint of the line to the reference parallel or eastwest
line
With the application of computers, rectangular

coordinates are used frequently in engineering projects
In the US, the xaxis corresponds to the eastwest
direction and the yaxis to the northsouth direction
CIVL 1112
Rectangular Coordinates Example
In this example, the length of AB is 300 ft. and bearing is

shown in the figure below. Determine the coordinates of
point B
y
Latitude AB =300 ft. cos(4230)

= 221.183 ft.
In this example, it is assumed that the coordinates of

points A and B are know and we want to calculate the
latitude and departure for line AB
y
Latitude AB = -400 ft.
Departure AB = x B x A
Departure AB = 220 ft.
x B = 200 + 202.667 = 402.667 ft.

y
Consider our previous example, determine the x and y

coordinates of all the points
A
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
y
x coordinates
E = 0 ft.
B
D
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
C = B + 86.648 = 226.021 ft.

D = C 195.470 = 30.551 ft.
E = D 30.551 = 0 ft.
y
A (159.974, 340.640)
C = 0 ft.
C
D = C + 29.933 ft.
B (139.373, 152.253)
E = D + 139.080 = 169.013 ft.

Side
A = E + 159.974 = 159.974 ft.

B = A 20.601 = 139.373 ft.
Balanced
Latitude Depa rture
y coordinates
B
D
Balanced
Latitude Depa rture
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
Coordinates of Point B
(320, -100)
y B = 300 + 221.183 = 521.183 ft.
Latitude AB = y B y A
Coordinates of Point A
(100, 300)
Departure AB =300 ft. sin(4230)

= 202.677 ft.
N 42 30 E
Coordinates of Point A
(200, 300)
12/13
Balanced
Latitude Depa rture
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
(0.0, 169.013)
A = E + 171.627 = 340.640 ft.
B = A 188.388 = 152.252 ft.

(30.551, 29.933)
C = B 152.252 = 0 ft.
C (226.020, 0.0)
CIVL 1112
Area Computed by Coordinates

Compute the x and y coordinates from the following
balanced.
Side
Balanced
Bearing
Coordinates
x
y
Points
degree m inutes
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
13/13
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
A
B
C
D
E
100.000
100.000
The area of a traverse can be computed by taking each y

coordinate multiplied by the difference in the two
adjacent x coordinates
(using a sign convention of + for next side and - for last
side)
A (159.974, 340.640)
Twice the area equals:

= 340.640(139.373 0.0)
There is a simple variation of the coordinate

method for area computation
y
B (139.373, 152.253)
(0.0, 169.013) E
A (159.974, 340.640)
+ 152.253(226.020 159.974)
x1
y1
+ 0.0(30.551 139.373)
x2
y2
x3
y3
x4
y4
x5
y5
B (139.373, 152.253)
(30.551, 29.933)
+ 29.933(0.0 226.020)
(0.0, 169.013) E
C (226.020, 0.0) x
+ 169.013(159.974 30.551)
= 72,640.433 ft.2
Area = 0.853 acre

There is a simple variation of the coordinate
method for area computation
A (159.974, 340.640)
B (139.373, 152.253)

159.974(152.253) + 139.373(0.0) +
226.020(29.933) + 30.551(169.013) +
0.0(340.640)
(0.0, 169.013) E
(30.551, 29.933)
- 340.640(139.373) 152.253(226.020)
- 0.0(30.551) 29.933(0.0)
169.013(159.974)
= x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y5 + x5y1
D
C (226.020, 0.0) x
- x2y1 x3y2 x4y3 x5y4 x1y5
Area = 36,320.2 ft.2
(30.551, 29.933)
C (226.020, 0.0) x
= -72,640 ft.2
Area = 36,320 ft.2
End of Surveying - Traverse

Any Questions?
x1
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Surveying Traverse

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Surveying Traverse

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CIVL 1112

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Methods of Computing Area

Methods of Computing Area

Area ABCD Area ABD Area BCD

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Methods of Computing Area

Before the areas of a piece of land can be computed, it is

To compute Area BCD more data is required

A surveying heuristic is that the total angle should not

1' 8 2.83' 3'

Angle containing mistake

Latitudes and Departures

If the angles do not close by a reasonable amount,

The closure of a traverse is checked by computing the

If an error of 1 is made, the surveyor may correct one

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Latitudes and Departures

The latitude of a line is its projection on the northsouth

Consider the following statement:

If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its lines

The departure of a line is

A northeasterly bearing has:

When latitudes are added together, the resulting error is

If the measured bearings and distances are plotted on a

The error resulting from adding departures together is

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Typical precision: 1/5,000 for rural land, 1/7,500 for

W (189.53 ft.)sin(615 ') 20.63 ft.

S (189.53 ft.)cos(615 ') 188.40 ft.

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Latitudes and Departures - Example

E (175.18 ft.)sin(2938 ') 86.62 ft.

S (175.18 ft.)cos(2938') 152.27 ft.

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Group Example Problem 1

0.163 0.182 ft.

Group Example Problem 1

Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse

A popular method for balancing errors is called the

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

The compass method assumes:

1) angles and distances have same error

The rule states:

The error in latitude (departure) of a line is to the

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Recall the results of our example problem

Recall the results of our example problem

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

S (189.53 ft.)cos(6 15 ') 188.40 ft.

W (189.53 ft.)sin(615 ') 20.63 ft.

0.079 ft. 189.53 ft.

0.163 ft. 189.53 ft.

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

S (175.18 ft.)cos(29 38 ') 152.27 ft.

E (175.18 ft.)sin(2938 ') 86.62 ft.

0.079 ft. 175.18 ft.