Geomatics Concept PDF

22/09/2019
GEOMATIC CONCEPTS
Mohd Effendi Daud (Assoc. Prof., Sr., Dr.Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
Centre of Applied Geomatics and Disaster Prevention (CAGeD)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
Definition
• Geomatics engineering is rapidly developing discipline
that focuses on spatial information (i.e. information that
has a location).
• Geomatics engineers apply engineering principles to
spatial & implement relational data structures involving
measurement sciences, thus using GEOMATICS and acting
as spatial information engineers.
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Geomatics <----> Surveying

• Geomatics is a new term incorporating the older field of
SURVEYING along with many others aspects of spatial
data management.
–Following the advanced developments in digital data processing,
–Information with a spatial position associated with it becomes
more critical to decision-making,
–Both from a personal and a business perspective,
–Also from a community and a large-scale governmental
viewpoint.
• Therefore, the geomatics engineers can be involved in an

extremely wide variety of information gathering activities
and applications.
• Geomatics engineers design, develop, and operate
systems for collecting and analyzing spatial information
about the land, the oceans, natural resources, and
manmade features.
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• Geomatics engineering applications include integrating
science and technology from both new and traditional
disciplines:
–Geodesy, also called geodetic science,
–Cartography, computer & digital mapping,
–Remote sensing, photogrammetry,
–Hydrography,
–Surveying,
–GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and
–GPS (Global Positioning Systems)
Definition of Geomatics
• Geomatics is an “umbrella” term for a cluster of activities

and technologies dealing with the locations and identities
of earth features.
• “Geo” represent “geography” - the art and science of
developing and interpreting graphical representations of
the earth.
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• “matic” is drawn from either “mathematic” or

“information”, indicating that geomatic employs a
methodical and technical approach to developing
information about earth features.
• Geomatics measurement can be defined as:
“The science and art of making all essential measurements in
space to determine the relative positions and points or physical
detail above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and to depict them
in usable form, or to establish the position of points or details”.
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AREAS IN GEOMATIC
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
Overview
• Land Surveying
–Is a traditional name applied to measuring features
directly in the field with tools such theodolites, tapes,
electronic meters, levels, and level staff.
–A common use of surveying today is to map site in
advance of a design for a facility to be constructed.
–Other applications are for locating land boundaries and
setting stakes to guide construction.
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Overview
Land Surveying
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Overview
• Photogrammetry
–Is the science of measuring from photos as opposed to direct
field measurements. Most photogrammetry is done with aerial
photos taken from an airplane with a precise mapping camera.
–Most topographic maps are made by photogrammetry today.
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Overview
Photogrammetry
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Overview
• Remote Sensing
–Is a general term about gathering information about an object
from a far-removed sensor.
–In common usage, the term remote sensing applies to the
acquisition and analysis of satellite imagery.
–Mapping satellite orbit the earth and sense the surface with a
scanner, sending the sensed images to earth for further analysis.
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Overview
Remote Sensing
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Overview
• Geodesy
–Is the term applied to the study of earth’s size and shape. It is a
highly mathematical and scientific study of the earth’s gravity
field along with methods of positioning the latitude and
longitude of points.
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Overview
• The Global Positioning System (GPS)
–Is a navigational system that uses a constellation of satellites
that were initially designed and launched by the defense
department.
–Civilian uses of GPS are for hunting, fishing, and vehicle
navigation.
–Precise surveying is done by GPS.
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Global Positioning
System (GPS)
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Overview
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
–Is a collection of computer hardware and software used to
house and analyze digital maps of the terrain along with
information about the mapped objects.
–Most government agencies have set up GIS unit within the past
several years involving large public expenditure and geomatics
expertise.
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Geographic Information
System
(GIS)
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TYPES OF GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENT
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
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Types of Geomatics Measurement

• Geomatics measurement or Surveying has to do with the
determination of the relative spatial location of points on
or near the surface of the earth.
• It is the art of
–measuring horizontal and vertical distance between objects,
–measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of
lines, and
–establishing points by predetermined angular and linear
measurements
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• The actual survey measurements must be followed up

with some mathematical calculations.
• Distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas,
and volumes are thus determined from the survey data.
• Geomatics data is portrayed graphically by the
construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and
diagrams.
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• Geomatics measurement can be generally
divided into two types:
–Plane Surveying, and
–Geodetic Surveying
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Plane Surveying
• Simplifies the survey in that it treats the surface of the
earth as a flat plane.
• The purpose of this kind of assumption is to reduce the
complexity in the subsequent processing of the survey
data.
• This simplification of the earth does have an indirect
effect for larger projects.
• In such type of surveying, the effects of earth curvature is
neglected.
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Geodetic Surveying
• Encompasses the determination of the size and shape of
the earth and its gravity field.
• Calculation are much more elaborate because the surface
upon which the measurements are being made and
reduced is a curved surface.
• Required for large scale projects where the effects of the
earth curvature are critical.
• Surveying with GPS requires the engineer to think in a
geodetic surveying mode.
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BRANCHES IN GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENT
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
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Branches in Geomatics
Measurement
• Generally, surveys can be classified by names descriptive
of their functions or purposes.
• Functionally, surveys are classed as engineering
(construction), topographic, and special surveys, such as
cadastral survey (property surveys)
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Measurement
• Either plane or geodetic can be classified by their purpose
as follow:
Topographic Surveys
These are surveys where the physical features of the earth are
measured. Maps and plans can be prepared to show their
relative positions both horizontally and vertically. Depending
upon the size of the survey, they can be geodetic or plane.
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Topographic Surveys
• The work usually consists of the following:
–Establishing horizontal and vertical control that will serve as the
framework of the survey
–Determining enough horizontal locations and elevation of
ground points to provide enough data for plotting when the map
is prepared
–Locating natural and man-made features that may be required
by the purpose of the survey.
–Computing distance, angles or bearing, and elevations
–Drawing the topographic map
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Topographic Surveys
• The uses of topographic survey are for:
–Engineering design,
–Navigational,
–Recreational, The map or plan produced in
topographic survey
–Geographical,
Has scales ranging from
–Geological, 1:25,000 to 1:1,000,000
–Military, and
–exploration
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Measurement
Engineering Surveys
• Engineering surveys are conducted to obtain data
essential for planning, estimating, locating, and layout for
the various phases of construction activities or project.
• This type of survey includes reconnaissance, preliminary,
location, and layout surveys.
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Engineering Surveys
• Some common uses of engineering surveys are for:
–Architectural work,
–Building work,
–Civil engineering works,
–Town surveys, and
–Highway surveys.
• Typical scales range used in this type of survey are from
1:50 to 1:50,000
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Engineering Surveys
• The objectives of engineering or construction surveying include
the following:
–The obtaining of reconnaissance information and preliminary data
required by engineers for selecting suitable routes and sites and for
preparing structural designs.
–The defining of selected locations by establishing a system of reference
points.
–The dimensioning of structure for preparation of as-built plans.
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Measurement
Route Surveys
• The tern route surveys refers to surveys necessary for the location and
construction of lines of transportation or communication that continue
across country for some distance, such as highways, railroads,
pipelines, and power lines.
• Generally, the preliminary survey for this work takes the form of
topographic survey.
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Measurement
• Cadastral Surveys
This kind of survey is specially done for locating the boundaries of
fields, houses, property lines, calculation of areas of land properties
and preparation of revenue maps for the state authorities. Cadastral
surveys are plotted to a larger scale than topographical survey.
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Cadastral Surveys
• Presently, cadastral surveys generally consists of the following
chores:
–Establishing markers or monuments to define and thereby preserve
the boundaries of land belonging to a private concern, a corporation,
or the government.
–Relocating markers of monuments legally established by original
surveys.
–Calculating areas, distances, and directions and preparing the land
map to portray the survey data so that it can be used as a permanent
record.
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UNITS IN GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENT
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
38
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Unit in Geomatics Measurement
• The major quantities measured in geomatics are distances

and angle.
• These are obtained by using the surveying instruments
and recorded in some measurement units;
–Distance Units
–Angular Units
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Distance Units
• The standard unit for distance measurements is meter
(m).
• Distance measurements are recorded in multiple units
such as kilometers (km) or sub units of meter such as
centimeters (cm) and milimeters (mm).
• The following conversion factor must be used:
–1 km = 1000 m
–1 cm = 0.01 m
–1 mm = 0.001 m
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Distance Units
• Areas are recorded in square metres (m2).

• In cadastral surveying, the area be recorded in hectares
(ha) when it exceeds 1000 square metres.
• The following conversion factor can be used;
–1 ha = 10000 m2
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Angular Units
• Degree, Minute, and Second
–It is commonly used system for angular measuring instruments
and for calculation in engineering and surveying.
–In this system 360 degrees make up a circle, 60 minutes make a
degree and 60 second make a minute.
–Example: 13°36’12”
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Angular Units
• Decimal Degrees
–Are the decimal equivalent of degrees, minutes and seconds.
–Most scientific calculators calculate trigonometric functions of
angles expressed as decimal degrees.
• Example: 360° = 360°
1’ = 1/60 = 0.017°
1” = 1/60x60 = 1/3600 = 0.0003°
13°36’12” = 13° + 0.6° + 0.0033° = 13.6033°
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Summary of Units in Geomatics

Linear measurement Metric (SI) units
1 kilometer = 1,000 meter

1 meter = 100 centimeter
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter
1 decimeter = 10 centimeter
1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m 2
1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 m 2
= 100 hectares
Foot-to-metric conversion
1 inch = 25,4 mm (exactly)

1 ft = 0.3048 m (exactly)
1 km = 0.62137 miles (approx.)
1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres (approx.)
1 km2 = 247.1 acres (approx.)
Angular measurement
1 revolution = 360 °
1 degree = 60'
1 minute = 60" seconds
1' = 1/60 = 0,0017 °
1" = 1/60x60 = 1/3600 = 0.0003 °
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SCALES IN GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENTS
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
45
Scales in Geomatics
Measurements
• The scale of a map or plan is the ratio of the ground
length to the map or plan length.
• A scale 1:1000 indicates that one meter on the plan
represents 1000 m on the ground.
• Small scale surveys cover large areas.
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Scales in Geomatics
Measurements
• The preferred scales for used with the metric system are:
–Large scale : 1:1000 000 to 1:50 000
–Medium scale : 1:10 000 to 1:1000
–Small scale : 1:500 to 1:50 or larger
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Exercise 1.1
• Give the exact definition of Geomatics? Discuss briefly the
various disciplines in Geomatics.
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Exercise 1.2
• Explain the difference between Plane Survey and
Geodetic Survey with respect to geomatics measurement.
• What is the significant difference between topographic
survey and engineering survey in terms of their uses and
scales.
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Exercise 1.3
• What is the equivalent value of 20 hectares in square
meters?
• Convert the angular units of 30°35’15” to decimal
degrees.
• A town map with the scale 1:15000 is considered as what
kind of map scale?
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Info update…
http://www.facebook.com/groups/235915120411817/
BFC20703 sem 1 1819
………………………………………………………………………………….
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THANK YOU
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat
Johor, Malaysia
Tel: +607-453 7000

Fax: +607-453 6337
http://www.facebook.com/uthmjohor
@uthmjohor
http://pinterest.com/uthmjohor
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22/09/2019

Geomatics <----> Surveying

Geomatics <----> Surveying

• Therefore, the geomatics engineers can be involved in an

Geomatics <----> Surveying

• Geomatics is an “umbrella” term for a cluster of activities

• “matic” is drawn from either “mathematic” or

Types of Geomatics Measurement

Types of Geomatics Measurement

• The actual survey measurements must be followed up

Types of Geomatics Measurement

Unit in Geomatics Measurement

• The major quantities measured in geomatics are distances

• Areas are recorded in square metres (m2).

Summary of Units in Geomatics

1 kilometer = 1,000 meter

1 inch = 25,4 mm (exactly)

BFC20703 sem 1 1819

Tel: +607-453 7000

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