Course Overview

Course Overview
測量學 (Surveying)
The course introduces the basic concepts and principles of
Chapter 1: Introduction surveying, starting from traditional ground surveying, and
introducing the basic concepts of coordinate system and map
projection, and also modern surveying and space technologies, such
Prof. Dr.-Ing. R.-J. You as satellite surveying. The course helps the students to apply these
techniques to perform tasks in engineering surveys. Because the
Department of Geomatics measurements undoubtedly contain errors and the students should
National Cheng Kung University understand such errors in order to correctly handle the results of
measurements, the course also discusses the basic measurement
August 31, 2023 error theory and error processing methods.

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Course Objectives Geospatial Information (地球空間資訊學)

Course Objectives
There are three fields in Geospatial Information:
To enable students to understand that surveying is the foundation
1 Geodesy (大地測量學)
of engineering, and to be able to apply surveying techniques to
solve engineering problems. At the same time, to establishes a 2 Geomatics (空間資訊測繪學)
basic Geomatics knowledge system for students to further study 3 Geoinformation Science/System (地理資訊科學/系統)
Geodesy, Geomatics and Geospatial information (3G) in the future.

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Definition of Geodesy (大地測量學) 1/3 Definition of Geodesy (大地測量學) 2/3

Geodesy is basically the science of large-scale regional or global

Geodesy
Geodesy is the science of measuring and representing the geometry,
gravity, and spatial position, orientation of the Earth and they
temporally vary in 3D/4D space (including Geodynamics). It is
called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies.
Geodynamical phenomena, including crustal motion, tides, and
polar motion, can be studied by designing global and national
control networks, applying space geodesy and terrestrial geodetic
techniques, and relying on datums and coordinate systems. (Wiki)
surveying and mapping, applying mathematics, statistics, physics
and other academics, as well as precise ground or underground,
aerial or underwater measurement techniques and methods to
study and determine the shape and size of the earth, spatial point
positions, plate movements, Earth’s gravitational field and its
temporal variation, satellite orbits, Geodynamic parameters etc.
The establishment of geodetic datums (including coordinate
datums, elevation datums/depth datums, and gravity datums, etc.)
is one of the core tasks of geodesy.
To sum up, geodesy and related technologies are an indispensable
foundation for Geospatial informatics.

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Definition of Geodesy (大地測量學) 3/3 Definition of Geomatics (空間資訊測繪學)

In terms of theory and practice, Geodesy can be divided into
theoretical geodesy and practical geodesy:
1 Theoretical geodesy studies various physics and mathematics
theories that solve geodesy issues
2 Practical geodesy sometimes can also be classified as
Geomatics. In the field of practical geodesy, it applies
geodetic techniques and methods to large-scale or
high-precision measurements.
Geomatics
Geomatics is a field of activity which, using a systematic approach
that integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial
data required as part of scientific, technical, legal and
administrative operations involved in the process of management
of producation and spatial information. These activities include,
but are not limited to, cartography, control surveying, digital
mapping, geodesy, geographic information systems, hydrography,
land information management, land surveying, mining surveying,
photogrammetry and remote sensing. (ISO)

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Brief Definition of Geomatics Definition of Geoinformation Science (地理資訊科學)

Geoinformation Science
Geographic information science (GIScience, GISc) or
geoinformation science is a scientific discipline at the crossroads of
Geomatics computational science, social science, and natural science that
Modern Geomatics is the scientific term referring to the integrated studies geographic information, including how it represents
approach of measurement, analysis, management and display of phenomena in the real world, how it represents the way humans
spatial data. (ISO) understand the world, and how it can be captured, organized, and
analyzed.
one of the major goals of GIScience is to find practical ways to
improve GIS data, software, and professional practice; it is more
focused on how GIS is applied in real life as opposed to being a
geographic information system tool in and of it self. (Wiki)

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Relationship of 3G in Geospatial Information Geospatial Information

1 space-time information
for example
figures: points, lines, faces,
positions: horizontal, vertical position and time
gravity
topography
2 attribute information
for example
material
usage
number of floors of a building
ownership
category

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Geospatial Technologies The Field of Geomatics

1 Acquirement of geospatial information

Surveying Engineering
Geodesy (including Satellite Geodesy)
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Navigation
...
2 Processing and Analysis of geospatial information
Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science
Image Processing
Statistics, Error Theory and Analysis
...
3 Management and applications
Geographical information systems (GIS)
Computer science
...

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Milestone of Surveying: Mathematical and Physical Theoretical background of Geomatics

foundations

Mathematics
Statistics
Physics
Geophysics
Computer Science

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Figure of the Earth Arc Measurement

Eratosthenes (276-195 BC): The first man used the principle of the
Disk ⇒ Sphere ⇒ Ellipsoid of revolution arc-measurement method to find the radius of the earth

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Geodetic Surveys Plane Surveys

Two general classifications of surveys are geodetic and plane surveys.
Main differences in the assumptions on which the computations are
based.
Geodetic surveys:
The computations are performed on a curved surface (normally on
the ellipsoid of revolution), now common in a three dimensional,
Earth-centred, Earth-fixed Cartesian coordination system (ECEF
system).
The directions of the plumb lines everywhere on the Earth are
different.
It is used for large areas.
The measurements are done by precise instruments and methods.
A lot of precise reductions and corrections must be considered.
Plane surveys:
The computations are performed on a flat horizontal surface, except
for height system.
The directions of the plumb lines everywhere on the Earth are
considered as parallel.
It is used for limited areas.
The measurements are done by instruments and methods of a
lower-order precision than those in the geodetic surveys.
Few and simplified reductions and corrections are required.
In the height system a correction for the Earth’s curvature (and
others) is still neccessary in a long heighting lines ( leveling line or
trigonometric heights).

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Work of Geomatics Applications of Survey Results

map the Earth above and below sea level

1 Field work: making observations with various types of prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land, and at
instruments sea
to determine the relative or absolute locations or other data as establish property boundaries of private and public lands
well as attributes of points develop data banks of land-use and natural resource
to set out stakes in accordance with planned locations to guide information which aid in managing our environment
buildings and construction operations determine facts on the size, shape, gravity, and magnetic
2 Office work: fields of the Earth
planing, research, and analysis in preparing for surveys monitor tectonic movement and deformation, and sea level
computing, processing, and analyzing the data obtained from etc.
field measurements prepare charts of our moon and planets
preparing for maps, documents, and others required to plan, construct, and maintain highways, railroads,
buildings, missile ranfes, tunnels, land-use etc.
···

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Units of length Units of area

1 呎 (foot) = 12 吋 (inches)
1 坪 = 6 台尺見方 = 3.30582 m2
1 碼 (yard)= 3 呎 (feet)
1 公畝 (are) = 100 m2
1 哩 (mile) = 5280 呎 (feet)
1 公畝 (are)= 30.25 坪
1 浬 (nautical mile) = 6080 呎 (feet)
1 平方公尺 (m2 )=0.3025 坪
1 公里 (kilometer) = 0.6214 哩 (mile)
1 公頃 (hectare) = 104 m2
1 公尺 (meter) = 3.2809 呎 (feet)
1 公頃 (hectare) = 3025 坪
1 吋 (inches)= 2.54 公分 (centimetres)
1 公頃 (hectare) = 1.0310 甲
1 台尺 = 0.3030 公尺 (meters)
1 甲 = 10 分 = 2934 坪
The units used in this lecture are SI units. 1 平方哩 (square mile) = 640 英畝 (acres) = 259 公頃 (hectares)= 2.59 平方

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專有名詞中英對照 1/2 專有名詞中英對照 2/2

Arc-measurement: 弧度測量
Attribute: 屬性 GIS: 地理資訊系統
Cartography: 製圖學 leveling line: 水準線
Deformation Surveying: 變形測量 Navigation: 導航
ECEF: 地心地固坐標系統 Photogrammetry: 攝影測量
Engineering Surveying: 工程測量 Remote sensing: 遙感探測
Geodesy: 大地測量 Satellite geodesy: 衛星大地測量
Geodetic Surveying: 實用大地測量學 Setting out: 放樣
Geomatics: 空間測繪學 Topography: 地形
Geo-spatial information: 空間資訊

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