Course Guide Book

Bahir Dar University

Institute of Land Administration
Program Geomatics for land administration
Degree MS.c in Geomatics
Program
Module Name Geodesy
Module No 02
Module Code GMLa -M5022
Course Title Theory of error and adustamente

Course Code GMLa-5024

Course Chair Name
Office location:
Mobile: e-mail:
Consultation Hours:
Instructor / Name
Tutor Office location:
Mobile: e-mail:
Consultation Hours:
ECTS credit 5
(CP)
Contact hours Lecture hours L/P hours HS hours Total hours
(per semester) 32 16 112 160
Lecture days, TBA
hours and
Room
Target Group Geomatics Students
Year / Year I, Semester I
semester
Prerequisite None
Status of the Compulsory
Course
Course The purpose of this course is to provide the students with an understanding of
Description
the law of propagation of errors, statistical theory, and applications to the
analysis and adjustment of survey observations using the Least Squares
method. Both manual methods, using hand held programmable calculators,
and computer software packages are used to process the data from a variety of
practical problems. Students are taught to analyse and understand the results of
adjustments. The course examines the adjustment of terrestrial and GPS
observations and coordinate transformations.
Objectives of The course objectives define the student learning outcomes for a course. On
the Course completion of this course, students should be able to:

 understand the surveying errors and apply the law of propagation of

errors
 apply statistical concepts and techniques to the adjustment and analysis
of survey data;
 understand the concepts of least squares;
 mathematically adjust survey networks by the method of least squares,
using both manual methods and computer software packages;
 adjust GPS observations by the method of least squares;
 use the least squares methods for coordinate transformations;
 Analyse the stochastic model to determine the degree of precision of a
survey.
Course Tentative course content:
Contents
1. ANALYSIS OF SURVEYING ERRORS
 Law of propagation of errors,
 gross errors
 systematic errors
 Random errors.
2. REVIEW OF RELEVANT STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
 Precision and accuracy
 theory of errors
 normal distribution
 confidence limits
 rejection criteria,
 T-Test, Fishers F-Test, Chi Square Test.
3. INTRODUCTION TO LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT
 Functional Models
 linear and non linear
 Stochastic Model
 Concept of Weights
 the Law of Propagation of Variances
 Least Square description
 curve fitting Linear Regression
 Redundant Observations,
 Parametric Method of Least Squares
 Limitations of Method.
4. LEAST SQUARES APPLICATION
 1-Dimensional network (Levelling);
 2-D network (traverse, EDM calibration)
 3-D network (GPS) networks).
 Coordinate Transformations.
5. ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONS
t-Learning  Brainstorming and experience sharing
methods and  Lectures
activities  Group discussions
 Reading assignments and presentations
 Group and individual book chapter or article review and presentation
 Field work and laboratory work
 Seminars
Mode of  Individual Term Paper on the role of geomatics for LA
Assessment  field work and laboratory Practices
 Individual Journal or book chapter Review& presentation
 Written Examination

Course Policy It is mandatory to participate in all individual and group activities as well as
attending lectures. A Student who attends less than 80% of the lectures is not
allowed to sit for final examination. Furthermore active class participation has
substantial value.
Criteria for assessing project writing and its presentation
 Clarity of presentation
 Efforts exhibited to write sound material and make the presentation
understandable to the class
 Participation of students in asking and answering questions
 Adequacy of responses and feed back to the questions raised.
References
1. TEXT BOOKS Ghilani, C.D. and Wolf, P.R. (2006): Adjustment
Computations: - Spatial Data Analysis,
2. Wang, Jian-Guo (2008): Adjustment Calculus, lecture handouts, 2008.
3. Anderson, J. M. and E. M. Mikhail (1998): Surveying, theory and
practice, McGraw-Hill, Boston (7th edition)
4. Wells, D.E. and Krakiwsky, E.J. (1997): The method of Least Squares,
UNB, Lecture Notes 18, 1997.
5. Vanicek, P. (1995): Introduction to Adjustment Calculus, UNB, Lecture
Notes 35, 1995.
6. Krakiwsky, E.J. (1994): A Synthesis of Recent Advances in the Method
of Least Squares, UNB, Lecture Notes 42, 1994.

7. Ghilani, CD & Wolf, PR 2017, Adjustment computations: Spatial data

analysis, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

8. Harvey, BR 2006, Practical least squares and statistics for surveyors, 3rd

edn, School of Surveying University of NSW, Kensington, NSW. 
(Monograph 13.)

9. Leick, A 2015, GPS satellite surveying, 4th edn, John Wiley & Sons,
New York.

10. Mikhail, EM & Gracie, G 1981, Analysis and adjustment of survey

measurements, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Course Guide Book
Bahir Dar University
Institute of Land Administration
Program Geomatics for land administration
Degree MS.c in Geomatics
Program
Module Geodesy
Name
Module No 02
Module Code GMLa -M5022
Course Title Physical and satellite Geodesy
Course Code GMLa-5022
Course Chair Name
Office location:
Mobile: e-mail:
Consultation Hours:
Instructor / Name
Tutor Office location:
Mobile: e-mail:
Consultation Hours:
ECTS credit 6
(CP)
Contact hours Lecture hours L/P hours HS hours Total hours
(per
semester) 32 48 112 192
Lecture days, TBA
hours and
Room
Target Group Geomatics Students
 Year / Year I, Semester II
semester
Prerequisite None
Status of the Compulsory
Course
Course After the course completed the student should be able to:
Description
- have deep understanding of the mathematical and physical foundation
for representation and determination of the earth's gravity field
- have acquired practical skills in performing relevant numerical
investigations
- Be familiar with different geoid determination methods.
- be able to relate the earth's gravity field to studies of the earth system
including global cimate change
- describe the principle of satellite positioning methods, the main
components in a satellite navigation system and their functions
- account for and analyze the influence of different error sources on the
positioning precision
- plan, perform and process precise GNSS measurements
- identify proper instruments, measurement and processing methods for
different applications

Objectives of To obtain mathematical basis for modelling of real, normal and disturbed Earth
the Course gravity field. To inform with the fundaments of Earth gravity field theory by
principles of solution of geodetic boundary problems for disturbed potential
determination and obtain experiences in area of Earth gravity field parameters
measurement. To inform with method of reduction of measured gravity field
acceleration and computation gravity acceleration anomalies for geoid
parameters determination. Theoretical and practical basics of satellite
positioning by the global systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, etc.  An
introduction also to other geodetic satellite methods.
Course UNIT 1: Gravity field of the earth, basic concept
Contents
1.1 real gravity field of the earth
1.2 normal gravity field of the earth
1.3 anomalous gravity field of the earth
1.4 Laplace´s and Poisson´s differential equations
1.5 Laplace´s equation solution by spherical harmonics

UNIT 2:Measurement of Earth gravity field

2.1 gravimetric reference networks
2.2 Normal Earth gravity field
2.3 Disturbed Earth gravity field

UNIT 3: Formulation of boundary value problems in geodesy

3.1 Stokes and Vening-Meinesz formulas for geoid parameters determination
3.2 Practical solution of integral equations for geoid parameters determination

UNITS 4: GNSS satellite signals

4.1 Estimation and representation of satellite orbits
4.2 Geodetic reference systems and time systems
4.3 Satellite signal analysis and transmission through the atmosphere

UNIT 5: Estimation of positions with GNSS satellite observations

5.1 Differential and relative positioning
5.2 Carrier phase based positioning and estimation of ambiguities
5.3 Statistical methods with Kalman filter and smoothing
5.4 Applications of GNSS

t-Learning  Brainstorming and experience sharing

methods and  Lectures
activities  Group discussions
 Reading assignments and presentations
 Group and individual book chapter or article review and presentation
 Field work and laboratory work
 Seminars
Mode of  Individual Term Paper on the role of geomatics for LA
Assessment  field work and laboratory Practices
 Individual Journal or book chapter Review& presentation
 Written Examination
Course Policy It is mandatory to participate in all individual and group activities as well as
attending lectures. A Student who attends less than 80% of the lectures is not
allowed to sit for final examination. Furthermore active class participation has
substantial value.
Criteria for assessing project writing and its presentation
 Clarity of presentation
 Efforts exhibited to write sound material and make the presentation
understandable to the class
 Participation of students in asking and answering questions
 Adequacy of responses and feed back to the questions raised.
References

Allan, A.L. (1997a) Mathsfor Map Makers. Whittles Publishing,

Latheronwheel, Caithness.

Allan, A.L. (l997b) Practical Surveying and Computations, revised 2nd edn.
Laxton's,

Oxford.

Beazley, P.B. (1994) Technical Aspects ofMaritime Boundary Estimation.

(Maritime Briefings

1(2)). International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham.

Bomford, G. (1980) Geodesy, 4th edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Boucher, C. and Altamimi, Z. (1998) Specifications for reference frame fixing

in the analysis

of a EUREF campaign.

ftp:/Ilareg.ensg.ign.fr/pub/euref/info/guidelinesIREEFRAME.SPECIFV4

Calvert, C. (1994) Great Britain - Changing the National Grid and Geodetic
Datum. Surveying

World, 2(6), 23-24.

Cooper, M.AR. (1987) Control Surveys in Civil Engineering. Collins, London.

Cross, P.A (1983) Advanced least squares applied to position fixing. Working
Paper No.6,

University of East London.

DMA (1997) DoD World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and
Course Guide Book
Bahir Dar University
Institute of Land Administration
Program Geomatics for land administration
Degree MS.c in Geomatics
Program
Module Geodesy
Name
Module No 02
Module Code GMLa -M5022
Course Title Referense Syetem and Map Projection
Course Code GMLa-5023
Course Chair Name
Office location:
Mobile: e-mail:
Consultation Hours:
Instructor / Name
Tutor Office location:
Mobile: e-mail:
Consultation Hours:
ECTS credit 5
(CP)
Contact hours Lecture hours L/P hours HS hours Total hours
(per
semester) 32 32 96 160
Lecture days, TBA
hours and
Room
Target Group Geomatics Students
Year / Year I, Semester I
semester
Prerequisite None
Status of the Compulsory
Course
Course After the course completed the student should be able to:
Description
- understand mathematical foundations in various types of map
projections

- be able to calculate geodetic and projection coordinates

- be able to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of different

projections

- have obtained understanding of how geodetic reference systems are

constructed and possible problems

- be able to analyze relationship and difference between different

reference systems

- be able to carry out transformation between different reference systems

Objectives of At the end of the course students will be able to:

the Course
Understand different types of map projections and be able to do computations
between geodetic and map projection coordinates. Student should also obtain
insights on how geodetic reference systems are built and be able to transform
coordinates between different reference systems.
Course 4. UNIT 1: Spherical geometry and geometry of the earth ellipsoid
Contents 4.1. Reference surfaces
4.2. Map projections
4.3. Map coordinate systems
5. UNIT 2: Geodetic coordinates and geodetic lines
5.1. 2D geographic coordinates
5.2. 3D geographic coordinates
5.3. Geocentric coordinates
5.4. 2D cartsioan coorinates
5.5. 2D polar coordinates

UNIT 3: shape of the earth

5.6. The geoid and the vertical datum
5.7. The ellipsoid
5.8. The sphere
5.9. Local and global ellipsoid
5.10. Local horizontal datum
5.11. Global horizontal datum

UNITS 4: map projection

5.12. Classification of map projection
5.13. Scale distortions on a map
5.14. Choosing a map projection
5.15. Map projection in common use
4.4.1 cylinderical projections
4.4.2 conic projection
4.43 azimuthal projection
UNIT 5: rotation of the earth
5.16. Celestial and terrestrial reference systems
5.17. 3D coordinate transformation with the Helmert mode
5.18. Estimation of transformation parameters
5.19. Geodynamics of the Earth and Reference System
5.20. Terrestrial Reference System
5.21. 3D Coordinate Transformation
Unit 6: Height System
t-Learning  Brainstorming and experience sharing
methods and  Lectures
activities  Group discussions
 Reading assignments and presentations
 Group and individual book chapter or article review and presentation
 Field work and laboratory work
 Seminars
Mode of  Individual Term Paper on the role of geomatics for LA
Assessment  field work and laboratory Practices
 Individual Journal or book chapter Review& presentation
 Written Examination
Course Policy It is mandatory to participate in all individual and group activities as well as
attending lectures. A Student who attends less than 80% of the lectures is not
allowed to sit for final examination. Furthermore active class participation has
substantial value.
Criteria for assessing project writing and its presentation
 Clarity of presentation
 Efforts exhibited to write sound material and make the presentation
understandable to the class
 Participation of students in asking and answering questions
 Adequacy of responses and feed back to the questions raised.
References

Allan, A.L. (1997a) Mathsfor Map Makers. Whittles Publishing,

Latheronwheel, Caithness.

Allan, A.L. (l997b) Practical Surveying and Computations, revised 2nd edn.
Laxton's,

Oxford.

Beazley, P.B. (1994) Technical Aspects ofMaritime Boundary Estimation.

(Maritime Briefings

1(2)). International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham.

Bomford, G. (1980) Geodesy, 4th edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Boucher, C. and Altamimi, Z. (1998) Specifications for reference frame fixing

in the analysis

of a EUREF campaign.

ftp:/Ilareg.ensg.ign.fr/pub/euref/info/guidelinesIREEFRAME.SPECIFV4

Calvert, C. (1994) Great Britain - Changing the National Grid and Geodetic
Datum. Surveying

World, 2(6), 23-24.

Cooper, M.AR. (1987) Control Surveys in Civil Engineering. Collins, London.

Cross, P.A (1983) Advanced least squares applied to position fixing. Working
Paper No.6,

University of East London.

DMA (1997) DoD World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and