FINAL EXAMINATION

PROGRAMME CODE: BFF

COURSE NAME: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS COURSE CODE: BFC 14003 / BWM
II 10203

Formulae

Characteristic Equation and General Solution

Roots of the Characteristic
Case General Solution
Equation
y = Ae + Be
m x m x
1 m1 and m2 ; real and distinct 1 2

2 m1 = m2 = m ; real and equal y = ( A + Bx)e m x

3 m =   i ; imaginary y = e x ( A cos x + B sin x)

Particular Integral of ay" + by' + cy = f ( x) : Method of Undetermined Coefficients

f (x ) y p (x)

Pn ( x) = An x n +  + A1 x + A0 x r ( Bn x n + + B1 x + B0 )

Ce x x r ( Pe x )

C cos x or C sin x x r ( p cos  x + q sin  x)

Particular Integral of ay" + by' + cy = f ( x) : Method of Variation of Parameters

Wronskian Parameter Solution
y y2 y 2 f ( x) y f ( x)
W = 1' u1 = −  dx , u 2 =  1 dx y p = u1 y1 + u 2 y2
y1 y 2' W W

Fourier Series
Fourier series expansion of periodic Fourier half-range series expansion
function with period 2 L
1 
n x  n x 
nx  nx
f ( x) = a0 +  an cos +  bn sin 1
f ( x) = a0 +  an cos +  bn sin
2 n =1 L n =1 L 2 L n =1 L
n =1
where where
1 L
a0 =  f ( x) dx 2 L
L 0
L − L a 0 = f ( x) dx
1 L nx nx
an =  f ( x) cos dx 2 L
an =  f ( x) cos dx
L −L L L 0 L
 FINAL EXAMINATION
PROGRAMME CODE: BFF
COURSE NAME: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS COURSE CODE: BFC 14003 / BWM
II 10203
1 L nx 2 L nx
bn = 
L −L
f ( x) sin
L
dx bn = 
L 0
f ( x) sin
L
dx

Laplace Transforms

L { f (t )} =  f (t )e − st dt = F ( s)
0

f (t ) F (s ) f (t ) F (s )

a
H (t − a) e − as
a
s s
n!
t n , n = 1, 2, 3,  n +1
f (t − a) H (t − a) e − as F (s )
s
1
eat  (t − a) e − as
s−a
a
sin at f (t ) (t − a) e − as f (a)
s + a2
2

s t
cos at
s +a
2 2 
0
f (u )g (t − u )du F ( s).G( s)

a
sinh at y (t ) Y (s )
s − a2
2

s
cosh at y(t ) sY ( s) − y(0)
s − a2
2

e at f (t ) F (s − a) 
y(t ) s 2Y ( s) − sy (0) − y(0)

d n F (s)
t n f (t ) , n = 1, 2, 3,  (−1) n
ds n

Periodic Function for Laplace transform : L  f (t ) =

1

T
e −st f (t ) dt , s  0.
1 − e −sT 0
 FINAL EXAMINATION
PROGRAMME CODE: BFF
COURSE NAME: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS COURSE CODE: BFC 14003 / BWM
II 10203

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Identities

Trigonometric Hiperbolic

e x − e−x
cos2 x + sin 2 x = 1 sinh x =
2

e x + e−x
1 + tan x = sec x
2 2
cosh x =
2

cot 2 x + 1 = cosec2 x cosh2 x − sinh 2 x = 1

sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x 1 − tanh 2 x = sech 2 x

cos 2 x = cos2 x − sin 2 x coth 2 x − 1 = cosech2 x

cos 2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x

cos 2 x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x cosh 2 x = cosh2 x + sinh 2 x

2 tan x
tan 2 x = cosh 2 x = 2cosh2 x - 1
1 − tan 2 x

sin (x  y ) = sin x cos y  cos x sin y cosh 2 x =1 + 2sinh 2 x

cos(x  y ) = cos x cos y  sin x sin y

2 tanh x
tanh 2 x =
1 + tanh 2 x

tan x  tan y
tan (x  y ) = sinh (x  y ) = sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
1  tan x tan y

2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y ) + sin (x − y ) cosh(x  y ) = cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y

tanh x  tanh y
2 sin x sin y = − cos(x + y ) + cos(x − y ) tanh (x  y ) =
1  tanh x tanh y
 FINAL EXAMINATION
PROGRAMME CODE: BFF
COURSE NAME: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS COURSE CODE: BFC 14003 / BWM
II 10203
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y ) + cos(x − y )

Differentiation and Integration

Differentiation Rules Indefinite Integrals

d
k  = 0 , k constant  k dx = kx + C
dx
d n
 
x = nx n−1
 x dx =
n x n+1
+ C , n  −1
dx n +1
d
ln x  = 1 dx
 x = ln x + C
dx x
d
cos x = − sin x  sin x dx = − cos x + C
dx
d
sin x = cos x  cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
d
tan x = sec2 x  sec x dx = tan x + C
2

dx
d
cot x = −cosec2 x  cosec x dx = − cot x + C
2

dx
d
sec x = sec x tan x  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
d
cosec x = −cosecx cot x  cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C
dx
 
d x
e dx = e x + C
x
e = ex
dx
d
cosh x = sinh x  sinh x dx = cosh x + C
dx
d
sinh x = cosh x  cosh x dx = sinh x + C
dx
d
tanh x = sech2 x  sech x dx = tanh x + C
2

dx
d
coth x = -cosech2 x  cosech x dx = −coth x + C
2

dx
d
sech x = -sech x tanh x  sech x tanh x dx = −sech x + C
dx
d
cosech x = -cosech x coth x  cosech x coth x dx = −cosech x + C
dx