Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering

Optimal Riveted Joints Design of Frame Strcture by

IGA
Takao YOKOTA, Takeaki TAGUCHI and Mitsuo GEN

Department of Systems and Information Engineering,

Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga 326-8558, Japan
Fuzzy Logic Systems Institute, Iizuka 820-0067, Japan

Abstract
In this paper, we formulate an optimal riveted joints design (ORD) problem
of a through gusset plate on a frame structure for a constrained allowable stress as
a rigid structural calculation problem and solve it directly by keeping the constraints
based on an improved genetic algorithm (IGA). We discuss the eciency between the
proposed method and the traditional method.
Key words:Riveted Joints, Rigid Structure, Improved Genetic Algorithm
(IGA)

Introduction

Recently, technology development in steel structure has accomplished the rapid advance
in every eld such as theory, material, method, supply. The steel structure is constructed
from the junction of member subject by rivet volts, high-tensile bolt, welding, etc..
Generally, we use simplied formulas and several votes and diagrams, etc. in order to
simplify the complicated stress calculation style. On the other hand, we do the examination
of the stress calculation in case of rivet, bolted connection division of column and beam with
the various constraint. The conguration of the rivet and volt is special importance in the
rigid joint connection using the gusset plate.
In this paper, we formulate an optimal riveted joints design (ORD) problem of through
gusset plate on frame structure for a constrained allowable stress as a rigid structural calculation problem and solve it directly by keeping the constraints based on an improved genetic
algorithm (IGA) [1][2]. We discuss the eciency between the proposed method and the
traditional method

The stress calculation of the riveted joints for through

gusset plate

The through gusset plate connection is one of the connection methods column and beam
as shown in Fig. 1. The connection is possible becase it is near the rigid joint.
The rivet of this juncture is divided into A group (which transmits the stress of the beam
to the plate) and B group (which transmits the stress of the plate to the column). In this
chapter, the B group is examined.
The moment M and shearring force Q aect this rivet group as shown in Fig. 2. We
assume that the shearring force is uniformly distributed in the whole rivet group. The stress
per 1 rivet can be shown by the following.
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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering

Fig. 1 : rigid joint using through gusset plate connection

Fig. 2 : the maximum stress RM in the rivet group by the moment

Q
,
n

RQ =

(nnumber of the rivet)

(1)

The stress in each rivet are proportional to the distance from the center of gravity of the
rivet group and , the rivet and the line which connects G are aected from the right-angled
as the moment aected the rivet group. The maximum stress occurs in the rivet which is
the farthest from G, and it is shown in the following [3].
RM =

M
ZR

(2)

whree,
x2i + yi2
rmax
xi , yi : the coordinate of each rivet ri in making

ZR =

(3)

the origin to be G
rmax : the distance from G to the farthest rivet
ZR : the section modulus of the rivet group.

Therefore, resultant stress R between RQ and RM is calculated, because the moment M

and shearring force Q aect the rivet, and R may not exceed the permission proof stress of
the rivet (Fig. 3). Thus, we obtain R in the following.
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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering

Fig. 3 : the resultant stress of the rivet which M and Q aect

Ri =

RQ + R M

xi ) 2
rmax

+ RM

y i )2
rmax

(4)

An Optimal Riveted Joints Design of Frame Strcture

We formulate the optimal riveted Joints design problem with a constrained allowable stress
with minimized resultant stress F (xi , yi ) of the rivet. It is the nonlinear integer programming
(NIP) problem
min

F (xi , yi ) = R

(5)

s. t.

G 1 = R b1

(6)

xL
i
L
yi

Ri =

xi xU
i ,
U
yi yi ,

integer, i = 1, , n
integer, i = 1, , n

RQ + RM

xi )2
rmax

+ RM

yi )2
rmax

Where F (xi , yi ) is the function of resultant stress of riveted joints, R is the resultant
stress between RQ and RM . xi , yi are the coordinate of each rivet in making the origin to
be G, n is number of the rivets, rmax is the distance from G to the farthest rivet, G1 is the
resultant stress R, b1 is the constraint quantity of allowable stres of the rivet. (xLi , yiL ) and
(xUi , yiU ) are lower/upper limit values of the design variable, respectively.

Representation and Evaluation Function

Yokota et al. [1] reported an IGA to cope with such a problem. That is, for the constraint
condition, the following measure is introduced:
di =

{ 0;

Gi bi , (i = 1 n)
(Gi bi )/bi , otherwise

(7)

The measure di adopted here indicates how much the left-hand side of the expression
corresponding to the constraint condition exceeds the right-hand side, and the evaluation
function is dened as follows:
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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering

(
eval(Vk ) = F (A)

1
1
n

)
di

(8)

i=1

This IGA includes information about unfeasible chromosomes as near as possible to the
feasible region in the evaluation function.
We can select the best chromosome with the following equation:
V = argmin{eval(Vk )}

(9)

Vk

mineval = min{eval(Vk )}

(10)

Where the arg of argmin is an abbreviation for argument and argmin means that we
adopt the chromosome whose evaluation returns the lowest value.

Algorithm

The procedure for solving the ORD problem of pintle hook by improved genetic algorithms
is proposed in this section.
Step 1: Set population size pop size, crossover probability Pc , mutation probability Pm , maximum
generation maxgen, initial generation gen=0, initial tness value maxeval=0.
Step 2: Generate initial population Vk (k = 1, . . . , pops ize) randomly
Step 3: Caluculate each chromosomes tness value eval(Vk ) and set gene = gen + 1.
Step 4: If gen < maxgen, goto Step 5. If gen = maxgen, output maxeval and terminate.
Step 5: Reproduce new chromosomes during arithmetic crossover and mutation process and perform Elitest Selection.
step 6: Select any one chromosome in the chromosome population, Calculate the tness of the
chromosome.
Step 7: From equation (9) determine the best chromosome, calculate the tness, register them,
and return to Step 3.

Numerical Example

The case in which M and Q aected the connection shown in Fig. 1. We examine the
resultant stress in showing the dimension of rivet group of the A group in Fig. 4.

6.1

The transition of resultant stress by the number of the rivet

Here, we examine the transition of the resultant stress by fastening the number of 3 row
rivet of Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 : M and Q aect the connection rivet group

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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering

We make it to be the conguration which left the rivet from center of gravity in order to intuitively minimize resultant stress. The number of the rivet is made to be 4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,
we examine the resultant stress, and the result is shown in Table 1.

1 n=4
R1 =6.445

Table 1: the resultant stress

2 n=6
3 n=6
R2 =5.528
R3 =4.727

R1 =113%

R2 =83%

R3 =56%

R4 =42%

R5 =39%

7 n=10
R7 =3.467

8 n=12
R8 =3.285

9 n=12
R9 =3.193

10 n=14
R10 =3.041

11 n=15
R11 =3.033

R7 =14%

R8 =8.3%

R9 =5.3%

R10 =0.003%

R11 =0%

6.2

from the number of the rivet

4 n=8
5 n=8
R4 =4.304
R5 =4.220

6 n=9
R6 =4.195
R6 =38%

Ri =100
Ri R11
R11

optimal riveted joints design (ORD) problem

It became clear that the resultant stress was the increase of about 5%, even if
9 culled
rivets of 3 from table 1 for the standard rivet column of
11.
In this paper, we try the optimization of the rivet conguration of
9 in Fig. 5 and Table
2.

Fig. 5 : the optimization of the rivet conguration

Table 2: the range of variable and coecient values
4 x6 9 4 x7 9
4 y2 10
18 y4 24 b1 =3.03[tonf/rivet]
4 y9 10 18 y11 24 x8 = x12 = 18 y3 = y10 = 14 y5 = y12 = 28

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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Computers & Industrial Engineering

We solve the ORD problem by using our proposed algorithm. We set up the following
initial parameters for the numerical example:
pop size = 20, Pc = 0.4, Pm = 0.1, maxgen = 100

We apply the proposed method to this problem and repeat the process for 100 generations.
At the 99th generation of the chromosome and scaling by design variables x, y, the following
results are obtained:

V16
=[x6 x7 y2 y4 y9 y11 ]=[14 14 4 24 4 24]
The above values obtained are the best compromised solutions. The corresponding evaluation function value, that is, the minimized the resultant stress R, was F (x, y)=2.80 [tonf/rivet].

7
7.1

Evaluation
The resultant stress from the number of the rivet

We reduced the rivet from the 15 rivet group in the case with 14,12,10,9,8,6,4
11, and each
resultant stress was calculated. In case of
10, in lacking the rivet of center of gravity position
of the rivet group, we calculated it. As the result, resultant stress R was not increased.
In case of
9 , in lacking the rivet of top and bottom of 3 including the center of gravity
position, it was calculated. As the result, the resultant stress increased 5%. In case of
8,
in lacking the rivet of right and left of 3 including the center of gravity position, it was
calculated. As the result, the resultant stress increased 8%.
In case of
9 and
8 , it was proven that the increase of the resultant stress became 10%
or less, even if 3 rivets are lacking from 15 rivet groups. In this case, we replace it with the
standard 15 rivet group by optimizing the rivet conguration, and will have the possibility.

7.2

optimal riveted joints design (ORD) problem

We try the optimization of the rivet conguration of

9 . We gave the y axial direction
transfer in respect of rivet
2
4
9
11 in order to minimize resultant stress R.

In addition, we made 6 7 move to the x axial direction in order to maximize rmax. We

obtained resultant stress R=2.805[tonf/rivet]. As the result, the center of gravity position
moved 8mm. Therefore, the resultant stress improved 0.338ton(12.2%) in
9.

Conclusion

1) In case of
9 and
8 , it was proven that the increase of the resultant stress became 10%
or less, even if 3 rivets are lacking from 15 rivet groups.
2) We apply our proposed method to
9 problem, After comparing initial rivet group and
our calculation result, the resultant stress improved 0.338ton(12.2%) in
9.

References
[1] Yokota T., S. Wada, T. Taguchi and M. Gen: Optimal weight design problem of elastic
structure by GA,Comp. and Industrial Engineering (ELSEVIER, Vol. 53, No. , pp.299305. 2007. 9
[2] Gen, M. and R. Cheng: Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Optimization, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 2000.
[3] Y. TakahashiThe easy steel structureGihodoTokyo1974 (in Japanese).

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