chan SPREAD-SPECTRUM | MODULATION 2B band Schmmg] Tit chapter introduces a modulation echnigue called spread-spctrum modula sri staal diferen from te modulation recigues hat are eoneed in soding farses in spread spectrum modolation, channel bandwidth and transna power one sacrificed for the sake of secure communications Specifically, we cover the following topics. Pending sequences inthe form of pendornoise sequences, their properties, and methods of generation, P The basic notion of spread-spectrum modulation | >The two commonly used ‘bes ofspread-spectrum modulation: direct sequence and | frequency hopping The material presented in this chapter is basic to wireless com © division multiple access, whic nimunications wsing code this covered in Chapter 8 ‘Ansirisue of concer inthe rudy of digital communications as 45, and 6 i that of providing forthe effete oe of bento sanding the importance ofthese two primary communicator o Speer itt necesary to sci this fieny inode fo met certs oes ses hisses. For example the sytem may be required to provide's fare af ene Ininiation i stile environment such thatthe tansmied sigan cach ee sehette by unwanted listeners. Thi equrenen is aed toby ala osgeetg 'echnigues known collecivly a spreod-spectram mdulation The primary advantage ofa spread-specrum communication system ists ability to {it inerference whether it be the unintentional inerteence By sects wer seca ctemeting to transmit ough the chanel othe infenonal mctae Weg Fowl ransanitr attempting to jam the transmis The defntion of spread-spectum modulation’ may be tated in two pars considered in Chapeees hand power. Notwith sours, there ar situa 1. Spread spectrum isa means ofr bandwidth in excess ofthe minim 2. The specuum spreading is accom ‘ode that is independent of the da nsmisson in which the data sequence ecupies a uo Bandvideh necessary to send te lished before transmision through the use of a a sequence. The sme code is se inthe ectvee 49480 Guarren 7 © Srneao-Specrten Mooutation (opesaing in synchronism wit the transmit) to desrend the received signal so (hi he orginal data sequence may be recovered Although standard modulation techniques such a frequency modulation and pulse aan rae a do satsty pat 1 o this definition, they are not spred-spectum techniques Fae they donor stay pare 2 ofthe definition Sparckspecam mediation wss originally developed for miltary aplication, here eoetane to jamming (interference) sof major concern However, there are civ E statins tht ho bene from the uaigue characteris of pread-spectrun mod Pees y resample, team be used to provide mutpath rejection ina ground-based mobile darn rerun Yes another application sin mulpl-acess communications in which rr of nependent wer ae required t share a common channel without ane aaa ranting mchanion here fr example, we may mention a ground-based iio rare errearnvohing male vehicles that masecorpmuniate witha centcl tation. More {Sid sbout this later aplication in Chapter 8 cae cre Haas ponepls of pread-spectram modulation with empha con dire oquence and fequency hopping techniques, In diect-sequence spre : See ccnsge, ovo stages of modelton are used. Fist the incoming data equ: Fe aca wikbad code This code tapaforms the narrowband data sequen re ke wideband signal The resulting wideband signal undergoes a second mad i phase hit keying technigus Ina frequency-bop spread-pecrn tek rasa the spectrum of data-aoolated carriers widened by changing eeeesle frequency ina pseudo-random manner. Fr ther operation, both ofthese teh EiSoar lyon the avalaiity of a noise spreading code called »psewdo-randon quence is bai tothe operation ofspreadspectun rigu,on he oth pseudo ois sequence. Since such 8 2 rere opal that we bein our ty by deseribng the generation a pop 7.2. Pseudo-Noise Sequences 1 psuo-nose (PN) sequence ia peso binary sequence with a nose wars ade i crontab mean fa edback shifter, a general block dag cae i infagure 71 fdas shifter consis of an oiary Sift aa nee fpf (orosate memory sop) ands lg rou that ate ER aa HP lem palhoopfoaack cei ip-ops in the shi ete aerated rere ortaga lok At each ple (ck) of he cock, the state ofeach ipa eae et onc don te ln, Wh cach lock pute loge eat op?ved signal so nd pulse-code | cecil spplictiony, searecvan | cram moe hased mali von nich ithout ane 72 PrendoNole Sequences 481 Fetkan fenton ofthe states of he fip-flops. The resis then fd back ste ina to he fis pop, thereby pe eventing the shift register from emprying, The PN sequence so {Eterated s determined bythe length m of the shi register roe sae eae ne back logic Leek) denote the wate ofthe th ip lop after the keh clock ple this tate may Uetsnreemted by symbol O or 1 The ae ofthe sree afer the fable ean then defnd by the sec (518. sl whore EO. Forte med nee 20, From the definition of hfe egies we have wm ft Hees all is the inp pli wo the est lip-flop afer he Ah lock pulse, According to the configuration described in Figure 7.1 aA) Boolean fanton of te noe ngey ats lll...» sll. Fora speed length, chi Boolean fancton enech determines the subsequent sequence of sat fe aia of he Sal plop inthe shi register. Wath tral numberof fe Nig {he number of posible states of the shift reper is at most efollowe hector ee PN sequence generate by aedback shift eter must eventually bcos peed eee 8 period of s¢ most A ecback shit episer is said o be lncar when ‘of modulo adders. In sucha case, the sikea ay the feedback logic consistently 27 state the state for which all he ip ony 1s, Consequently, the peciod ack shit registe with mt fiplope cmt 1 the PN vquence i cll a masa, of PN sequence produced by linear fl 1. When the period is exactly 2" lengah sequence or simply m sequence, > Exar 7.1 Consider the ine feedback siege shown in Figae 7.2, ‘eput spl othe Ss flip-top seguro the modal? sum of node Nee tah inal ete of bes epiter 100 reading the contents fe tne pop lew sgh The, he cesar of tess los nvoring te lp ops. The 200, 110, 11,011, 101,016,004, 1, Ficune 7.2 Msinallength sequence genera foc