HPOOPIKH

E
A'

ATPA 2000




HPOOPIKH

E
A'

EIA KEPAYNOY
K T K

ANAITH INTEA
T M

EPAIMO KOYTOYPAKH



...

TYPORAMA

/ 19971999
ISBN: 9605380781
K : H 10/1
Copyright 2000

& , 26222 : (0610) 314094, 314206 : (0610) 317244
. 2121/1993,
.


............................................................................................................................................ 11
K 1

H : E

, ,
E .................................................................................................. 13
1.1

.......................................................................................

1.2

.................................................................

15
18

1.3 .................................................................. 22
1.4
1.5

.....................................

28

................................................

30

...................................................................................................................... 35
............................................................................................... 36
K 2

, ,
E .................................................................................................. 37
2.1

..............................................................................

2.2

40

.........................

43

.................................................................

50

2.4

......................................................................................................

56

2.5

.....................................................................................................

58

2.3

2.6 ....................................................................... 63
2.7 ............................................................................. 69
...................................................................................................................... 71
............................................................................................... 73
K 3

, ,

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

E .................................................................................................. 75
3.1
3.2

...................................................................................................

77

.....................................................................................................

82

3.3 ............................................................................................... 86
...................................................................................................................... 93
............................................................................................... 94
K 4

, ,
E .................................................................................................. 95
4.1
4.2

..........................................

.....................................................................................

4.3

.....

97

102
105

4.4 ................................. 108

................................................................................................................... 110

............................................................................................

111

K 5

: ,

, ,
E ................................................................................................ 113
5.1

...............................................................................................

116

5.2 ........................................................................................ 116

5.3 ......................................................................... 117
5.4

.........................................................................

118

5.5 ......................... 121

5.6

.................................................................................

125

5.7 ......................................................... 131

5.8

...........................................................................

5.9

.........................................................................

133
135

................................................................................................................... 137

...........................................................................................

139

EPIEXOMENA

K 6

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 141
6.1

.......................................................
.........

144

.................................................................................

151

6.2
6.3

143

6.4

....................................................................

152

6.5 ......................................................... 154

6.6

......................................................

6.7

....................................

155
156

................................................................................................................... 159

...........................................................................................

161

K 7

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 163
7.1 ......................................................................................... 165
7.2

...........................................................................

170

7.3

............................................................................

174

................................................................................................................... 177

...........................................................................................

178

K 8

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 179
8.1 ............................................................................ 181
8.2

...................................................................................

184

8.3 ........................................................................................ 185

8.4

.................................

188

................................................................................................................... 196

...........................................................................................

197

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

K 9

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 199
9.1

..............................................................................

203

9.2 (MIS) ............................. 205

9.3

.............

209

................................................................................................................... 212

...........................................................................................

213

K 10

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 215
10.1

..............................

219

10.2 ........................................................................................ 221

10.3
..................................................................... 222
10.4

......................................

10.5 :

............

225
228

................................................................................................................... 234

...........................................................................................

235

K 11

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 237
11.1 ................................................................................................................ 240
11.2 (Multimedia) .................................. 240
11.3

.............................................

244

................................................................................................................... 247

...........................................................................................

248

XXX

K 12

K: M
Quo Vadis InfoTechnology?

, ,
E ............................................................................................... 249
12.1

.......................................................

251

12.2 :
.................................................................................... 252
................................................................................................................... 257

E

...........................................................................................

258

.........................................................................................................................................

259

A
A

.........................................................

261

.......................................................................................

276

.................................................................................................................................... 289
B

..............................................................................................................................

309


,
.
.


,
.
H E
,
,
.


, , .
,
,
.
,
, ,
.

12

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

, ,
, .

,
.
1 .
2 ,
3 . 4
. ,
, , 5.
6
. 7
, . ,
8. 9 , 10
. 11
, . ,
12 .
,

,
,
, .
.
O 1998

H :
E

. .

, :







(Computer)
(Computer Science)
(Informatics)
(Computations)
(CPU)
(data)
(bits)
(inputoutput)

E



. -

14

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

.
. .

. ,
.

1.1

1.1

, 2200 ..
3500 ..
.

( 65 ..),

. , ,
.. (, 210 ..),
, ( , 100 ..), , .


,
. , John Napier,
,
, , ,
. Napier,
[1] e, 1614, Henry
Briggs
10 .

[1] e, e = 2,71828,
, .. ex = N > 0, x = lnN
e.

15

16

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

,

. (logs)
(
) . ,
() , , , () , .
Pascal: Blaise Pascal 1647 ,
, .
Pascal
( ) 10:1,

' .
,
. Pascal
Gottfried Von Leibnitz 1671 .
Jacquard: Joseph Jacquard 1801
.
, ,
.
.
. .
Babbage: Charles Babbage, Cambridge, 1823

1.1

,


. Babbage,
Jacquard, 1834 ,

.
Babbage , . .
Hollerith:

19
. Herman Hollerith, , 1880
1886 . Hollerith .


. , Hollerith
Tabulating Machine Co.,
. ,
1924 International Business Machine Corporation (IBM).
Aiken: 1937, Howard Aiken, ,
Harvard
, ,
Hollerith.
MARK I

17

18

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

. MARK IV.
: (/) 1940 John Atanasoff
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). J. Eckert
J. Mauchly
19421944 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Calculator), / 5.000
500 , . , 1949, M. Wilkes W. Renwick
Manchester / ,
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer).
EDSAC
.
1951
Sperry Rand Corporation UNIVAC I
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer). /
.
.
1.2

:
; ;
;
(Concise Oxford Dictionary,
1964) (Computer) .
.
.

1.2

19

. , (data),
,

.


(Informatics). , ,
.
1.4.
,
...
(computing science computing).

(cybernetics).

:
.
.
, .
1.2.1

18 , , C. Babbage
, .
:
(i) ,

1.1

20

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

()
.
(ii) ( Babbage mill),

. .
(iii) , (
).
(iv)
.
(v) .
,
, , [Central
Processing Unit (CPU)].
1.2.2

Babbage ,
.
. ,
, .. , . /
.

CPU .
/ , .
1 () 0 () 000 S, 111 (),
SOS 000111000.
1 0 (binary digits) bits.

1.2

21

. .
. ,
,
' ,
.
, , .
,
, .
.
, ,

.
, ,
, .
, .

:

()
() 0 1
() 0, 1
()
() ,
()

1.2

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

22

1.2.3 /

E/E [Input/Output (I/O)]

CPU CPU . , . , . .
, . ,

.
/
(CPU),
(interface) .

1.3

x
.
/ :
,
,
()
(),
()
().

1 . 3

1.3

:
(i) :
.

. , ,
.

.
,
, (real time).
( )
,
( ),
(1 microsec = 106 sec),
(1 nanosec = 109 sec) (1 picosec = 1012 sec).
(ii) :
, ,
.
CPU , ,
. CPU (auxiliary or secondary storage devices).

, -

23

24

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

. ( CPU)
, 1024
, .. CDC CYBER 73 128 (.
128 x 1024 ).
(iii) :
, ,
.
, .. , .
(iv) : ,
. ,

.
:
)
/,
) CPU,
) ,
) .
, .
,
.
.
(v) : ,

1 . 3

25

. CPU ,
. Babbage
, ,
.

.



.
,
. .
:
, , , , ,
, , , , .

:
, , , ,
CPU, , , .

1.4

1.5

26

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

1.3.1

:
(i)
(digital), (analogue) (hybrid).
()
.
() , ..
, ,

.
(ii) A .
(iii) A
.
,
.
(iv) A ,
:
(floatingpoint, specs .), ,
(throughput) .
,
.
[Personal Computers (PC)]
( 197080) , .
(server)
() .
(workstations) ,

1 . 3

.

[ (large mainframe), (medium),
(mini), (microcomputers)] , .. (supermicro), , .. , , . ,
, .. laptop computers,
5 kg, notebook computers, 3 kg, palmtop computers, 1 kg.
.
, .. ,
5 6 , ,
[network computers (NC)], , , , , .,
.



, .

. bits
(qubits),
0, 1
,
.
,

27

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

28

. , .

1.6

:
,
,
,
,

1.4

informatique (information = + /ique)
, ,
.
(informatik)
(informatika),
(Computer Science).

, , .
() ,
.

,
[Information Technologies (IT)]
, , .. -

1.4

, , ..,
, , , ..,
.

,
, , .
, (Information Science),
, .. ,
, , , ..

196070
, , .
, ,
, , , ,
. ( ) , , , ,
, , (Management), , .
.
198090
:
(i) , (ii) ,
, , ., (iii)
,
.

29

30

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

1.5

,
, Computing Reviews (CR).

CR
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) 1964. Communications of ACM (CACM, Vol. 25, No.1,
p.13) 1982. T
1983, 1987, 1991 1998.
1998, ,

,
.

,
. ,

, ,

.
()
.0 (, )
.1
.2 (, ..)
.m
() (HARDWARE)
.0

1.5

.1
.2
.3
,
,
.4 /
, /,
,
.5
.6
.7
B.8
.m
(C)
C.0
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.m
(D) (SOFTWARE)
D.0
D.1
D.2 ()
D.3
D.4
D.m
()
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.m

31

32

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

(F)
F.0
F.1
, ,

F.2
,
,
F.3
,
,

F.4
,
,
F.m
(G)
G.0
G.1
, ,
, ,
, ,
(..), ..
,
G.2
,
G.3
G.4
G.m
(H)
H.0
H.1
H.2
H.3
H.4
.5
H.m

1.5

()
.0

.1

.2

.3

.4

I.5

(Pattern recognition)

I.6

(Simulation & modeling)

I.7

.m
(J)
J.0

J.1

J.2

J.3

J.4

J.5

J.6

(ComputerAided Engineering)

J.7

J.m
(K)
(COMPUTING MILIUX)
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
K.m

33

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

34

(Internet):
http://www.acm.org/class/1998/overview.html

10 12.

, , () .

1.7

, ( ) :
, (, , )
,

(, , )

, (, , )
,

(, , )

, (, , )

1.8

1.9

(Software), :

, , ,
, ,
, ,
.

, , , , ,
, , .

1.5

. ,

;

35

1.1

300 .
ACM (1998) 37 [ (SIGs)] (information technology), .. ,

, ,
, (multimedia) . :
http://www.acm.org/sigs/guide98.html
.
(
1.5)
;
( 200
). .

, .
() (users) ,
.

1.2

36

K E A A I O 1 : H / E

/ (I/O) .
: , , ,
.

, ,

.
, .
( ) ,
, :
, , ,
, , , , , ,
, .
B

[1.1] ARBIB M.: Computers and Cybernetic Society, Acad. Press, NY,
1977
[1.2] DERTOUZOS M.L., MOSES J.(eds): The Computer Age: A
twenty year view, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1979
[1.3] DROMEY G.: How to solve it by Computers, Prentice Hall, UK,
1982
[1.4] GOLDSCHLAGER H.H., LISTER A.: Computer Science: A
modern introduction, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1982
:

,
.

[1.5] HUNT R., SHELLEY J.: Computers and commonsense,

Prentice Hall, London, 1979
[1.6] METROPOLIS N., HOWLETT J. ROTA G.C.(eds): A history
of computing in the twentieth century, Academic Press, 1980
[1.7] STERN N., STERN R.A.: Computing in the information age,
Wiley & Sons, NY, 1993

. .
.

:
,
(CPU)
,
(, , )

/


(Hardware), (Software), (Operating System)


(Digital)



(data)
(CPU)
(chips)

K E A A I O 2 :

38

(microprocessor)
ASCIIEBCDIC


(RAMROM)

VLSI
(registers)

MIPS


Y (Hardware)
(Software)
(windows)

E
, , ,
. .
(),
, (PCs),
.
, , (marketing) .
(workstations) (clusters) .

(digital) (analogue) . ,
. ()
,
,
.

.
,
,
(processing) ,
, , ,
. (computer
system) : (i)
, (ii) , (iii) ,
(iv) .
(information processing) , ,
.
(hardware) ,
.


. , '


.
. -

39

40

K E A A I O 2 :

.
,
.
.
,

.
2.1

(input),
( CPU)

(output). (CPU) .
M
, ..
, , .. .
(instructions)
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
. (+, , *, /), .
[Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)].
,
, (Control Unit).
ALU
[Central Processing Unit (CPU)].

2.1

41

( von Neumann) 2.1, ,

. . H , '
CPU, (main memory)
. H
(ROM, PROM, RAM ..).
,
von Neumann, .
K M E
M M

M E

A !
M

. K . H
. 2.1 . O ,, , CPU , . O

, .

. ALU

ALU .
ALU . -

2.1

K E A A I O 2 :

42

,
.
.

CPU, ,
: (i) , (ii)
, (iii)
/ .
CPU
, . CPU () () () (). CPU .
(chips) CPU . CPU

(microprocessor).

2.1

2.2

CPU :

, , ,
, , , ,

, ,
, , / ,

2.2

2.2

,
(integrated circuits), (magnetic cores) (semi conductors) .,
. , ( 0
1) .
[binary digits (bits)], . bits
, 09
.
(Alphanumeric Alphameric).
bits
, 26 = 64 , 64
. bits
32
.
(words) .
bits
,
.
8 bits 64 bits. bits (byte), 8 bits. ,
8 bits, .
bits, , ,
.
( ,

43

K E A A I O 2 :

44

) ,
. .. 21 bits
7 bits [
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
128 ]
:

1000011

1001110

1000100

(code)
. (C, A),
C
. C A
,
12 , i
< > 0 i< .
,
. ALU
.
[Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)],
3 (Excess3BCD), 2421, Gray.
, .
, , , .

2.2

:
(i) ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) , 7 8 bits
. 8 ASCII, 4 bits () , (, ) , 4 bits
() 09.
, 1111 4 bits , 0100 4 bits
4.
(ii) EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code) 8 bits
.
EBCDIC, ,
, 28 = 256 ,
ASCII 7 bits
27 = 128
.
(universal code)
, ,
, , , .,
.
6 (8421) 26 = 64
, 8
( 928), ,
, Baudot, 5
.
-

45

46

K E A A I O 2 :

, . 8 .

(bar
codes),
. , , .

.


, .. Hamming (parity). (error detecting and correcting
codes), .. , Berger,
checksum, .
2.2.1

. H :
(i) , (ii) , (iii)
,
.
10, 09.
10
, .. 2475
2 2 10, 4527 2
10 . 2
0 1. O , .. , ,
, ,

2.2

47

.
,
. O
. T , (0 1),
. :

1000

1001

10

1010

10

11

1011

11

100

1100

12

101

1101

13

110

1110

14

111

1111

15

2 bit
, ..
O

1 20 = 1
0 21 = 0
1 22 = 4
1 23 = 8
8 +4 + 0 + 1 = 13.
36 bits, 35 bits, 36 bit (signbit)
.
(number system)

48

K E A A I O 2 :

, ..
10 10 (): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
8 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
934.52
934.52<10> = 9 102 + 3 101 + 4 100 + 5 101 + 2 102,
736.4 :
753.4<8> = 7 82 + 5 81 + 3 80 + 4 81 =
= 7 64 + 5 8 + 3 1 + 4 / 8 = 491.5<10>
H
,
.

,
(hexadecimal).
16 ,
0 9 A, B, C, D, E, F 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
34F :
3A4F<16> = 3 163 + A 162 + 4 161 + F 160 =
= 3 4096 + 10 256 + 4 16 + 15 1 = 14927<10>


.

,

2.2

49

.
54.623<10> .
= 54

= 623
0.623

54

27 0

1.246

13 1

6 0

0.492

3 0

1 1

0.984

0 1

2
1.968

54<10> = 110010<2>

0.623<10> = 0.1001<2>

54.623<10> = 110010.1001<2>
( ) ,
, 23 = 8
24 = 16, 3 , 4
. 3 bits ,

4 bits .
, 16 bits:
1

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0

(binary coding)
.

K E A A I O 2 :

50

98<10> 1100010<2>, BCD

1001

1000

2.3

2.4

1101 1011<2>, 743.40<8>, 3E9F<16>

.

2.5

2004<10> 44.6875<10>
.

() , () 0,1,2,,9,
() 0 1, () 0,1,,9 .

2.3

.
.
.

(i)

1001
+

110
1111

9
+

6
15

2.3

(ii) :

51

11
101110
+

46

1101

111011

(iii) :

11111

59

11

10111010
+

13

186

110111

11110001

55
241

, , (, *, /) . , .. 5 4, 5
+ 5 + 5 + 5, .
, . (complement). , :
(i) Y 9, 9 (, , .)
.
(ii) .
(iii) 1 0
. ,

, ..
:
26

28

11

54

15

26

K E A A I O 2 :

52

:
26
1

28

+ 88 (

+ 45 ( 9

9 11)

2
3

54)

114

073

1 ( ,

0 ( -

1)

, 0)

15

73 (
9
73
)

26
:

26<10>

11010<2>

11<10>

1011<2>

15<10>

11010 ( 1 1011)
+ 0100
11110
1 ( ,
1)

1111

, .. 35/7
: 35 7 28 7 21 7 14 7 7 7 = 0
( 7 ).
2.3.1 ALU

: (octal) 8
(hexadecimal) 16. , .

2.3

53

: (i)
, (ii) 1 0 1 0. (carrying over)
(logic elements) (logic gates).
(signals).
, .. , ,
0 1.
().
, ( ),

(truth table).
: . (gates), AND, OR
NOT.
, :
(i) AND 1,
1, :
E

AND

AND

AND

AND

(ii) OR 1, 1, :
E

OR

OR

OR

OR

K E A A I O 2 :

54

(iii) NOT
, :
0

NOT

NOT

,
1 0.

,
,
( . 2.2).
Z
0
11 0 0

OR

AND

SUM

1
NOT

2.2

10 1 0

0
0

AND

0
0

CARRY

NOT 2.2
.
,

bits,
bits .
NAND NOR.
NAND ( NOTAND) AND
, AND. NOR OR OR

2.3

55

. NAND NOR ,
AND OR .
OR [exclusive OR (XOR) gate]
1, 1,
1. XOR
OR, .
!

AND

A
B

C=AB

A
B
C

01 0 1
0011
0001

OR

A
B

C=A+B

A
B
C

01 0 1
0011
0111

NOT

C = A'

A
C

01
10

NAND

A
B

C = (AB)'

A
B
C

01 0 1
0011
1110

NOR

A
B

C = (A + B)'

A
B
C

01 0 1
0011
1000

XOR

A
B

C = A'B + AB'

A
B
C

01 0 1
0011
0110

A
B
C

01 0 1
0011
1001

XNOR

A
B

A !

C = A'B' + AB

!
A

2.3

,
. M A' () A.

K E A A I O 2 :

56

NOR [exclusive NOR (XNOR) gate]

XOR. XNOR 1,
1
0.
, .
2.3.2 ALU

ALU

. ALU
.

2.6

;
:
() a,
()
()
()
() , , ,

2.4

ALU
(memory unit),
(cells). , .
.
. -

2.4

57

(location address).

,
, .


.
(
)
(operation code), ,
(), (. 2.4).

()

()

() (volatile memory),
, .. ,

(nonvolatile memory).
: [RandomAccess Memory, (RAM)],
,
[ReadOnly Memory (ROM)] (firmware),

. ROM :
[Programmable
ReadOnly Memory (PROM)],

[Erasable PROM (EPROM)],

2.4

K E A A I O 2 :

58

[Electronically EPROM
(EEPROM)].
(cache memory)
, , , , . (magnetic bubble memory).

2.7

2.7

a
a:

, , , ,

ROM, PROM, RAM, EPROM, ALU, EEPROM

2.5

(Control Unit), ,
ALU
, . , ,
.
,
ALU (bus). -

2.5

(machine cycle), : ()
,

, () ,

.
2.5.1

(computer circuitry) . , ()
(chip) ( ).
, .. ,
, .

Boole (logical gates).
,
(, , .), .
(integrated circuit) , (chip). , , :
TTL (TransistorTransistor Logic) , ECL (Emitter
Coupled Logic) , MOS (Metal
Oxide Semiconductor), I2L (Integrated Injection Logic) , CMOS (Complementary
Metal Oxide Semiconductor) , GaAs
(Gallium Arsenide) .

59

60

K E A A I O 2 :

: [Small
Scale Integration (SSI)] 510 , [Medium Scale Integration (MSI)] 10100 (.. ), [Large Scale Integration (LSI)]
(.. ), [Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)]
(.. ).

.
(combinatorial circuits) . : (1) O (fulladder), ( ) (2) O (decoder), v
2 (3) O (multiplexer),

( ) (4)
T (bus) ,
( ).
,
.
: (1) (FlipFlops). 1 0 ( ) ,
[Clock Pulse (CP)]. -

2.5

T, D, TK RS
flipflops. (2) (registers), . (3) (counters) ,
flipflops (
)
, .. .

, .. CPU .

ROM RAM.
2.5.2

CPU, , .

(registers).
.
,
. :
[Storage Data Register DR (16 bits)]
.
[Instructions Register IR (16 bits)]
.
[Address Register AR (12 bits)] .
[Accumulator Register AC (16
bits)] .
[Program Counter PC (12 bits)]
.

61

K E A A I O 2 :

62

[Temporary Register TR (16 bits)]

.
[Input Register INPR (8 bits)]
.
[utput Register OUTR (8 bits)] .

CPU,
CPU.


(microoperations). :
(i) , .
(ii) ,
.
(iii) ,
.
(iv) , .

2.9

x
:
:
[ ] TTL

[ ] VLSI

[ ] LSI

[ ] ECL

[ ] GaAs

[ ] CMOS

[ ] SSI

[ ] MOS

[ ] I2L

2.5 / 2.6

, :
, , ,
FlipFlops, , , ,

(registers),
, , .
() :
IR

DR

PC

AR

OUTR

TR

INPR

AC

2.6

.
(word) , bits CPU ,
, . CPU (clock speed) MegaHertz (MHz),
[Millions of Instructions Per
Second (MIPS)], .. 600 MIPS
600 .

63

2.10

2.11

64

K E A A I O 2 :

MHz (ticks)
.
turbosystems.

.
,
, ,
., (motherboard). O


, (slots)
.
(computer system)
.
, ,
.
, .

, . . , .. , .
, , , . ,
,
, ..

.

2.6

65

, , .
.
2.6.1

(instruction)
.
.
/ (commands),
CPU. .
H CPU .
CPU .
.
(instruction) , :

()

(T)

(bits). .
: (i) (memoryreference), (ii)
(registerreference), (iii) / (I/O).
16 bits, 3 bits [operation code (opcode)],

K E A A I O 2 :

66

13 bits .
12 bits
1 bit
(addressing mode). 0 (direct address) 1 (indirect
address).
0 bit 111 . 12 bits
. (AC).
/ 1 bit 111 ,
12 bits
I/O .
4 bits 1215
. , 3 bits
111, 15. 0,
, 1,
/. 3 bits 1214 111,
bit 15
.
:
15 14

1211

(. = 000 110)

(i)
15

1211

0 1 1 1

(. = 111, = 0)

(ii)
15

1211

0 1 1 1

(iii) /

(. = 111, = I)

2.6

67

25. , .

AND
ADD
LDA
STA

=0
=1

0
1
2
3

AND AC
AC
AC
AC

8
9
A
B

CLA
CMA
SPA

7800
7200
7010

AC
AC
AC

INP
OUT
ION

F800
F400
F080

AC
AC

( ) (machinecode)
/ ,
()
. ,

(machinedependent languages).
2.6.2

CPU
. :
1. CPU
.
2. ,

.
3. .
4. . -

K E A A I O 2 :

68

.
5. CPU.
6. .
7. .
8. 1 .
5
7 ( ) .

CPU
.
(serial computers).
, . (parallel processing). CPU,
(multiprocessors) CPU

, (parallel computers).

CPU (array processors), (pipeline computers). ,
, .

2.12

,
:
, , , , /,
, .

2 . 7

2.7

. ,
.
,
(primary storage), . (permanently) (secondary storage),
,
, o (CDROM)
[ (backup)].
, ..
(keyboards), (disk drivers), (page scanners), .
,
(line printer)
.
/.
hardware (machinery)
() .
(hardware)
, .
() ,
(software).
.

69

70

K E A A I O 2 :

(configuration)
.
: (i) (systems software),
, (ii)
(application software),
.
: , (Operating
System),
.
.
( ), , ( ) .
Disk
Operating System (DOS) Operating System 2 (OS2).

(interface).
.
. (.. DOS)
, (Windows),
(user friendly).

.
, .. . ,

2 . 7

.
():

(packaged programs),
(documentation),
(custom programs),
.
(productivity tools). .

, , (ALU)
/. , ALU
(CPU), : (i)
, (ii)
, (iii)
() ALU.
( ) .
( 0
1).


[binary digits (bits)] .
(words), (bytes) (bits).

71

72

K E A A I O 2 :

. ,
.
(+, , *, /)
.

(AND,
OR, NOT .).
, ,
,
.

(RAM) (ROM) .
ROM
(PROM), (EPROM),
(EEPROM).
, (, , .) .
(registers) ,
.
: , /.
(Hardware)
() , (Software) .

73

[2.1] ARBIB M.A.: Computers and the Cybernetic Society, Acad.

Press, NY, 1977
[2.2] BOHL M.: Computer concepts, Science Research Associates,
Chicago, 1970
[2.3] CAVANAGH J.J.F.: Digital Computer Arithmetic,
McGrawHill, NY, 1984
[2.4] DASGUPTA S.: Computer architecture and VLSI Hardware,
Prentice Hall, NJ, 1989
[2.5] GOLDSCHLAGER H.H., LISTER A.: Computer Science: a
modern introduction, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1982
[2.6] GORSLINE G.W.: Computer Organization: Hardware and
Software, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1980.
[2.7] HUNT R., SHELLEY J.: Computers and commonsense,
PrenticeHall, London, 1979
[2.8] KRISHNAMURTHY E.V.: Introductory Theory of Computer
Science, SpringerVerlag, NY, 1983
[2.9] KULISCH V.W., MIRANKER W.L.: Computer arithmetic in
theory and practice, Academic Press, NY, 1980
[2.10] MANO M.M.: Computer systems architecture, PrenticeHall,
NJ, 1993
[2.11] PAGE E.S., WILSON L.B.: Information, representation and
manipulation in a Computer, Cambridge University Press, 1978
[2.12] PATTERSON D.A., HENNESY J.L.: Computer organization
and design: the hardware/software interface, Morgan
Kaufmann Publ., CA, 1994
[2.13] RANDELL B.: The origin of digital Computers, Studies in
the history of Mathematics and Physical Sciences,
SpringerVerlag, NYHeidelbergBerlin, 1975
[2.14] SANDERS D.H.: Computers Today, McGrawHill, 1985
[2.15] SHIVA S.G.: Computer Design and Architecture, H. Collins
Publ., NY, 1991
[2.16] STERN R.A., STERN N.: An introduction to Computers and
Information Processing, J. Wiley & Sons, NYChichester, 1985

:
[2.5], [2.7], [2.14],
[2.16] [2.8]


.
[2.10], [2.4] [2.15]

. [2.13]
[2.17]
.

74

K E A A I O 2 :

[2.17] VON NEUMANN J.: The Computer and the Brain, Yale
University Press, New Haven, CN, 1958

.

.

:
,

MICR OCR
,


(I/O units)
(MICR)
(OCR)
(modem)
POS
(UPC)
(printers)
(desktop publishing)
(pixels)
, (random access)
(floppy disks)

E
(/) 1946,
/ 195060.
/

76

KEAAIO 3:

.
() ,
.
.


, /.

. / [Input/Output (I/O)] ,
(peripheral devices). CPU . , (interface) (
)
CPU . .
,
.

3.1

3.1

/
( ) (markreading, marksensing), (Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition) MICR (Optical
Character Recognition) OCR.
(teletypewriter)
TV.

,
, .
( ). .
.
3.1.1

H , H. Hollerith 1889.
, , (coding
forms),
,
. ( )
80 .
12 (
), ,
. 80
80

77

78

KEAAIO 3:

.
, ,
, .
.
1 , .
,
,
.
(channels)
8 .
,
.
.
()
, ..
,

, .. .
3.1.2

, , , .
:
(i) : (Mark Sense Reading)
(ii) (Magnetic
Ink Character Recognition MICR).
(iii) (Optical Character
Recognition OCR).
,

3.1

,
.
(i) : ,
.

.
,
,
.
(ii) (MICR):

. 1966
(standards) MICR
(fonts), 13
... U.K., CMC7 ( U.K.).
13 09 ,
,

.
CMC7 09,
() .
. 1, 0.
MICR 1.200 .
MICR ,
. ,
: ,
, ,
.
(iii) A X (OCR): OCR

79

80

KEAAIO 3:

.
,
(
) .
. ( )
, .
3.1.3

(Teletypewriter
terminal), (key board), ( )
(hard copy) , .
[Visual Display Units (VDU)] .
, .

. , (hardwiring) ,
(remote link)
( ).

(modem), .

3.1

.
H (bar codes)

, .. [PointOfSale
(POS) terminals]. , , .
.

.
(),
.
(disk
drivers), (page scanners),
(voice recognition units),
CPU. , ..
, .

.
. , ..
(mouse) , (touch screen), (light pens), (joy
sticks), .

81

KEAAIO 3:

82

(source data automation)

OCR, ,
, MICR .
(bar code readers),
OCR,
[Universal Product Code (UPC)]
.
(automatic teller machines), /, (debit cards), , POS , ,
[Facsimile (fax)] (transactions).
, , (digitizer tablets), .

3.1

, :
OCR, DMA, WORM, MICR, , .

3.2

, , . .
.
(i)

3.2

(hard copies)
(soft copies) .

(line printer). (fonts) .
, .
,
, .
, ,

. ,
.
(hard copies) (impact) (nonimpact) .
[.. dotmatrix,
(daisywheel)],
,
[.. (band printer), , ], .
, (inkjet printers) laser,
(desktop publishing).
(ii)
(graph plotters).
, , , ,

83

84

KEAAIO 3:

(0.010.001 ) . ,
CPU ,
.

/ .
(iii) (VDU)

, [Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT)], . [Visual Display Units (VDU)] , ..
, ,

.
(dotmatrix).
5002.000 .
(RGB monitor).
(pixel). , (resolution).
(iv)
, , .
(software)
, ..
, ,
. ,
, , -

3.2

.
(v) (COM)
(Computer Output Microfilm COM) .

16 35 mm. ,

,
.
COM
, .. . COM,
,
.
(vi)

,


(standard).
, . ,
.
, ,
.

,

,
. (.. COM),
-

85

KEAAIO 3:

86

, .. , , , ,
. (image
processing). E
video, , , ..

3.2

(resolution)
() , () , () (pixels) , () , () .

3.3
,
(temporary) .
,
(permanent) (backing stores). .
() ,
,
, ,
() .
:
(i) ,

Kbytes, Mbytes, Gbytes (1 GB = 103 MB = 106
KB = 109 Bytes).
(ii) , .

3.3

(iii) ,

Mbytes/sec.
(iv) .
(v) .

CPU. : (serial) (direct).

(random
access). .
.. ,
. A , ' .

, .
, . , ( ) ,
(random access), .
(direct)
(indexed)
. ,

.
.
, .

87

KEAAIO 3:

88

3.3.1

,
.

, 0,5 502.400 .
, 1 0,
(tracks), . ,
,
.

, ,
( )
/.
3.3.2

(mainframes) ,
.
(disk drive).
,
. (diskpack)
0.5 , 2.000 .
,
.
(tracks)

3.3

bits, ,
(sector) .
( ) . ,
,
. 14
800 ,
15.360 . , 6
122.880.000 (15.360 . 800 .
10 . 6 . ).

(density), ( )
.
, .
3.3.3

(floppydisks) ,
.
,
(diskette), 50
8 .
77 985.688 ( ).
8 51/4 [
1.2 . (M)]
31/2 1.44 .

89

90

KEAAIO 3:

(POS) (word
processing).

(softsectored) (formatting) . (double sided)
/,
.

(addresses) , .

.
Winchester, , ,
. / (head crash),
.

(smart cards),
.
, ,
. (flashmemory), (laptops,
notebooks).
3.3.4

,
.


. -

3.3

, .
: (i)
, (ii) , (iii)
.


. CPU
/.
3.3.5

(optical storage).
[Compact Disks (CD)]
(laser) :
CDROMs, , WORMCDs, CDs,
(erasable CDs).
CDROM 650Mbytes . CDROM
.
(master)
.
CDROM
(CDROM drives)
(multimedia), .. ,
(CorelDraw),
. CDROM
.
WORMCDs -

91

KEAAIO 3:

92

3Gbytes ,

.
(multifunction drives) WORMCDs
.
3.3.6

(.. ) CPU. CPU

(buses) .
[Direct
Memory Access (DMA)].
CPU . / (DMA controller),
,
.

3.3

, :

3.4

, :

, , ,
, , , , ,

CDROM, , , , ( ), , ,
MICR

3.3

(DMA)
:
WORMCD, (buses) , CDROM,
(DMA controllers), OCR,

(users)
(back up) ()
.
(back up procedures)
.
( )

.

;
100 .

/ (I/O) CPU ,
CPU

.
( ) .

(mark reading),
(MICR), (OCR).

93

3.5

3.1

KEAAIO 3:

94

(input)
: , , , (disk drivers), (page
scanners), , (digitizers)
.
(output) : (VDU), ,
(printers), (plotters),
, , , /.
B

[3.1] COLDSCHLAGER H.H., LISTER A.: A Computer Science: a

modern introduction, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1982
[3.2] EDWARDS B.: PC Computing for absolute beginners, Sigma
Press, Wilmslow, England, 1993
[3.3] GORSLINE G.W.: Computer Organization: Hardware and
Software, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1980

:
[3.1], [3.3] . a a
[3.6],[3.8]

. [3.5]



,

.

[3.4] LANGHOLZ G., FRANCIONI J., KANDEL A.: Elements of

computer organization, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1989
[3.5] LEEBAERT D. (Ed): Technology 2001: the future of Computing
and Communications, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1991
[3.6] MANO M.M.: Computer system architecture, PrenticeHall,
NJLondon, 1993
[3.7] MILLER G.A.: The psychology of communication, Basic Books,
NY, 1967
[3.8] PATTERSON D.A., HENNESSY J.L.: Computer organization
and design: the Hardware/Software interface, MorganKaufmann
Publ., San Mateo, CA, 1994
[3.9] SIEWIOREK D., BELL C.G., NEWELL A.: Computer
structures: principles and examples, McGrawHill, NY, 1982
[3.10] WEIZENBAUM J.: Computer power and human reason: from
judgement to calculation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1976

.

.

, :

, ..
(Internet), ,
(email)





(CDROMs)


(Internet)
(email)


(animation)
(hypertext)

96

KEAAIO 4: Y

E
, , .
, , , , , ,
.
.

, . , ,
.

, .. .

. . J.
Gutenberg (1438),
,
,
.

, . '
: (1) (Internet), .. , , , (2)
, , (3) ( )

4 . 1

(robots) ,
, ., (4) '
' (High Performance Computing)
(supercomputing), .. ,

(computer animation),
,
, .. .
.

. . , .
4.1

:
4.1.1 ,

. ,
. 0 1, . , 0

(), 1, , .
4.1.2

,
, -

97

98

KEAAIO 4: Y

, .
, . ,
.. , , , , .
4.1.3

(CDROMs)
() , .
,
.. 20 Oxford English Dictionary
CDROM, (pits) .
, (laser)
0 1.
4.1.4

.
, ,
. ,
. (management)
. ,

, .
(information highways)

4 . 1

, .
(faxes).
.
(Internet),
, ,
. . . 1965 130 , 1994 (fiberoptic)
500.000 .

,
.
() ,
. fax,
(email) (
),
.
4.1.5

, (pipeline).
(bandwidth)
.
.
, , () .

,
.
.
,

99

100

KEAAIO 4: Y

, .
Internet ..., 1960
.
. , ,
,

.
,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
(, ).
O , , ..

.
4.1.6

(chips)
. , /
(chip) (transistors).
( ) . ,

4 . 1

101

,
. Intel 1971 , 60.000 (adds/sec). 25
chips :
1974

(290.000 adds/sec)

1979

(330.000 adds/sec)

1982

(900.000 adds/sec)

1985

(5.500.000 adds/sec)

1989

(20.000.000 adds/sec)

1993

(100.000.000 adds/sec)

1995

(250.000.000 adds/sec)

1997

(500.000.000 adds/sec)

(Internet) .
, :
, ,
, , , , ,

(Internet);
() A (email).
() (real time)
.
()
.
() A .
() .

4.1

4.2

102

KEAAIO 4: Y

4.2

. :
1. ,
CDROM,
, .
2. (special effects) ..
. . 48
, (tracks)
. ,
(animation) ,
CDROM.

(virtual actors),

.
.
3. Internet, 1995 20 180 .
4. CDROM,
(layers)
. 20

, CDROMs.

4.2

5.
.
.

. ,
,
.
, .. ,

. 190 .
..
.

(
Kilauea),
( Manua Kea,
Hawaii),
.
6.
.
,
. 10 . . , , .

103

104

KEAAIO 4: Y

7. .
, , .


. . , , ,
.
8. . ( )
.. ,

,
.
, , , .
.
, ,
,
.
9. .
,



.
.

4 . 3

CDROM:
() 20 .
()

.

105

4.3

() 0 1.
() .
() () ().
() (), () ().

(fan site) (Internet) Fox Mulder XFiles

Luke Skywalker Star Wars, S. Spielberg B. Clinton.
: () video; () video
; () (animation); () (virtual actors);

4.3

, ..
, ,
. Internet.

, :
i)

,

.

4.4

106

KEAAIO 4: Y

ii) ()
, , , (notebooks) . ,
,
.
iii) , , , ,
.
:
a) T (Local Area Networks), ..
LAN, .
b) T (Metro Area Networks),
.
c) T (Wide Area Networks), ..
, ,
.
iv) ,
.. , . , , . , , ,
, . .


.
v) ,

4 . 3

, .

:
1) H (email):
, email . .
2) Y (hypertext):
, . ,
.
3) : , ,


,
.
4) A : ,

. , , .
5) : , ,
,

.
6) A : ..
.

107

KEAAIO 4: Y

108

, , .
7) N :
, .

4.5

, :
, , (), , ,
, , , , ,

4.4

199899
:
1) pentium ( 450 MHz)
, (DRAM) ( 64 MB).
2) [Printed Circuit
Board (PCB)], .. PCI (Programmable Communication Interface)
32 bits, video
(throughput) .
3) (portability) (lithium ion battery),
.
4)
CDROM .
5)

4 . 4

109

video .
6) (3.2
GB), ,
.
7) (.. Windows 98),

(multitasking), (interface) .
8) , .
.
9) ,

.
10) ,
PCI , ,
, , .

, :
, CDROM, , , ,

, . , ; 100 .
.

4.6

4.1

KEAAIO 4: Y

110

:
,
, , .
(Internet) ,
(,
).
() , ().
, , : , (special effects), , CDROM,
, , ,
, .

: , , , , . :
(email), , ,
, , , .

111

[4.1] ARBIB M.A.: Brains, machines and Mathematics, Springer,

Berlin, 1987
[4.2] EVANS C.: The making of the micro: a history of the
computer, V. Collanz Ltd., London, 1981
[4.3] FOSDICK L.D., JESSUP E.R., SCAUBLE C.J.C., DOMIK
G.: An introduction to high performance scientific computing,
the MIT press, Cambridge, Mass, 1996
[4.4] FRATES j., MOLDRUP W.: Computers and Life, an
integrative approach, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1983
[4.5] GOTLIEB C.C., BORODIN A.: Social issues in Computing,
Academic Press, NY, 1973
[4.6] HALSALL F.: Data communications, computer networks and
open systems, AddisonWesley Publ., Reading, Mass., 1992
[4.7] KROL E. The whole Internet: users guide and catalog,
OReilly & Assocs, Sebastopol, CA, 1992
[4.8] LEEBAERT D. (Ed.): Technology 2001: the future of
computing and communications, MIT Press, CA, 1991
[4.9] SANDERS D.H.: Computers Today, Mc GrawHill, NY, 1985
[4.10] TANENBAUM A.: Computer Networks, PrenticeHall, 1988

:
[4.4], [4.5], [4.1]


. [4.6]
[4.10]

,, [4.8]




.
[4.7]
(Internet),
[4.2]
.

: ,

,
, .
. ,
, / .

:


, ,
,

(machine language)

(assembler)
(translator)
(compiler)

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

114

,
(debugging)
(testing)
(flow chart)
(structure plan)

E
(.. , .) , ,
. . , ,
. , , . ( ) () .

( /, , CPU
).
.
,
.
,
.

. ,
. :
i)
ii)
iii) .

,
(D. Hilbert, 19 ).

(incompleteness) (K. Gdel, 1931), ,
A. Church, S. Kleene A. Turing .
(thesis) ChurchTuring,

.


,
.

, .

, .
,
.
. .
.
.

. .
, .

115

116

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

5.1

,
. ,
.
(machine language)
(hardware) . (). ( )

. , .
.
5.2

,
. (mnemonics) , , .. 1001 () 09 () ,
MULT. MULT

1001. , (assembler).

,

5.1 / 5.3

117

(assembles) .
(assembly codes).

.
,
, (low level languages) .

:
:
() ()
, () .
() , ..
MULT.
() .
()
(hardware) .

5.3

195060 ()
(high level languages). ,
,


. ( /) -

5.1

118

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.
.. , . d = a b+c, (FORTRAN) : D = A * B + C,
.
5.4 (compilation process)

.
(assembly languages) , (assembler).
(compiler),

, .
,
[] (source program),
,
[] (object
program),
.
,

,
, (translators), .
(interpreter) ,
. (compiler)
, ,
. (..
PC) -

5 . 4

,
(linkage editor linking loader).


. ,

. FORTRAN
FORTRAN
.
, .
,

.
. ,
, CPU,
, CPU .
, ,
.
, : , , (interactive).
:

. ,
.

. -

119

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

120

5.2

:

, (compilers)
(interpreters):
()
.
() .
() ,
.
() ,
, .

5.3

, :

5.4

(compilation) : () ,
() , ()
, () , ()
() ().

, , , ,
, , (interactive), ,
.

5 . 5

, , ;

5.5

(), , ,
.
195060
. J. E. Sammet Programming
Languages: History and Fundamentals (1967) 120
, 20
, 35 , 50 15 .

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). J.
Backus 1954. FORTRAN, , . American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) 1966,
FORTRAN 77 (1977) FORTRAN 90
(1991). ( ) (multiprocessor systems).
LISP (LISt Processing),
(functional programming), J.
McCarthy (MIT) 1959. Church Curry.

121

5.5

122

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.
,
.
ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
195960.
ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68. Triplex ALGOL
60, Karlsruhe, .
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
... 196162 (G. Hopper),

.
BASIC (Beginers Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
196061 (J. Kemmeny, T. Kurtz)
,
. BASIC
, .

.
: Basica, GWBASIC, Turbo BASIC, Quick BASIC, Visual BASIC.
PL/1 (K. verson) 196667

FORTRAN COBOL,
. PL/1 , .
PASCAL (K.
Jensen, N. Wirth) 197172 ALGOL.
.
SIMULA (O. Dahl, B. Myhrhang, A.

5 . 5

Nygaard) 196566, ALGOL .

PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic)
197080 . PROLOG
.


.
, (
LISP) .
C DECPDP11 (D. Ritchie)
197273 BCPL , . Unix
C . C
,
Assembly. C
. C++ to 198687
[Object Oriented Programming (OOP)].
H SMALLTALK 197576
.
SMALLTALK 80
Xerox PARC. ,
( ) .
,
.
MODULA 197576 (N. Wirth)
.
MODULA PASCAL

123

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

124

(modules),
.
.
MODULA2 (1980) MODULA3 (1988),
( 5.6).
ADA 198182 , .
.
Visual BASIC Visual C++
(visual) , (interfaces)
.

5.6

, :

5.7

FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, Visual C++, ADA, PROLOG, Visual

BASIC

() FORTRAN ().
() PASCAL ADA
UNIX.
() COBOL
(, .). 2000,
, .. 99 1999.
()
, Visual
BASIC Visual C++.

5 . 6

5.6

, .
(procedural definition), ,

,

,
. .

. , () , ..
.

() .

. :
(1) (data abstraction),
, ..
1, 2 bytes .
(2) (procedural abstraction),
, .

,

125

126

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.
, .
,
. ,
( ) (hardware).
( )
.

Turing
. H Turing (A.
M. Turing, 1936), ,
.
,
.
.
(object oriented programming) .

,
. : (i)

(ii) ,
,
.

-

5 . 6

, .. COM (Common
Object Model) Microsoft, DSOM (Distributed System Object
Model) IBM ., ().

OOP. O
.
: , (encapsulation).
(classes), .
C++ C,
C ,

, C++
.
.
C++
.

,
.
, , , (abstraction).
(modules), , .

-

127

128

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

.

, .
,
.
,
. .

, (visual programming).


.


.
Visual
BASIC Microsoft.
.

, .
,
,
, .

5 . 6

Visual C++,
.

,
(Windows '98) (QuickWin).
(interfaces) . SQL
(Structured Query Language),
(.. COBOL)
Visual BASIC
Windows. FORTRAN,

C.
, , .
(FORTRAN, COBOL,
PL/1 .) .
(4th Generation Languages)
.

,
198090
, ... (ESPRIT Project),
.

129

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

130

[Very High Level Language (VHLL)].

.

(inferenceengine) . ,
.
.
:
(i) [Object Oriented
Languages (OOL)], .. Visual BASIC, C++, Borland
Delphi ..
(ii) [Visual Programming
Languages (VPL)], .. Microsoft Visual BASIC Visual
C++, Borland C++ Builder, Sybase Power ++.
: Sun Java Workshop,
IBM Visual Age ..
(iii)
Languages (DL)], .. PROLOG.

[Descriptive

5.8

, :

5.9

(OOP),
:

, , , , ,

, , , , ,

5 . 6 / 5 . 7

OOP
;
() H
.
() O
.
() T .
() O

.
() T .

5.7

,
.
.
1. : ,
, .
, .
2. :

.
.
3. :

.

131

5.10

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

132

4. : , ..
(key board) .
5. : . ,
(.. )
(.. ).
(diagnostics).
6. : .
. (debugging)
.
7. :
. (
) .

. (testing), ,
.
, .

5.11

:
, , , ,
, , , , , , , ,

5 . 8

133

5.8

,
.
.
(flow chart).
,
,
(documentation)
.

(treecharts), (decision tables), HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output),
WarnierOrr, (structure plans) .
J. von Neumann (1945)
, ,

.

.
, 5.1.
A T
E
A (: / )
E

5.1

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

134

()
. , .
,
,
, ,
, . .
5.1: .

(records) (file).
, , , ,
, . .
21 26
. .

, 21 26, .
.
(EOF).

5.12

, :
, , ,
HIPO Warnier Orr, ,
, , ,

5 . 8 / 5 . 9

135

APXH

BAE TON METPHTH!

IA THN HIKIA!
IO ME MHEN

IABAE!
HPOOPIE !
AO MIA EPAH

EINAI!
NAI
H TEEYTAIA!
EPAH

PAE TON !
METPHTH!
HIKIA

TEO

OXI

OXI

EINAI!
H HIKIA!
METAY!
21 26
NAI

POEE 1 TON!
METPHTH HIKIA

5.9

,
, ,
.
(systems charting),
,
. -

5.2

5.1

136

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

. ( )
.
, , .
(project management software) ,
.
.
PERT Gantt.
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
,
,
Gantt
. , CASE (Computer Assisted
Software Engineering).

(assembler)

,

.
(compiler)
.
(source)
, ,
(object) .

: , (assembly) .
: , ,
(interactive).

: FORTRAN, LISP, ALGOL, COBOL, BASIC, PL/1,
PASCAL, PROLOG, C, SMALLTALK, MODULA, ADA, Visual
BASIC, Visual C++.
(procedural),
(object oriented) (visual) .
,
.
: , .

137

138

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

: , , ,
, ,
.
(flow charts)
(documentation) . , , HIPO WarnierOrr, .
. PERT
, , Gantt
.

XXX

139

[5.1] ABELSON H., SUSSMAN G.J.: Structure and interpretation

of Computer programs, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1985
[5.2] Active Memory Technology: FORTRANPlus Language,
Irvin, CA, 1987
[5.3] AHO A.V., SETHI R., ULLMAN J.D.: Compilers: principles,
techniques and tools, AddisonWesley, Reading, MA, 1986
[5.4] BENTLEY J.L.: Writing efficient programs, PrenticeHall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982
[5.5] BENTLEY J.L.: Programming pearls, AddisonWesley,
Mass, 1986
[5.6] BLACKLOCK P.: Computer Programming, Blackwell Ltd.,
Oxford, 1993
[5.7] CHANTY K.M., KESSELMAN C.: Compositional C++:
compositional parallel programming, California Institute of
Technology, 1992
[5.8] DAHL O.J., DIJKSTRA E.W., HOARE C.A.R.: Structured
Programming, Academic Press, London, 1972
[5.9] GHESS C., JAZAVERI M.: Programming language concepts,
J. Wiley, 1982
[5.10] GOLDBERG A., ROBSON D.: Smalltalk80: the language
and its implementations, AddisonWesley, Reading, Mass,
1983
[5.11] HARVEY B.: Computer Science LOGO style: intermediate
programming, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1985
[5.12] HOROWITZ E. (ed.): Programming languages: a grand tour,
Computer Science Press, Rockville, Maryland, 1987
[5.13] KNUTH D.E.: The Art of Computer Programming, Vol.
1,2,3,4, AddisonWesley publ., Reading, Mass
[5.14] KOFFMAN E.B.: Pascal: problem solving and program
design, AddisonWesley, Reading, Mass, 1988
[5.15] LEDGARD H., MARCOTTY M.: The programming
language landscape, Science research Associates, Chicago,
1981

:
[5.3]



(compilers).
[5.5], [5.6] , [5.8]


.
[5.13]
4 Prof.
D. Knuth (Stanford Univ.,
USA): 1:
, 2:

, 3: , 4:
.
[5.20], [5.12], [5.9],
[5.21], [5.15], [5.19]
[5.26]



.

FORTRAN 77

FORTRAN 90 ( )
[5.16].

140

K E A A I O 5 : : ,

[5.16] ..: FORTRAN 77

FORTRAN 9X, , 1989
[5.17] Mc KELVY M.: Visual BASIC 5: Study Guide, MCSD, NY,
1995
[5.18] ORGANICK E.I., FORSYTHE A.I., PLUMMER R.P.:
Programming language structures, Academic Press, NY, 1978
[5.19] PRATT T.W.: Programming languages: design and
implementations, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1984
[5.20] SAMMET J.E.: Programming languages: history and
fundamentals, PrenticeHall, London, 1968
[5.21] SETHI R.:Programming languages:concepts &
constructs,AddWesley 1989
[5.22] STEEL G.L.: Common LISP, Digital Press, Burlington, Mass,
1984
[5.23] STROUSTRUP B.: The C++ programming language,
AddisonWesley, Reading, MA, 1986
[5.24] THORNE M.: Computer organization and assembly language
programming (for IBM PCs and compatibles),
BenjaminCummings Publ., Reading, Mass, 1993
[5.25] WEGNER P.: Programming with ADA: an introduction by
means of graduate examples, Prentice hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, 1980
[5.26] WEXELBLAT R.L. (ed): History of programming languages,
Academic Press, NY, 1981
[5.27] WIRTH N.: Programming in Modula2, SpringerVerlag,
NY, 1985
[5.28] YOUNG S.J.: An introduction to ADA, Ellis Horwood,
Chichester, 1984

, .
, ,
.

:

(windows)
UNIX
, ,




(operating system)

(windows)

(cursor)

(mouse)

(real time)

(time sharing)

UNIX



(network)

(distributed processing)

142

K E A A I O 6 :

E
(operating system).
, (batch processing), (multiprogramming),
(time sharing), (real time).

.
(configuration) ,
,
( ),
(CPU), ,
,
CPU
CPU.

.

/ .
CPU
(speed missmatch)
CPU (
) () .

/
.

20.000300.000 . ,
, ,
.

6 . 1

, :
, , ,
, , (TS), (real time), (PC).

6.1

(batch) () , . ,
,
. .
(batchprocessing)
( )
.

, , CPU (offline operation).
,

.
, .
(interactive processing)
.

(transaction processing), .

143

6.1

144

K E A A I O 6 :

()
(satellite)
.
,

. (batches) ..

,

.
:
(online processing)
.

, , .
.

, , , , .

.
6.2

(Operating System)

. ()
() ,
,
.

6 . 2

( )
. ,
(i)
(ii)
.
(system control
commands)
. , (records) , ( )
(.. $ ). ( )
(job),
, . ( )
,

. ,
.

, , .
,
, . (kernel)
(supervisor),
. -

145

146

K E A A I O 6 :

,
.
(i)
(multiprogramming),
,
, (ii) (multitasking) , (iii) (multiprocessing),
(CPUs) , . (virtual memory) , . , ,
.
:
(i) (memory management),
, (ii) ,
.. / (spooling), (text editing), (batch files), (root directory), (subdirectories) (file
allocation table) ,
(iii) (device drivers) , ..
CDROM, .

(linkage editors),

.
: -

6 . 2

,
, , ,
, .
: PCDOS (IBM)
MSDOS (IBM), OS/2 (IBM),
(penbased computers), Pen Point (GO)
Windows for Pen Computing (Microsoft),
Apple Computers
. (Windows) ,
, , . UNIX, Novell
NetWare AppleShare, .
:
(i) MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) 16 .
(ii) VM (Virtual Machine),
,
. .
(iii) TSO (Time Sharing Option),
.

: CICS (Customer Information Control System),
(supervisor)
(monitor)
, CMS (Conversational Monitoring System), -

147

148

K E A A I O 6 :

, , , . CICS CMS
() .
Apple Computer
Apple Macintosh QuickTime, , , Microsoft
Windows, QuickTime.
6.2.1 (Windows)

(graphical interfaces)

DOS (windows).
[Graphical User Interface (GUI)]
(), , .
, .
DOS
(multitasking) ( 640 Kbytes).

(menus), (cursor) (mouse). DOS .

.
, .. , , , ,
.,
, .. Word
(Microsoft), Word Perfect, ToolBook ( ),

6 . 2

CorelDraw ( ) . O Windows
DOS, ,
Windows NT
. :
(Windows)

(mouse) .

.
, .. , , , .
.
(fonts).

,
.

.

() .
.
6.2.2 UNIX

UNIX Bell
& 1969 (). UNIX
C,
(portability), . UNIX, .. XENIX (Microsoft),
A/UX (Apple), AIX (IBM), (Sun RISC, NeXT .).

149

K E A A I O 6 :

150

UNIX ,
. UNIX ()
, (shells).
(interface) UNIX
. UNIX
. UNIX
, ,
.
UNIX:
UNIX

6.2

cat

cp

lp

ls

mkdir

mv

rmdir

pwd

:
, , ,
, , ,

6 . 2 / 6 . 3

x
:
:
MVS

WORD

MSDOS

TEX

TSO

Sun RISC

VM

OS/2

UNIX

6.3

, , .
, , ALU
.

,
, ..
P1 ,
P2,
/ P1, P2,
P3.
. (jobs),
, (queue) ,
.. . ALU
.
[supervisor monitor
(IBM) executive (ICL)].

6.3

151

152

K E A A I O 6 :

, ,
.
,
.
(direct access).

(partitions). ,
, ,
.
.
(transfer monitor)
,
. J .
(turnaround time)
J.
6.4

(Timesharing)
,
(resources)
,
. .
. -

6 . 4

,
. CPU

.
[time sharing (TS)]

(.. VDU), ( ) , .
TS
(.. )
(.. ). (supervisor)
TS, , .
TS . TS
( 10 ), . .. ,


/,
, . , .
. (swapping process)

153

154

K E A A I O 6 :

. ,
, , ,
, (.. ).
TS
, 10
( ).

() TS ,
TS.
6.5

(realtime system)
. CPU
() ,
( ) .
(..
) (..
).
(process control system)
.


. (transaction systems)
.
.

6 . 5 / 6 . 6

timesharing
,
,
. ,
, ,
(backup).
,
(failsafe) .
(realtime processing)

, CPU . ( ) , (transactions).

,
.
, , .

.
6.6

(timesharing)
.

(computer network system).

, -

155

156

K E A A I O 6 :

,
. (.. COM )
() .

.

,
, ( ) , ..
, , ,
. .
, ,
(project)
.
(.. cryptolopes, IBM), .

on line ,
,
.
6.7

[Distributed Processing System (DPS)] ,

.
, .

6 . 7

,
. , .. , ,
.

,
.

,
( ) , ,
.

,
,
.

, ,
.
(distributed systems) ,
(distributed data files)
.
.


.

157

K E A A I O 6 :

158

, . . (.. )

.
:


.
.
.
(hardware)
(software).

, .


, VDU . (CPU)

.
CPU
(/, , ).

6.4

. ;

6 . 7

, . ,
;
100 .

:
, , (time sharing), (real time).

.
, .
(on line processing) .


,
. , (multitasking)
.

, .
(mainframe) : MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage), VM (Virtual

159

6.1

160

K E A A I O 6 :

Machine), TSO (Time Sharing Option),

: PCDOS, MSDOS,
OS/2.
(Windows)
, DOS.
UNIX C ,

.

(TS) ,
.
(computer network) ,
,

() .
(DPS) ,
.

161

[6.1] ANDERSEN P.K.: Just enough UNIX, Irwin.

[6.2] BARON R.J., HIGBIE L.: Computer Architecture: Case
Studies, Electrical & Comp. Engng, AddisonWesley, NY, 1992
[6.3] COOLING J.E.: Software design for real time systems,
Chapman & Hall, London, 1991
[6.4] GEAR C.W.: Computer organization and Programming, Mc
GrawHill, London Tokyo, 1980
[6.5] HALSALL F.: Data communications, computer networks and
open systems, AddisonWesley Publ., Reading, MA, 1992
[6.6] KAY J., KUMMERFELD B.: C Programming in a UNIX
environment, AddisonWesley Publ., Reading, MA, 1988
[6.7] LEE Y.H., KRISHNA C.M.: Readings in real time systems,
IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1993
[6.8] MANO M.M.: Computer system architecture, PrenticeHall,
NJ London, 1993
[6.9] PATTERSON D.A., HENNESSY J.L.: Computer architecture:
the hardware/software interface, M.Kaufmann Press, CA, 1994
[6.10] SOBELL M.G.: A practical guide to the UNIX system, The
Benjamin/Cummings Publ., Redwood City, CA, 1984

:
[6.8], [6.4], [6.9]
[6.2]

.
[6.3] [6.7] ,
UNIX
[6.1]
[6.10].

.
.

:



,

VLSI
(virtual memory)




, ,
E

. , -

164

K E A A I O 7 :

, ,
J. von Neumann ( , ), A. Turing (
) C. Shannon ( Boole ).
, .

7.1

7.1

( ) .
,
,

(hardware) (software) .
. 1968
, .
,
.
(19401952): .

. .
(19521964):
( ,
, .). ,
. , ,

. , .
,
, . , (throughput)
.
(FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL .)

165

166

K E A A I O 7 :

(machine symbolic coding).

(19641976): ,
,
, , (1 nsec = 109 sec).
0.250.50 ,
0.5
12 , (integrated circuit). , Solid Logic
Technology (SLT),
. . / ,

. 3 ,
.
,
( multiprogramming, time
sharing, multiaccess, virtual memory .).


(problem oriented) (procedure
oriented) (PL/1, RPG .),
.
(19761984):
,

. , , .

7.1

197080 (virtual memory),

1
.

1971, [agnetic
Bubble Memory (MBM)].
() , 3 m ,
() .
1,
0.
,
. , .
[Large Scale Integration (LSI)],
,
(semiconductors). ,
, (backing stores)
.
LSI
(chip),
0.25 , 20.000
.
(pocket handcalculators)
.
(microprocessor chips)
.

MOS (Metal Oxide Silicon) ,

167

168

K E A A I O 7 :

(microcomputers)
(minicomputers).
(19822000):
.
:
(i) :
, .. , , .
(ii) : ( )
, (
: ) .
.
(iii) :
,
FORTRAN, PASCAL, COBOL, BASIC ADA,
,
.
.
,
.
(iv) :
chips,
[Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)], .
, -

7.1

169

( ,
, ).
, , , (chips),

. 10 chip .

(biochip), , .


, .
,
. T
( , )
. . (biocomputers) (,
.) .

( 1 6)
:
[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ] VLSI

[ ] (TS)

[ ]

[ ] MOS

[ ] LSI

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

7.1

K E A A I O 7 :

170

7.2

,
, :
, , LSI, ,
, , ,
, VLSI, , , ,

7.2

1.3.1 ,
:
7.2.1

(mini computers) 1960, .

1962 (Hughes HCH201),
PDP8,
1965 Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC). ,
, . ,

( 25 ), ,
5.000 ( 1981).
, ,
, .
.
7.2.2

(microcomputers)

7 . 2

197080.
(microprocessor),
()
/.
1971 INTEL
(chip) INTEL 4004.

(Large
Scale Integration LSI). LSI
chip , () . (MicroProcessor UnitsMPU)
, / .
, / .
MPU
chips. . , ,

, . , :
/ .
[ (word processing), , , , .].
,
.
.
.
-

171

172

K E A A I O 7 :

, .. , ,
. 4
bits, 8 bits 16 bits. 16 bits

.
32 bits, RAM chip 64 KB
chip.
chip,
chip, ,
, (Gallium Arsenide) chip.
, CRAY3,
.
7.2.3

, (Supercomputer).
,
.
: (i) A
, (ii)
, (iii)
, (iv) von Neumann, (v) .
T () von Neumann () , von Neumann . T (bottleneck)
CPU
,

. O .

7 . 2

: , , (array processors).

(SIMD) (MIMD).
.
7.2.4

(transistors). (optical computing)

, ,
.

. ,
, (crossbar) .

.

. O
.

(finite state),
(latches) ( CPUs).
(bottleneck)
von Neumann. , .
, log2(N),

173

174

K E A A I O 7 :

von Neumann.
CPU.
, ,
() , , .
,
.
,

.
O (finite state machines)
von Neumann ,
,
. O .
.
.
,

(interface).
NOR (optical NOR
gate array), .
, [Integrated Optic Technology (IOT)].
7.3 (1950 1990)

.
,

7.3 (1950 1990)

, , , .
:
, ,
.

.

. [Operational Research Operations Research (OR)],

,
.
K (Critical
Path Analysis) (Linear Programming).
,
.
(Simulation) .
.

, ,
, [ (electronic publishing)], , ,
( , -

175

176

K E A A I O 7 :

),
(, ..).
.
,
. : , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ( ).
T ,

, ,
.
Apollo (), Pioneer () Voyager ( ). T
,
.

:
, , , , ,
, , ..

.

:
(194052):
(195264): ,
(196476): ,
(197684): , ,
, (LSI)
(198296):
(VLSI),
: ,
:
(i) : , ,
(ii) : ,
(iii) :
,
(iv) ( 1.3.1).

(mainframe), , . ,
, , .

177

K E A A I O 7 :

178

[7.1] CARBERY M.S. et al: Foundations of Computer Science,

Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD, 1979
[7.2] DASGUPTA S.: Computer Architecture and VLSI Hardware,
PrenticeHall, NJ, 1989
[7.3] DERTOUZOS M.L., MOSES J. (Eds): The Computer Age: a
twenty year view, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1979
[7.4] DEWAR R., SMOSNA M.: Microprocessors: a Programmers
point of view, McGrawHill, NY, 1990
[7.5] EVANS C.: The making of the Micro: a History of the
Computer, V. Gollancz Ltd., London, 1981
[7.6] FEIGENBAUM E.A., Mc CORDUCK P.: The fifth
generation, Artifial Intelligence and Japans challenge to the
World, AddisonWesley Publ., Reading, Mass, 1983
:
[7.3]




.

[7.10]

20 .
[7.9], [7.1], [7.12], [7.13]



.

[7.7] GORSLINE G.W.: Computer organization: Hardware and

Software, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1980
[7.8] HUTCHINS W.J.: Machine translation: past, present, future,
Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, 1986
[7.9] KRISHNAMURTHY E.V.: Introductory Theory of Computer
Science, SpringerVerlag, NY, 1983
[7.10] METROPOLIS N., HOWLETT J., ROTA G.C. (Eds): A
History of Computing in the twentieth century, Academic
Press, 1980
[7.11] MOTOOKA T. (Ed): Fifth generation Computer systems,
NorthHolland Publ., 1982
[7.12] SANDERS D.H.: Computers Today, McGrawHill, NY, 1985
[7.13] STERN N., STERN R.A.: Computing in the Information
Age, Wiley &sons, NY, 1993.

. , .
.

:

,





(Data Processing)
,
(multitasking)
(file)
(record)
(field)

PERT
CASE

DBMS
SQL

180

K E A A I O 8 :

PostScript


E
, (Data Processing),
,
.

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.
CPU
, ( ). ,
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1. T : , /
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2. T : , , , .
3. T : ,
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(1)
( ) ,

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(2) (computerized data processing system) ,
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181

182

K E A A I O 8 :

(.. ) .
:
(source documents),
, () ,
.
.
(i) : ,
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(ii) :


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(OCR).
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183

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(iv) :

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(3)
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8.1

184

K E A A I O 8 :

8.2

,
.. , ,
, 8. ,
, ,
.
1. (Multiprogramming): E
( CPU)

.
,

.
.


(jobs) .
2. (Multiprocessing): E
,
,
.
CPUs
.
.
-

8 . 2 / 8 . 3

185

(parallel computing). (multitasking)

.
(massive parallelism),
VLSI,
(High
Performance Computing) ().

.

8.3

, .. , , .,
(file).
(records), (fields) . , ..
,
, ,
, . , ,
, .. 5 .


(keyfield),
, ..

.


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8.2

186

K E A A I O 8 :

.
, .

(master file),
(transaction files), . .. ,
, , .,

, .
,

, ,
.

.
,
,
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.
:
(i) :
, , .
(ii) : , .


, -

8 . 3

.
,
[File Management System (FMS)].
To FMS
,
,
, , .
(iii) :
(..
), , ..
, .
, .
(iv) :
, ..
,
.
.
(v) : , ,
.
.
) : (sequential)
, .. , (
) . ,
,
.
) :
(Direct file organization)

187

K E A A I O 8 :

188

.
(FMS)
FMS , .
,

, , .. , .
, .. ,
.,
.

8.3

, :
, , ,
, , , , , .

8.4

. ,

. ,

.

. (adaptable) , -

8 . 4

(packages) ()
.
(software packages) , ,
. ,
() .


.
() , ( ), .. , .,
() (software houses),
(brokers) ,
.. , , ., () (turn key systems), , ()
(computer shops), .

.
8.4.1

, , :
1) (language processors), , FORTRAN,
C, BASIC, COBOL (, .).
Microsoft Basic, Clipper,
RM Cobol .
2) , -

189

190

K E A A I O 8 :

.
3) ,
.
4) , , , .
5) ,
.
6) , / (projects), , , , , , ,
.
7) ,
(debuggers), (screen editors), , . (utilities),
() , .. (sorting &
merging), (libraries), .
8) [Data Base
Management Systems (DBMS)].
9) ,
(Query Languages) ,
.
10) ( )
, 4 , , .

8 . 4

11) , , .
12) [Computer Aided
Design (CAD)], , 2 3 , , (plotters) .
CAD .
13) , , ,
, , , , ,
, .
14) [Desk Top Publishing (DTP)],
, .
( laser) ,
(electronic publishing).
Postscript (
) Postscript. . Postscript
(standard) (desk top publishing). ( )
( ) .
15) ,
-

191

192

K E A A I O 8 :

.

.

(
).
: Informix, Oracle (Oracle), Ingress, Sybase, dBase
Mac dBase IV (Ashton Tate), Clipper Compiler, Rbase (Microsoft), Reflex (Borland), Omnis3plus (Blyth).
: PC Paintbrush, MS Chart, Picture Publisher (Micrografx),
Designer (Migrografx), Show Partner, Boeig Graph, Photoshop
(Adobe), CorelDraw (Corel).
CAD:AutoCAD (AutoDesk), Generic CAD (Generic Software), Robo
CAD (Robosystems), PAFEC (PAFEC Ltd), Versa CAD (Tand
systems Inc).
: Ventura Publisher (Xerox), PageMaker
(Adobe), Documenter (Xerox), GEM (Digital Research),
ReadySetGo (Manhattan Graphics), QuarkXPress.
: Word (Microsoft), WordPerfect (Corel),
Vokswriter (LifeTree Software), Multimate (Ashton Tate),
GemWrite (Digital Research), TEX, LATEX, ChiWriter.
: Lotus 123, Excell (Microsoft), Symphony,
Multiplan.
E : Basic CompilerInterpreter (Microsoft),
MS
FORTRANCPASCALCOBOL (Microsoft), muLISP (Microsoft),
Quick Basic (Microsoft), FORTRAN90, Turbo BasicC PrologPascal (Borland), True Basic, RGB (Lattice), Macroassembler (Microsoft).
: Novel, Network (Microsoft), Lan Link
Multilink Advanced (Software Link), Grosstalk.
: muMATH (Microsoft),

8 . 4

Norton Utilities, turbo Basic database toolbox, Turbo Prolog

toolbox (Borland), Cobol tools (Microsoft), Lotus developer
tools.
: MSDOS (Microsoft), Unix (Xenix),
CP/M (Digital Research), PCDOS (Software Link), PCDOS
(Software Link), PCUNIX (Weldin), OS/2 (IBM), WINDOWS
NT (Microsoft).
(Computer Algebra Systems):
MATHEMATICA (Wolfram Research), muMATH, Maple,
REDUCE, MACSYMA, Derive, SMP, Stratchpad, MathCAD,
GAUSS, AXIOM (NAG), SIMATH, A#, MATLAB.

,
.
(Research and
Development (R&D)) (software) .
(software packages)
: , (word/text processing), (spreadsheets),
,
, (Decision
support systems).
(systems software) ,
(application software) ,

.
: (word processing), (data base management),
(spreadsheet), (email).
-

193

194

K E A A I O 8 :

(menu system).

(ROMresident packages)
.
(desktop organizers),
,
,
. TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident),
. (personal information
managers)
.
(utility
programs) (tasks) .
(disk organizers),
, ,
.
:
(i) [Desk Top Publishing (DTP)]:
.
(ii) (Statistical Packages):
, .. , .
SPSS, SAS, Minitab, Systat.
(iii) CAD/CAM:
[Computer Aided Design (CAD)] ,

8 . 4

195

.
[Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM)]
.
(vi) (Graphics Software): , .
,
, , ..
.
(bitmapped graphics),
, ,
, .
(vector graphics). , , ,
, . ,
(Clip rt package).
, :
, , , Clipper, DBMS, MIS,
FORTRAN, BASIC, PERT, CASE, C, RM COBOL, LATEX,
MATHEMATICA

( ):
(, , )
(, , )
(, , )
(, ,
)

8.3

8.4

K E A A I O 8 :

196

8.1

.
,



.

;
X 100 .

,
.
: ,
, , ,
.

.
(file) (records)
(fields).
(master file) (transaction files),
.
: , ,
, , .
,
.
:
, , -

 / B

, , , , , ,
, ,
, , (CAD),
, (DTP),
.
(utility programs) (tasks),
.

[8.1] ANDREWS H.C., HUNT B.R.: Digital Image Restoration,

PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., 1977
[8.2] AUSTING R.H., CASSEL L.N.: File organization and
access: from data to information, D.C. Heath & Co.,
Lexington, MA, 1988
[8.3] BALLARD D.H., BROWN C.M.: Computer Vision,
PrenticeHall, NY, 1982
[8.4] BENYON D.: Information and Data Modeling, Blackwell
Sc., Oxford, 1990
[8.5] BRATHWAITE K.S.: Data Administration: selected topics of
data control, J. Wiley, NY, 1985
[8.6] BRODLIE K.W., CARPENTER L.A., EARNSHAW R.A. et
al (eds): Scientific Visualization: Techniques and
Applications, SpringerVerlag, NY, 1992
[8.7] CLARK R.J.: Transform Coding of Images, Academic Press,
NY, 1985
[8.8] CORNSWEET T.N.: Visual Perception, Academic Press, NY,
1970
[8.9]

GONZALEZ R.C., THOMASON M.G.: Syntactic pattern

recognition: an introduction, AddisonWesley, Reading, Mass,

197

198

K E A A I O 8 :

1978
[8.10] GREEN W.B.: Digital Image Processing: a systems approach,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, 1983
[8.11] HALL G.M.: Image Processing: a management perspective,
McGrawHill, 1991
[8.12] HORN B.K.P.: Robot Vision, MsGrawHill, NY, 1986
[8.13] INGALSBE L.: Using Computers and Applications Software:
featuring Lotus 123, dBase III/III plus, Wordpefect,
Maxwell Mc Millan Int. Ed., Merrill, NY, 1986
[8.14] KNUTH D.E.: TEX and Metafont, new directions in
Typesetting, Digital Press, Belford, MA, 1981
[8.15] KNUTH D.E.: Computer and Typesetting, Vol.1: TEX,
AddisonWesley, Reading, Mass, 1986
[8.16] MENDEZ R.H. (ed): Visualization in Supercomputing,
SpringerVerlag, NY, 1990
:
[8.21], [8.5], [8.18],
[8.2] [8.20]

.
[8.19], [8.10], [8.11] [8.1]

.
[8.6], [8.16]
,

(visualization)
(supercomputing).

[8.17] MITCHEL, KING: Problem solving with Spreadsheets and

Databases, Hayden Mc Neil Publ., 1995
[8.18] MURACH M.: Business Data Processing and Computer
Programming Science, Research Associates Inc., Chicago,
1973
[8.19] RUSS J.C.: The Image Processing Handbook, CRC Press
Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1992
[8.20] STANDISH T.A.: Data structures, algorithms and software
principles, AddisonWesley, Reading, MA, 1994
[8.21] STERN R.A., STERN N.: An introduction to Computers and
Information Processing, J. Wiley & Sons, NY Chichester,
1985
[8.22] ULLMAN J.D.: Principles of Database and Knowledgebase
systems, Vol. I & II, Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD,
1988

. . , ,
.

:

(DBMS)
(MIS)


DBMS

(Expert System)
, ,

(DBMS)
(MIS)





(SQL)
(DSS)
(expert systems)

200

KEAAIO 9:

E
(database) . ..
, , , , , .,
, , ,
.
[Database Management System (DBMS)] , ,
. DBMS
, ,
.
DBMS
.
, , ,
.. DBMS
[Management
Information Systems (MIS)].

.
DBMS,

, . DBMS
, , -

(flat files) .


.
,
. MIS

. .
,
, .
. , ,
.. , () ,
, . . MIS.
, , ,
. DBMS
, . CODASYL
(Conference On Data Systems Languages)
.
[International Standards Organization (ISO)] [Relational
Database Language (RDL)] ( )
[Network Database Language (NDL)].
DBMS, (

201

202

KEAAIO 9:

) , .
(database administrator)
, ,
, . , ,
DBMS, , ,
() , .

9.1

9.1

, ,
.
.
,
, . , ()
().
,
,
.
() . .

,
. .
.
, , . .
,
, , , .
DBMS
(mainframes) RAMIS, IBM/VS, Focus (), Adabas,

203

204

KEAAIO 9:

TOTAL IDMS (), Oracle, Ingress, Informix, DB2 (), DBMS Oracle,
dBASE IV Paradox ( Borland), FoxPro ( Microsoft).
(DBMS) :
(i) [Information Resources Dictionary
System (IRDS)], .
(ii) M [Data Definition Language
(DDL)],
.
(iii) M [Data Manipulation
Language (DML)], .
(iv) X
.
(v) (application generator)
.
(vi) (report generator) .
. DBMS
(query language), [Structured Query Language (SQL)].
,
(data integrity).
DBMS
:
DBMS
(, , )

9 . 1 / 9 . 2

205

, .

DBMS
,

DBMS

.
,
:
, , , MIS, , ,
, , .

9.2

[Management Information
Systems (MIS)] (topdown approach).
.
(managers)
.
(operationallevel business systems),

[Decision Support Systems (DSS)].

DSS,
[Executive Information Systems (EIS)] -

9.1

206

KEAAIO 9:

.
DSS , (Financial Planning Languages (FPL)].
, .
EIS :
(i) ,
(ii)
(iii) , .
EIS,
, , (
) :
(i) A , ., (email).
(ii) T ,
.
(iii) , ..
, ,
, .
(iv) .
(v) A ,
.
(vi) (projects)
.
MIS
(Expert System),
.

9 . 2

, .. , , , (, , ), , ,
, .

( )

( ).
,
, , .

:
(i) (knowledge base),
(ii) (inference
engine),
(iii) (human interface),
,
(iv) : (knowledge acquisition system), (
) , (explanation system), .
, .. ,
, , , ., , , -

207

208

KEAAIO 9:

.
.
' .
(expert
systems shells) (generic)
.
,
.

, .
.

. , , ( )
: , , , , , . , , .. , , .

(knowledge engineers)
. :
(i) , (ii) , (iii)
, (iv)
.

9 . 2 / 9 . 3

(DBMS), :
, , , , , () , , , MIS, , .
(expert
system), :
, DBMS, , SQL,
, DSS, , .

, :
, , ,
,
, , , .

9.3

,
. ()
, . 1996 1.300 300
, .
,
,

9.2

9.3

9.4

209

210

KEAAIO 9:

( ) ,
:
(i)
(Mathematics), (Computer Database),
(Library and Information Science
Abstracts), (Energyline), (Geobase), (Aerospace database), (Defence markets
and technology), (ChemabsCompendex), (Technical standards),
(NTIS), (Derwent world
patents index), (Science
Citation Index) ..
(ii)
(ABI/Inform, Management contents),
(D&B
International Duns market indentifiers),
(American Banker), (Trade
and Industry Database), (Frost & Sullivan market
research, Financial Times reports), (PTS Forecasts),
(Consumer reports), (Econbase, Financial Times Fulltext, Le Monde, Associated
Press News), (Trademarkscan) ..
(iii)
(ERIC), (Historical Abstracts), (Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts), (Sociological Abstracts), (Sport),
(Arts and Humanities Search), (Archeology Database), (Philosophers Index),
(Newspaper & Periodical Abstracts) ..
(iv)
(Medline), (Biosis), (Intl.
Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Drug Information Fulltext, Unlisted
Drugs), (Biotechnology Abstracts),
(Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Oceanic),

9.3

211

(Pollution Abstracts, Environline) ..

(v)
(Pais Intl),
(Accounting in Tax Database, Tax Notes Today),
(Insurance periodicals), (LaborLaw, LaborDoc,
Employee Benefits Infosource), (World Affairs on Line,
Political Science Documents), (Legal
Resource Index, Criminal Justice Periodical Index) ..
(vi)
..
(Cordis, Eureka, Euristote, Unesbib, Eurodicatom,
Thesauri, IMGuide), .. (Quest Economics
Database, Eurobases) ..
(vii)
(Eventline, Medical
conf. & events), I (Encyclopedia of
Association, Foundation Directory),
(Grants, Publishers, Distributors and Wholesalers, Americal Library
Directory, Gate Directory of Databases), () (Conference papers index, The
Lancet (fulltext), EMIS), (LC MarcBooks, British Books
in print), (Dissertation Abstracts) ..
, , ,
, .. , , .
;

;
200
.

9.1

KEAAIO 9:

212

(data base)
.
(DBMS) , ,

.
(MIS) DBMS ,
.
,
, ,
.
, , .
(DBMS) : , , , , (generator) , . DBMS , (SQL).
(DSS),
(EIS).
DSS ,
(FPL).
(Expert Systems)
,
MIS.
, ,
.

 / B

213

.. , , , , ,
.
B

[9.1] BONNET A., HATON J.P., TRUONG N.: Systemes experts:

vers la maitrise technique, Intereditions, 1986
[9.2] CANNAN S., OTTEN G.: SQL The standard handbook,
McGrawHill, Maidenhead, 1993
[9.3] CONNOLLY T., BEGG C., STRACHAN A.: Database
Systems, AddisonWesley, 1995
[9.4] DATE C.J.: An introduction to database systems,
AddisonWesley, Reading, Mass, Vol.1 (1981), Vol.2 (1983)
[9.5] GANE C.: Computer Aided Software Engineering: the
methodologies, the products and the future, PrenticeHall,
Englewood Cliffs, 1990
[9.6] JACKSON P.: Introduction to Expert Systems,
AddisonWesley, 1999
[9.7] PARSAYE K., CHIGNELL M., KHOSHAFIAN S., WONG
H.: Intelligent Databases, J. Wiley & sons Ltd., 1989
[9.8] TSYPKIN Y.Z.: Foundations of the theory of Learning
Systems, Academic Press, NY, 1973
[9.9] ULLMAN J.D.: Principles of Database and Knowledgebase
Systems, Vol. 1 & 2, Computer Science Press, 1988
[9.10] WATERMAN D.A.: A guide to Expert Systems,
AddisonWesley, 1985
[9.11] YANNAKOUDAKIS E.J.: The architectural logic of database
systems, SpringerVerlag, BerlinHeidelberg, 1988
[9.12] YANNAKOUDAKIS E.J., CHENG C.P.: Standard relational
and network database languages, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1988

:
[9.3], [9.9], [9.11]

, [9.12]

.
[9.6], [9.10]
[9.1].

, .
,
. , ,
.

:





,



(computer networks)
,
(host)
(ring)
(server)
(modulation)
(multiplexer)

(gateway)

10

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

216

(internet)
(telecommuting)

LAN
WAN
(token)

FAX



(office automation
(EDI)
E
, ,
. ,
,
, . (modem), , .
, , , ,
, (hardware).
(secs).
,
, .
(email)

(, ,
.) . ,

(Information Society),

.
(computer networks)
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , . (data
communication networks) , , ,
,
.
.
(i) ,

, (ii) , , .
, , .

, ,

217

218

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

, ..
[Integrated Services Digital Networks
(ISDN)] ISDN [Broaded ISDN (BISDN)],


.
.

, .. ,
.

10.1

10.1

(, ,
, .) . , ,
, .. , ,
(fax) .
, ,
(, , , .) , , , .
, .. (host) [ (nodes)] .
(ring)
.
( ,
desktop). (file server),
(host) , .. (DMBS) (
).
, ,
.

, (hard wired cables).

.
:
(i) , ,

219

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

220

,
(),
(ii) ,

,
(iii) (fiber optics cables),
, ,
.

(.. )
.
, ,
. , ,
email () .
10.2

(distributed processing), (email),

(telecommuting).

.
, ,

, . :
(i)
,

10.2

(ii) (time
sharing).


.


. ..
, ,
, , , ( , , , .),
,
, , , , , .

.
Internet Bitnet, (),
, , , .,
.
(email)
.
. , , ,
.
. ,
. email ,
email,

221

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

222

.
email
.
(telecommuting) /,
, email ., / .


.

10.1

, :
, , (email), , ,
, ,
(telecommuting).

10.3

(transmission protocols), .
, , ,
, , ,
(bits)
(parity), . (band rate) bits (bps).
. -

10.3

.
[Local Area Networks (LAN)]
[Wide Area Networks (WAN)].
LAN
( 50 )
.
LAN 2 10 Mbps
@ 100 Mbps .
(clientserver)
LAN (server)
.
, ,
.
(ring), (star), (bus). LAN
.


.
( )
(),
.
, ,
, .
(bus)

. ,
LAN Ethernet,
, .

223

224

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

: (tree), , ( ) . (WAN)
. WAN 9.600 bps 56 Kbps 2 Mbps . WAN Internet Bitnet,

, ,
.
[facsimile machines (FAX)],
/ , ,
.
(cellular phones)
. .
(smart phones) ,
.
fax,
(, .),
, , .
[High Definition Television
(HDTV)]
, -

1 0 . 4

225

,
.
(Videoconferencing)

, .
() , :
, LAN, , , WAN, ,
, EDI, .

10.4

,
.
.

.
email ,
.
,

, , , , . .

10.2

226

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

(i)
(computer crimes), ,
, (ii) ,
, .. , ,
, . T (i) ,
(ii) , (iii) , (iv) .
(virus)

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.

(encryption),
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1 0 . 4

(decryption) . , .

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229

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233

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

234

Internet 31.000 , 2 ,
10 [Leiner
B.M. (1994): Internet technology, CACM 37(8):32].
10.1

(email) ;

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;

100 .

(computer networks)
,
, . , , , , .
,
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.
.
(fiber optics) .

. , .

 / B

(distributed processing),
(email), ,
(telecommuting).
, .

(LAN) (WAN).

. : (ring), (star), (bus).

(fax), , .
(encryption)

, . ,

(decryption) .
:
.

[10.1] ATKINS J., NORRIS M.: Total Area Networking, Wiley, 1998
[10.2] BERTSEKAS D., GALLAGER R.: Data Networks,
PrenticeHall, 1987
[10.3] BLACK U.: Computer Networks: protocols, standards and
interfaces, PrenticeHall, 1993
[10.4] BRUNAK S., LAUTRUP B.: Neural Networks: Computer with
intuition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1990
[10.5] GEIST A., BEGUELIN A., DONGARRA J. et al.: Parallel

235

236

K E A A I O 1 0 : Y

Virtual Machine (PVM): A users guide and tutorial for network

parallel computing, Scientific and Engng Computation, MIT
Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995
[10.6] HALSALL F.: Data Communications, Computer Networks and
Open Systems, AddisonWesley Publ., Reading, Mass., 1992
:
Bertsekas et. al.
[10.2]
.
. Black [10.3]


, ,
Kessler et. al. [10.8]


. Kershenbaum
[10.7]

,
.
Schwartz [10.10]


. [10.20]

,
[10.21]

.

[10.7] KERSHENBAUM A.: Telecommunications Network Design

Algorithms, McGrawHill, 1993
[10.8] KESSLER G., TRAIN D.: Metropolitan Area Networks:
concepts, standards and services, McGrawHill, 1992
[10.9] PAGE G.F., GOMM J.B., WILLIAMS D.: Application to
neural networks to modeling and control, Chapman & Hall,
LondonTokyo, 1993
[10.10]SCHWARTZ M.: Telecommunications Networks, protocols,
modeling and analysis, AddisonWesley, 1987
[10.11]TAKEFUJI Y.: Neural Network Parallel Computing, Kluwer
Publ., 1992
[10.12] TANENBAUM A. S.: Computer Networks, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1988
[10.13]TARJAN R.E.: Data Structures and Network Algorithms,
SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 1983
[10.14]THOMAS B.: The World Wide Web for Scientists and
Engineers, IEE, 1998
[10.15]VENIERIS I., HUSSMAN H.: Intelligent Broadband
Networks, Wiley, 1998
[10.16]VETTER R.J., DU D.H.C.: (eds): Issues and challenges in ATM
Networks, CACM 38, No. 2, 1995
[10.17]YAHIKO KAMBAYASHI, YOSHIFUMI: Information
Systems and Technologies for Network Society, World
Scientific Publ., 1997
[10.18] .: , , 1994
[10.19]HAHN H., STOUT R.: Internet, . .
, . , , 1995
[10.20], , , : , .
, , 1993
[10.21] .: , , 1990

(multimedia). ,
. .

:







(multimedia)
(hypermedia)
(electronic publishing)

E
, ,
, .

(flashbacks) ,
. .

, -

11

238

KEAAIO 11:

, ,
. , .

, , . . , .

/ .
(Multimedia)
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: (i) , , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) (animation), (v)
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,
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.

239

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11.1

KEAAIO 11:

240

11.1

, , .
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.

().
(Compact Disk) @ 650 .
(format) CDROM,
250.000 . ,
(photoformat) CD,
(100
CD).

.

,
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MPC (Multimedia Personal
Computing).
MPC (1999):
M Pentium, 450 MHz
64 MB RAM 8.4 GB
VGA SVGA
32 bits
!
Windows
O CD DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
MPC (benchmarks)
(platforms).
.

241

242

KEAAIO 11:

11.2.1

,
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243

KEAAIO 11:

244

12.000 , 1.000 , 400

.

(Hangman, Spelling Bee). (Britannica)
CDROM Laser,
.

(electronic publishing).
, ,
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, :
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245

246

KEAAIO 11:

Systems) .
(hypertext)
.

(hypermedia), , , ,
.
.

(multimedia)
, , .

: (i) , , (ii) , (iii) , (iv)
(animation), (v) (audio), (vi) .
(hypermedia)


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B
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247

KEAAIO 11:

248

[11.1] BONDI C. (ed): New applications of Mathematics, Institute

of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA), Penguin Books,
London, 1991
[11.2] BRICE R.: Virtual Reality and Multimedia Engineering,
Newness,1997
[11.3] BURBULLA D.C.M., DODSON C.T.J.: SelfTutor for
Computer Calculus using Mathematica, PrenticeHall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992
[11.4] CARANDE R.J.: Information sources for virtual reality: a
research guide, Greenwood Press, London, 1993
[11.5] CRANDALL R.E.: Projects in Scientific Computation,
TELOS/ SpringerVerlag, SantaClara, 1994
[11.6] EDWARDS B.: PC Computing for absolute beginners, Sigma
Press, Wilmslow, England, 1993
:
[11.11] [11.6]


. [11.1]


, [11.5]
(projects) .
[11.3], [11.7], [11.9]


Mathematica,
(Internet) [11.14].

[11.7] GAYLORD R.J., WELLIN P.R.: Computer Simulation with

Mathematica: explorations in complex physical and
biological systems, SpringerVerlag, NY, 1995
[11.8] MIRABITO M.: New Communications Technologies, Focal
Publ., 1997
[11.9] PACKEL E., WAGON S.: Animating Calculus, Mathematica
Notebooks for the Laboratory, N.H. Freeman, NY, 1993
[11.10] RHEINGOLD H.: Virtual Reality, Summit Books, NY, 1991
[11.11] STERN N., STERN R.A.: Computing in the Information
Age, Wiley & sons, NY Chichester, 1993
[11.12 ] STRAUSS R.: Managing Multimedia Projects, Focal Publ.,
1997
[11.13] TONDO C.L., NATHANSON A., YOUNT E.: Mastering
Make: a guide to building programs on DOS and UNIX
systems, PrenticeHall Inc., NY, 1992
[11.14] WIGGINGS R.W.: The INTERNET for everyone: a guide
for users and providers, J. Ranade workstation series,
McGrawHill, NY, 1995

K: M
Quo Vadis InfoTechnology?

, .
.

:
,

,




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.

12

250

KEAAIO 12: K: M

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251

252

KEAAIO 12: K: M

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253

254

KEAAIO 12: K: M

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KEAAIO 12: K: M

256

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257

258

KEAAIO 12: K: M

[12.1] ABSHIRE G.M.: The impact of Computers on Society and

Ethics: a bibliography, Creative Computing, Morristow, NJ,
1980
[12.2] ARBIB M.A.: Computers and the Cybernetic Society,
Academic Press, NY, 1977
[12.3] ASHHERST F.G.: Pioneers of Computing, Miller Ltd.,
London, 1983
[12.4] DERTOUZOS M.L., MOSES L. (Eds): The Computer Age: a
twenty year view, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1979
[12.5] DROMEY G.: How to solve it by Computers, PrenticeHall,
London, 1982
[12.6] FRATES J., MOLDRUP W.: Computers and Life: an
integrative approach, PrenticeHall, NJ, 1983
[12.7] LAVER M.: Computers and Social Change, Cambridge
University Press, 1980
[12.8] METROPOLIS N., SHARP D.H., WORLTON W.J., AMES
K.R. (Eds): Frontiers of Supercomputing, Univ. California
Press, Berkeley, 1986
[12.9] SANDERS D.H.: Computers and Society, McGrawHill, NY,
1980
[12.10] SAVAGE S.E.: Models of Computation: Exploring the
Power of Computing, AddisonWesley, 1998
[12.11] STERLING L., MESSINA P., SMITH R.H.: Enabling
Technologies for petaflop Computing, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Mass, 1995
[12.12] WESTIN A.: Information Technology in a Democracy,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971

,

.

.

,
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, 1999

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A
A
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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

262

A
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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

263

2.4
1101 1011<2> :
1101 1011<2> =
= 1 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 + 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 =
= 219<10>
743.52<8> :
743.40<8> = 7 82 + 4 81 + 3 80 + 4 81 + 0 82 = 483.5<10>
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0

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A
A
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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

264

A
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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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265

A
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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

266

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267

A
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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

268

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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269

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

270

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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271

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

272

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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273

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

274

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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275

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

276

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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11 :
: Computer Architecture (SIGARCH),
: Measurement and Evaluation (SIGMETRICS), Mobility
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Language (SIGAPL), Microprogramming (SIGMICRO), Programming
Languages (SIGPLAN), Operating Systems (SIGOPS), Software
Engineering (SIGSOFT)
: Data Communications (SIGCOMM), Information Retrieval
(SIGIR), Knowledge Discovery in Data (SIGKDD), Management of
Data (SIGMOD)
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: Numerical Mathematics (SIGNUM)
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Groupware (SIGGROUP), Management Information Systems (SIGMIS)
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Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation (SIGSAM), Artificial
Intelligence (SIGART), Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH)
: Applied Computing (SIGAPP), Biometrical
Computing (SIGBIO), Computer and the Physically Handicapped

277

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

278

(SIGCAPH), Design Automation (SIGDA), Multimedia (SIGMM),

Electronic Forum on Sound Technology (SIGSound), Hypertext,
Hypermedia and Web (SIGWEB)
: Computers and Society (SIGCAS),
Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR), ComputerHuman
Interaction (SIGCHI), Computer Science Education (SIGCSE),
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279

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

280

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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281

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

282

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283

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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285

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

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287


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(file): M
(records).
: H CPU .
: O .

.

:



. ,
, ( ) .

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

290

, .
(office automation): K , , .
(offline spooling):
,
.
(knowledge base): M
.
(data base): M
.
(biochips) : K , .


,
.
(auxiliary storage): B
,
(CDROM), , .
(utilities): K (tasks).

, .. (disk organizers).
: T , , .
: O
, -

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

. (.. FORTRAN,
BASIC) .
: H .
.
(Very High Level Language
[VHLL]): O
.
, .. PROLOG, LISP.
: O
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: O .

CACM 11 .
(ring), : ()
,
.
(data):
.
: M .
(flow chart): M
, . .
(system charting): .
.

291

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

292

, ,
.
: E ,
. Turing
.
(internet): E ,
.
.
: H (multimedia)
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, .
: B

.
, (multitasking): K

.
.
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.
(testing):

.

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

(SQL): M
(DBMS) .
: () .
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.
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E (record): .
: ( )
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.
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.
(input): H o . H /
(.. , .).
(printer): .
(data matrix, daisy wheel printers)
. , -

293

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

294

(inkjet printers) laser, .

(transfer monitor): M ( )
.
(expert system): E ,
.
, ..
PROLOG.
: K .
(visual programming): E
.
(output): H . /
.
(server):
, .
(host computer),
.
(smart cart): M .
(smart phone): T

.
(data processing): H -

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

. (
)
.
, (distributed processing): A
.

.
, (batch processing): T

()/
.
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()
, .
(information processing): H , , , , /.

.
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., , .
(gateway): M
,
.
(computer science): H ,
-

295

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

296

.
:
.
(floppy disk): M
.
H (Electronic Data Interchange
[EDI]): A
.
: B [Desk Top
Publishing (DTP)],

.
(electronic publishing): E
, ,
. .
(email): E . email
, ,
.
(semiconductor): , ,
, . , , , , . ,
.

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

(virtual memory): E

.
: M o
(virtual reality).
: E
. ,
.
(register): E
,
.
(Central Processing Unit [CPU]):
T ( ).
(host
computer): .
, ,
.
(encryption): M , .
VLSI: O

,
.
(cellular phone): A

.
(machine code): T

297

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

298

( )
/ , () .
(universal code):
,
, , ., .
(operating system):
,
.
(logical gate): K .
: AND, OR
NOT.
(software): M
/ .
(project management software):
K ,
.
PERT
Gantt.
: K

, .
(metafile): E
.
(compiler):

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

.
(translator): E
. (compilers) (interpreters).
(inference engine): M
.
(knowledge engineer): E
( ).
(microprocessor): O
, .
CPU .
: O ,
I/O. (personal
computers), (home computers) (portable computers).
: O ,

(main frame) , . ,
.
(I/O units): (Input) (Output).
(control units): M
,
.
, : M () ,
,
.

299

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

300

(modulation):
.
:
,
,
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(neural networks): .
(integrated circuit):

,
.
, , (chip).
(fiber optics): , .
:
(transistors).
(packet):
. (bits)

.
(software package): (
) . , ,
.
(windows): / , (), -

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

. DOS

(multitasking) . H
Windows DOS ( ).
(menus),
(mouse).
: .
(field): .
:
. .
(Informatics): ,
, .
,

.
, , , , .
(Management Information
System [MIS]):
,

.
(multiprocessing):
,
/. ,
.
(multimedia): : ,
, , , , -

301

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

302

.
(multiplexer):
.
(multiprogramming):
CPU .
(mouse):
.
, (real time system): .
.
.
:
(.. ).
.
, (random access):
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.
(simulation): .
:
.
.
(workstation):

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

/ (host)
(server) .
.
(number system), :
.
(DBMS): , , .
(DDS):
.
:


.
.
(clock speed):
megahertz (MHz) CPU .
[illions of Instructions Per
Second (IPS)].
(token):
LAN.
.
(Information Technology [IT]):

, .. ,
, ..,
, , , ..,

303

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

304

.
(telecommuting): /, , email .,
/ .
(hardware) : () , I/O .
(supercomputing): (supercomputers)
() , ..
, , .
(supercomputer): , .

. ( , ),
, , .
(HPC): .
, (computer): ,
, / .
, : . .
, (digital computer):
.

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

(computer system):
.
, , .
:
()
.
Animation ( ):
.
ASCII, : , 7 8 bits (byte),
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
CASE (Computer Assisted Software Engineering): .
CD (compact disk): (, .).
CDROM:
, .
CPU (Central Processing Unit): .
,
.
DBMS (Data Base Management System):
. .
DSS (Decision Support System):

305

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

306

.
DTP (Desk Top Publishing):

, .
EBCDIC, : , Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchanged Code.
FAX (facsimile machine): ,
( ),
. FAX
, ,
. .
HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output): ,
,
.
host computer: .
HPC (High Performance Computing): ,
.
LAN (Local Area Network): ,
(..
).
MICR (Magnetic Character Recognition):
.

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

307

modem (modulator demodulator): ,

, . modem
.
MIPS (illions of Instructions Per Second): .
MPC (Multimedia Personal Computing):
.
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique): ,
.
POS (PointOfSale) terminals: ,
,

.
PostScript: ,
PostScript.
.
RAM (Random Access Memories): .
ROM (Read Only Memory):

,
.
SQL: .
UNIX: -

EIAH THN EITHMH TN YOOITN

308

C,
. , (). .
UPC (Universal Product Code):
.
WAN (Wide Area Network): ,
.

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