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How To Position Strain Gauges
How To Position Strain Gauges
Fv
1
3
2
4
b
2
45
+
3
VOUT
+ Sig
OUT
OUT
MT
45
45
represented by a change in V .
If each gauge had the same positive
strain, the total would be zero and V
would remain unchanged. Bending,
axial, and shear strain are the most
common types of strain measured.
The actual arrangement of your strain
gauges will determine the type of
strain you can measure and the
output voltage change. See Figures
C through F.
45
- Sig
FA
The following
equations show
the relationships
among stress, strain, and force for
bending, axial, shear, and torsional
strain.
1) BENDING STRAIN or moment
strain is equal to bending stress
divided by Youngs Modulus of
Elasticity.
B = oB/E
oB = MB/Z = F(l)/Z
B(Z)/ l
= E
B(bh )/l
2
A = oA/E
oA = FA /A
= /G
= F x Q/bI
Where shear stress ( ) equals
STRAIN GAGES
Fig. B
Wheatstone Bridge
REGULATED
DC
2
45
VIN
- Exc
Fv
+ Exc
Mt = (J) (2/d)
= G (J) (2/d)
= G ( d 316)
F = G ( ) bI/Q
= G ( ) b (bh312)/(bh28)
= MTL/G(J)
= G ( )bh(2/3)
= 2 x @ 45 = /G
= Mt(d/2)/J
where torsional stress ( ) equals
torque (Mt) multiplied by the
STRAIN
POSITION
OF GAGES
FIG. C-F
SENSITIVITY
mV/V @
1000
@ 10 V
EXCITATION
TEMP
COMP.
SUPERIMPOSED
STRAIN COMPENSATED
0.5
5 V/
No
None
1, 2
1.0
10 V/
Yes
Axial
Full
All
2.0
20 V/
Yes
Axial
0.5
5 V/
No
None
1, 2
0.65
6.5 V/
Yes
None
1, 3
1.0
10 V/
No
Bending
Full
All
1.3
13 V/
Yes
Bending
1, 2
1.0
10 V/
@ 45F
Yes
Full
All
2.0
20 V/
@ 45F
Yes
SHEAR
AND
TORSIONAL
OUTPUT PER
AXIAL
Temperature compensation is
achieved in many of the above
configurations. Temperature
compensation means that the
gauges thermal expansion
coefficient does not have to match
the specimens thermal expansion
coefficient; therefore, any OMEGA
strain gauge, regardless of its
temperature characteristics, can be
used with any specimen material.
Quarter bridges can have
temperature compensation if a
dummy gauge is used. A dummy
gauge is a strain gage used in place
of a fixed resistor. Temperature
compensation is achieved when this
dummy gauge is mounted on a piece
of material similar to the specimen
which undergoes the same
temperature changes as does the
specimen, but which is not exposed
to the same strain. Strain
temperature compensation is not the
same as load (stress) temperature
compensation, because Young's
Modulus of Elasticity varies with
temperature.
BRIDGE
TYPE
1
BENDING
E-13
(BENDING)
(AXIAL)
Vr
GF
2Vr
GF( + 1)
2Vr
GF[( + 1) Vr ( 1)]
EQUATIONS
BIAXIAL STRESS STATE EQUATIONS (X-Y)
x =
y =
X
E
z =
Ex
X
E
x =
1-
(x +
y =
y )
E
2
1-
(x +
x)
z = 0
ROSETTE EQUATIONS
Rectangular Rosette: 0/45/90
Gauge position on Rosette
3
2
45
p,q =
2
2
[
[
1
(1 3)
1+
+ (22 1 3 ) 2
(1 3)
+ (22 1 3 ) 2
p,q = 1 TAN -1 22 1 3
STRAIN GAGES
45
SGD-3/120-RYT21, shown
larger than actual size.
See page E-27
p,q =
3
60
60
1
SGD-3/120-RY41, shown
larger than actual size.
See page E-26
Where:
Strain in gauge 1
Strain in gauge 2
Strain in gauge 3
E = Modulus of elasticity
= Poissions Ratio
1 =
2 =
3 =
p,q =
p,q =
[
[
+ 2 + 3
+ 2 + 3
1
p,q = 1 TAN -1 3 (2
2
2[(1 2)
1
1+
+ (2 3 ) 2 + (3 1) 2]
2[(1 2)
+ (2 3 ) 2 + (3 1) 2]
3 )
21 2 3
p,q = the acute angle from the axis of gauge 1 to the nearest principal axis.
When positive,the direction is the same as that of the gauge
numbering and, when negative, opposite.
E-14
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