CHNG 5

CC PHN T KHNG CH T NG
TRUYN NG IN (3 tit)

Cc phn t khng ch l cc phn t tham gia vo mch khng ch khng ch mt h

T vi chc nng iu khin hoc bo v. Khng ch c th l bng tay hoc t ng. Mi
phn t khng ch c th ch gi chc nng iu khin hoc chc nng bo v hoc gi ng
thi c hai chc nng.
5.1 Cc phn t bo v
5.1.1 Cu chy
Cu chy l mt loi kh c dng bo v cho thit b in v trnh li in khi
dng in ngn mch (hay cn gi l on mch, chp mch).
B phn c bn ca cu chy l dy chy. Dy chy thng lm bng cc cht c nhit
nng chy thp. Vi nhng dy chy trong mch c dng in lm vic ln, c th lm
bng cc cht c nhit nng chy cao nhng tit din nh thch hp.
Dy chy thng l nhng dy ch tit din trn hoc bng cc l ch, km, hp kim ch
thic, nhm hay ng c dp, ct theo cc hnh dng nh hnh 5.1. Dy chy c kp cht
bng vt vo cu chy, c np cch in trnh h quang bn tung te ra xung quanh khi
dy chy t.
t(s)

l
0

Hnh 5.1 - Mt s hnh dng

dy chy l.

K
im

igh

2
1
3
I(A)

Hnh 5.2 - c tnh A-s ca dy chy.

c tnh c bn ca dy chy l c tnh thi gian - dng in A-s nh ng 1 hnh

5.2. Dng in qua dy chy cng ln, thi gian chy t cng nh.
bo v c i tng cn bo v vi mt dng in no trong mch, dy chy
phi t trc khi i tng b ph hu. Do , ng c tnh A - s ca dy chy phi nm
di c tnh ca i tng cn bo v (ng 2).
Thc t th dy chy thng c c tnh nh ng 3. Nh vy trong min qu ti ln,
ng 3 thp hn ng 2 th cu chy bo v c i tng. Ngc li trong min qu ti
nh, cu chy khng bo v c i tng, trng hp ny dng qu ti nh, s pht nng
ca dy chy ta ra mi trng l ch yu nn khng lm chy dy.
B mn T-L, Khoa in

67

Tr s dng in m dy chy t c gi l dng in gii hn. R rng cn c Igh >

Im dy chy khng b t khi lm vic vi dng in nh mc.

CC
- i vi dy chy ch:

I gh
I dm

= (1,25 1,45)

- Dy chy hp kim ch thic:

- Dy chy ng:

I gh
I dm

I gh
I dm

= 1,15

Hnh 5.3 - K hiu cu chy

trn s in.

= (1,6 2)

5.1.2 Rle nhit

Rle nhit l phn t dng bo v cc thit b in (ng c) khi b qu ti.
Rle nhit c dng in lm vic ti vi trm Ampe, li in mt chiu ti 440V v
xoay chiu ti 500V, tn s 50Hz.
Nguyn l cu to ca rle nhit c biu din hnh 5.4. Mch lc cn bo v qu ti
c mc ni tip vi phn t t nng 1. Khi c dng in ph ti chy qua, phn t t
nng 1 s nng ln v ta nhit ra xung quanh. Bng kp 2 khi b t nng s cong ln trn,
ri khi u trn ca n xoay 3. L xo 6 s ko n xoay 3 ngc chiu kim ng h. u
di n xoay 3 s quay sang phi v ko theo thanh cch in 7. Tip im thng ng 4
m ra, ct mch iu khin i tng cn bo v.

Hnh 5.4 - Nguyn l cu to v lm vic ca rle nhit.

Khi s c qu ti c gii quyt, bng kp 2 ngui v cong xung nhng ch t ln
u trn ca n xoay 3 nn tip im 4 khng th t ng li c. Mun rle hon ton tr
v trng thi ban u tip tc nhim v bo v qu ti, phi n nt hi phc 5 y n
xoay 3 quay thun chiu kim ng h v u t do ca bng kp s tt xung gi n xoay 3
v tr ng tip im 4.
c tnh thi gian - dng in (A-s): Dng in qu ti cng ln th thi gian tc ng
ca rle nhit cng ngn.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

68

Hnh 5.6 - K hiu ca rle nhit.

a) Phn t t nng; b) tip im thng
ng c nt hi phc.

RN

i
im

a)

b)

Hnh 5.5 - c tnh thi gian dng in

ca rle nhit.
Trong thc t s dng, dng in nh mc ca rle nhit thng c chn bng dng
in nh mc ca ng c in cn c bo v qu ti, sau chnh nh gi tr ca dng
in tc ng l:

It = (1,2 1,3)Im

Tc ng ca rle nhit b nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh, khi nhit mi

trng xung quanh tng, rle nhit s tc ng sm hn ngha l dng in tc ng b gim.
Khi cn phi hiu chnh li It.
5.1.3 ptmat
ptmat l kh c in ng mch bng tay v ct mch t ng khi c s c nh: Qu
ti, ngn mch, st p...
i khi trong k thut cng s dng ptmat ng ct khng thng xuyn cc mch
in lm vic ch bnh thng.
Kt cu cc ptmat rt a dng v c chia theo chc nng bo v: ptmat dng
in cc i, ptmat dng in cc tiu, ptmat in p thp, ptmat cng sut ngc...
Hnh 5.7 trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca mt ptmat dng in cc i. ptmat
dng in cc i c dng bo v mch in khi qu ti v khi ngn mch.

Hnh 5.7 - Nguyn l lm vic ca aptmt dng

in cc i.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

Hnh 5.8 - K hiu ca aptmt

trn s in.

69

Sau khi ng ptmat bng tay, ptmat cp in cho mch cn c bo v. Lc ny

mu ca cc cht u cn 4 v n 5 mc vo nhau gi tip im ng t vo tip im
tnh. Khi dng in vt qu ch s chnh nh ca ptmat qua lc cng ca l xo 3, cun
in t 1 ni tip vi mch lc s lc, thng lc cn ca l xo 3 v ht np t ng 2, lm
cn 4 quay nh mc cht. L xo 6 ko ri tip im ng ra khi tip im tnh ct mch.
Chnh nh dng in cc i c th bng nhiu cch, chng hn qua chnh lc cng l
xo 3 tng theo dng in cc i m ptmat phi ct.
K hiu ca ptmat trn s in nh hnh 5.8.
5.2 Cc phn t iu khin
5.2.1 Cng tc
Cng tc l kh c ng - ct bng tay hoc bng tc ng c kh li in h p.
Cng tc c loi thng h hoc thng kn, c loi dng ng ct trc tip mch
chiu sng hay mch ng lc c cng sut nh, c loi ch dng trong mch iu khin.
Hnh dng, cu to ca cng tc rt a dng song v nguyn l u c cc tip im
ng v tnh m v tr ny ca cng tc th tip im ng tip xc vi tip im tnh, cn
v tr khc th tip im ng ri khi tip im tnh. Do vy, mch in c ni thng hoc
b ct tu theo v tr ca cng tc. S cc tip im ca cc loi cng tc cng nhiu t khc
nhau tu theo mc ch s dng. Vic ng ct cc tip im cng c th theo cc nguyn tc
c kh khc nhau: c loi ly, c loi xoay..
CT

a)

NO

NC

b)

Hnh 5.9 - K hiu tip im cng tc trn s in.

a) Tip im cng tc; b) Tip im cng tc hnh trnh.
Cng tc hnh trnh c lp t ti mt v tr trn hnh trnh no trong mt h T
ng, ct mch iu khin. N c dng iu khin T theo v tr hoc bo v,
m bo an ton cho mt chuyn ng cui hnh trnh.
5.2.2 Nt n
Nt n (hay nt bm, nt iu khin) dng ng-ct mch li in h p.
Nt n thng c dng iu khin cc rle, cngtct, chuyn i mch tn hiu,
bo v... S dng ph bin nht l dng nt n trong mch iu khin ng c m my,
dng v o chiu quay.
Hnh 5.10 trnh by kt cu 1 s nt n v k hiu ca chng trn bn v in.

a)

B mn T-L, Khoa in

70

b)
Hnh 5.10 - a) Nguyn l cu to ca nt n thng ng, thng
m, v kt hp; b) K hiu nt n thng m, thng ng.
Mt s loi nt n thng ng dng trong mch bo v hoc mch dng cn c cht
kha. Khi b n, nt t gi trng thi b n. Mun xa trng thi ny, phi xoay nt i mt gc
no .
5.2.3 Cu dao
Cu dao l kh c ng-ct mch in bng tay li in h p. Cu dao l kh c in
ph bin trong dn dng v trong cng nghip v c dng mch cng sut nh vi s ln
ng ct rt nh.
Khi ngt cu dao, thng xy ra h quang mnh. dp tt h quang nhanh, cn phi
ko li dao ra khi kp nhanh. Tc ko tay khng th nhanh c nn ngi ta lm thm
li dao ph nh hnh ... Li dao ph 3 cng li dao chnh 1 kp trong kp 2 lc u dn
in. Khi ngt, tay ko li dao chnh 1 ra trc cn li dao ph 3 vn b kp li trong kp 2.
L xo 4 b ko cng v ti mt mc no s bt nhanh, ko li dao ph 3 ra khi kp 2. Do
vy, h quang s b ko di nhanh v b dp tt trong thi gian ngn.
Cu dao c th l mt cc, hai cc hoc ba, bn cc v c th ng ch v mt ng hoc
ng v hai ng. K hiu cc cu dao nh trn hnh v...
Cu dao c phn loi theo in p (250V, 500V,..), theo dng in (5A, 10A,..) v c
loi h, c loi c hp bo v. Cu dao thng dng kt hp vi cu chy bo v khi
ngn mch.

Hnh 5.11 - Cu dao 2 cc.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

Hnh 5.12 - Cu dao c li dao ph.

71

CD
CC

Hnh 5.13 - K hiu cu dao trn s in.

5.2.4 B khng ch
B khng ch l kh c dng iu khin gin tip (qua mch iu khin) hoc iu
khin trc tip (qua mch ng lc) cc thit b in.
B khng ch iu khin gin tip cn gi l b khng ch t hay khng ch ch huy.
B khng ch iu khin trc tip cn gi l b khng ch ng lc.
B khng ch l kh c ng-ct ng thi nhiu mch (iu khin hoc ng lc hoc
c iu khin ln ng lc) nh tay quay hay v lng quay iu khin mt qu trnh no
nh m my, iu chnh tc , o chiu, hm in...
B khng ch c chia ra theo dng in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu v tu theo cu
to cn c b khng ch hnh trng hay b khng ch hnh cam.
Hnh 5.14 trnh by nguyn l cu to mt b khng ch hnh trng. Tang trng 1 c
trc quay 2 c quay tng v tr nh vlng 3. Trn tang trng c gn cc on vnh trt 4
(vnh tip xc ng). Cc vnh ny c th c ni vi nhau bng thanh ni 6. Do vy m
cc m ng tip xc tnh 7 v 8 gn trn thanh 11 c th c ni lin mch qua hai vnh
tip xc ng 4 v 5 mt gc quay tng ng no . V tr quay c ch trn a chia
c nh 12.

b)
3'

2'

1'

10

a)

Hnh 5.14 - B khng ch hnh trng: a) Cu to; b) S tip im.

S ni tip im cho trn hnh 5.14b. Cc du chm ch r v tr ca b khng ch
m cc tip im tng ng c ni thng. Nhng tip im khng c du chm th cc tip
im b m. V d nh trn hnh 5.14b th tip im 9,10 c ni thng ti cc v tr 3', 0, 1,
2 v 3.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

72

B khng ch hnh trng c kt cu cng knh, phc tp v chng trnh ng-ngt

tip im khng thay i c. B khng ch hnh cam khc phc c mt phn nhc
im trn.
Hnh 5.15 cho kt cu ca mt b khng ch hnh cam. B khng ch hnh cam l mt
chng cc a cam 3 c cng mt trc quay vung 4. Cc a cam c cc bin dng cam khc
nhau tu theo chng trnh ng-ct. Khi quay trc 4, a cam 3 tip xc vi bnh ln 6. Bnh
ln 6 lun t st vo a cam 3 nh lc p ca l xo 5 thng qua cn 7 c trc quay 8. phn
khuyt ca cam 3 th tip im ng 2 tip xc vi tip im tnh 1 v mch ab c ni
thng. phn li ca cam 3 th bnh ln 6 b y sang phi, nn l xo 5 v hai tip im 1, 2
ri xa nhau. Mch ab b ct.

Hnh 5.15 - B khng ch

hnh cam.

B khng ch hnh cam c tn s ng ct ln (vi ngn ln/gi) hn b khng ch

hnh trng (vi trm ln/gi) v thao tc dt khot hn b khng ch hnh trng do lc tip
xc khe hn.
La chn mt b khng ch phi cn c vo in p nh mc ca mch thao tc v
quan trng hn l dng in cho php i qua cc tip im ch lm vic lin tc v ngn
hn lp li (lin quan n tn s ng-ct/gi).
Tr s dng in ca tip im b khng ch ng lc thng c chn vi h s d
tr l 1,2 i vi dng in mt chiu:
I = 1,2.

P 3
10 , (A)
U

v l 1,3 i vi dng xoay chiu:

I = 1,3.

P
10 3 , (A)
3U

Trong P l cng sut ng c in (kW), U l in p nh mc ngun cung cp.

5.2.5 Cng tc t
Cngtct l kh c in iu khin t xa dng ng-ct cc mch in ng lc
in p ti 500V v cc dng in ti vi trm, vi nghn ampe.
Tu theo dng in s dng, cngtct chia ra loi mt chiu v loi xoay chiu.
Phn t chnh ca mt cngtct l cun ht in t K v h thng cc tip im. Khi
cun K khng c in, l xo ko cn C m cc tip im ng lc (tip im chnh) a, b, c v
tip im ph 1, ng tip im ph 2. Cc tip im 1, a, b, c gi l tip im thng m.
Tip im 2 gi l tip im thng ng.
B mn T-L, Khoa in

73

Hnh 5.16 - Nguyn l cu to ca mt cngtct.

Khi cp in cho cun K, ming st Fe b ht, ko cng l xo LX v cn C s ng cc

tip im a, b, c, 1 v m tip im 2.
Tu theo mc ch s dng m cc tip im c ni vo mch lc hay mch iu
khin mt cch thch hp.
5.3 Rle
Rle l loi kh c in t ng dng ng-ct mch iu khin, hoc mch bo v,
lin kt gia cc khi iu khin khc nhau, thc hin cc thao tc logic theo mt qu trnh
cng ngh.
Rle c rt nhiu loi vi cc nguyn l lm vic v chc nng khc nhau. Cc rle
c phn loi theo nhiu cch sau:
- Theo nguyn l lm vic c: rle in t, rle t in, rle in ng, rle cm ng,
rle nhit, rle quang, rle in t...
- Theo i lng in u vo c: rle dng in, rle in p, rle cng sut, rle tng
tr, rle tn s, rle lch pha...
- Theo dng in c: rle mt chiu, rle xoay chiu.
- Theo nguyn l tc ng ca c cu chp hnh c: rle tip im v rle khng tip
im.
- Theo tr s v chiu i lng u vo c: rle cc i, rle cc tiu, rle sai lch, rle
hng...
- Theo cch mc c cu thu (nh cun ht trong rle in t) vo mch, rle c chia
ra: rle s cp (c cu thu ni thng vo mch) v rle th cp (c cu thu ni vo mch qua
bin p, bin dng hay in tr).
5.3.1 Rle in t
Rle in t l loi rle n gin nht v dng rng ri nht. Rle lm vic da trn
nguyn l in t v v kt cu, n tng t nh cngtct nhng ch ng-ct mch in
iu khin, khng trc tip dng trong mch lc.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

74

Hnh 5.17a trnh by nguyn l kt cu mt rle in t mt chiu kiu bn l. Cun

nam chm in 1 qun quanh li st 2. Hai u dy cun 1 ni ra 2 chu cm 8. Np t ng 3
c l xo 4 ko bt ln tip im ng 5 (tip im chung COM) t vo tip im tnh 6
thnh tip im thng kn NC, cn tip im tnh 7 b h mch (tip im thng m NO).
Khi cun in t c cp in, n s ht np t ng v tip im NO c ni vi tip
im COM, tip im NC b ngt khi tip im COM.

a)

Hnh 5.17 - Nguyn l kt cu ca rle in t.

b)

Hnh 5.17b l nguyn l lm vic ca mt rle in t dng piston vi tip im ng

dng bc cu 2. Cun ht rle 1 l xoay chiu.
Qua cch lm vic ca rle in t, ta c th thy mt rle c 3 phn chnh: c cu thu,
c cu trung gian v c cu chp hnh.
- Cun ht in t l c cu thu v n tip nhn tn hiu u vo (dng in, in p) v
khi t mt gi tr xc nh no th rle tc ng.
- Mch t l c cu trung gian v n gip to lc ht ca cun nam chm (cun in
t). Khi cun dy ny c in v so snh vi lc t trc bi l xo phn hi ht v truyn
kt qu tc ng ti c cu chp hnh.
- H thng tip im l c cu chp hnh v n truyn tn hiu cho mch iu khin.
Quan h gia u vo v u ra: Khi tn hiu u vo l X (in p, dng in) t ti
mt gi tr tc ng X = X2 = Xt (tc ng ht) th rle ht v lc in t thng lc l xo v
i lng u ra y (in p, dng in tng t bin t Y1 ln Y2 do tip im c cu chp
hnh ng. Sau , c tng lng vo X > X2 th Y2 vn gi nguyn. Khi gim tn hiu vo
n X = Xt th rle vn ht do lc t vn ln hn lc l xo. Ti mt gi tr X1 = Xnh < Xt th
lc l xo phn hi thng lc ht in t, cun ht rle nh, m tip im ct mch. Tn
hiu ra gim t Y2 v Y1. Sau X tip tc gim X < X1 th Y vn gi gi tr khng i l Y1.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

75

Y2

Hnh 5.18 - c tnh

quan h vo-ra ca rle.

Y1

X1 = Xnh

X2 = X t

H s nh ca rle l t s:
knh =
i vi rle cc i:
Rle cc tiu:

X nh
X td

knh < 1
knh > 1

Rle lm vic cng chnh xc khi:

knh 1

T s gia cng sut iu khin Pk ca rle (cng sut ca mch m tip im rle
ng-ct) v cng sut tc ng Pt (cng sut cn cp cho cun in t n ht) gi l h s
iu khin (hay h s khuch i).
P
kk = dk
Ptd
H s kk cng ln th rle cng nhy.
Cc loi rle khc nhau th c cc h s knh, kk khc nhau.
Thi gian k t lc u vo ca rle c cp tn hiu cho n lc c cu chp hnh tc
ng gi l thi gian tc ng tt. Vi rle in t, l thi gian tnh t lc cun ht c
cp in cho n khi tip im thng m ng li hon ton hoc tip im thng ng m
ra hon ton.
Ty theo thi gian tc ng tt (cn gi l thi gian tr) m rle c chia ra:
- Rle khng qun tnh: tt < 1ms
- Rle tc ng nhanh: tt ~ (1 100)ms
- Rle thi gian:

tt > 100ms

5.3.2 Rle trung gian

Nhim v chnh ca rle trung gian l khuch i cc tn hiu iu khin. N thng
nm v tr gia hai rle khc nhau. Rle trung gian thng l rle in t.
Hnh ...l kt cu ca mt rle trung gian. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle trung gian
tng t nh rle in t nhng khng c s iu chnh in p tc ng. Rle trung gian

phi tc ng tt khi c t vo in p nh mc trong phm vi sai lch U = 15%Um.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

76

Hnh 5.19 - Dng chung ca

mt kiu rle trung gian.

S lng tip im (tip im thng ng, tip im thng m, tip im chuyn

i c cc ng chung) ca rle trung gian thng nhiu hn cc loi rle khc.
Rle trung gian c s phn cch v in tt gia mch cun ht v mch tip im.
5.3.3 Rle dng in v rle in p
a) Rle dng in dng bo v mch in khi dng in trong mch vt qu hay gim
di mt tr s no c chnh nh trong rle.
Cu to ca mt rle dng in c trnh by trn hnh 5.20. Mch t 1 c qun
cun dy dng in 2 c nhiu u ra. Khi c dng in chy qua cun dy 2, t trng s tc
dng mt t lc ln np t ng lm bng ming st hnh ch Z. Nu dng in vt qu gi
tr chnh nh th t lc ln thng lc cn l xo 4, ht np t ng ch Z quay v ng
(hoc m) h tip im.

Hnh 5.20 - Nguyn l cu to

v lm vic ca rle dng in
cc i.

Rle dng in loi ny thng dng bo v dng in cc i. Cun dy rle dng

in mc ni tip vi mch cn bo v.
b) Rle in p dng bo v cc thit b in khi in p t vo thit b in tng
qu hoc gim qu mc quy nh.
Nguyn l cu to ca rle in p tng t nh rle dng in. Ch khc nhau l cun
dy dng in t vng, thit din to trong rle dng in c thay bng cun dy in p
nhiu vng, thit din dy nh.
B mn T-L, Khoa in

77

Cun in p c mc song song vi mch cn bo v.

Rle in p c chia ra 2 loi theo nhim v bo v:
- Rle in p cc i: Np t ng khng quay in p bnh thng, khi in p
tng qu mc, lc t thng lc cn l xo v np t ng s quay, rle tc ng.
- Rle in p cc tiu: Np t ng khng quay in p bnh thng. Khi in p
gim qu mc, lc l xo thng lc t, np t ng s quay ngc v rle tc ng.
5.3.4 Rle thi gian
Rle thi gian l loi rle to tr u ra ngha l khi u vo c tn hiu iu khin th
sau mt thi gian no u ra mi tc ng (tip im rle mi ng hoc m).
Thi gian tr c th t vi phn giy n hng gi hoc hn na.
Rle thi gian c nhiu loi, nhiu kiu khc nhau dng c mch mt chiu ln xoay
chiu.
- Rle thi gian kiu in t: Dng mch mt chiu v thng duy tr thi gian nh
chm np t ng ti 3s.
- Rle thi gian kiu thy lc: Dng cho c cun ht mt chiu v xoay chiu.

Hnh 5.21 - Rle thi gian kiu

in t.

B mn T-L, Khoa in

Hnh 5.22 - Rle thi gian kiu

thy lc.

78