Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eracs Software Manual
Eracs Software Manual
Eracs Software Manual
Contents
Introduction
General capabilities
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Load flow
Fault (classical)
Fault (IEC909)
Harmonic impedance and injection
Protection co-ordination
Transient stability
Universal dynamic modeller
Small network version - 10Bus
Hardware requirements
Operating environment
Quality
Sales information
Introduction
The economic design of power systems is critically dependent on being able to predict the system behavior
under both normal and abnormal operating conditions.
Hand calculations and estimates are possible for small systems but are expensive in engineers' time. In
addition, for safety reasons, the hand calculation methods are conservative and in some cases lead to a
much more expensive design than would be needed if more accurate methods were used.
The consequences of deficient power system design can include:
injury to personnel
increased capital cost
poor supply quality
poor supply reliability
high repair costs
damage to network
In order to design power systems efficiently and responsibly the engineer needs appropriate tools.
Modern computer methods allow the rapid and accurate prediction of system behavior once the network
topology and data have been entered into the computer. The amount of data required to describe a power
system can be quite large and it is highly desirable that the engineer has a reliable and easy to use
interface to enter data. Similarly, the engineer must have ready access to the results of the calculations in a
way that is clear and unambiguous
ERA TECHNOLOGY LTD CLEEVE ROAD LEATHERHEAD SURREY KT22 7SA UK
TEL: +44 (0) 1372 367000 FAX: +44 (0) 1372 367099 E-MAIL: info@era.co.uk
WWW.ERA.CO.UK
General capabilities
graphical user interface (GUI) manages the ERACS network databases
loadflow calculates the steady state network condition
fault calculator simulates the application of short circuit faults
fault IEC909 simulates the application of fault conditions using IEC 909 techniques
harmonic injection allows harmonic current injections and calculates their proliferation
harmonic impedance plots network impedance against harmonic number and identifies
resonance conditions
transient stability for the dynamic study of the effect of system disturbances applied to the
network
protection co-ordination analyses the application of protection devices and their interaction
under fault conditions
universal dynamic modeller (UDM) is used to create controller models (AVRs and Governors)
constructed from a range of validated building blocks which is easily understood by engineers
standard 150 busbar and extended 1500 busbar version available.
stand alone or multi-user network versions
specialist AVR and Governor modelling
large library of equipment data
!
Loadflow
The loadflow module serves a number of purposes in the ERACS suite the first of which is to convert the
network database into a format that is both easier and faster to access. This converted data is then used,
along with the initial condition, by the other programs in the suite.
!
The second purpose of loadflow is to calculate the steady state conditions of the power system network.
Under given constraints the program will determine the network voltage profile, current and the real and
reactive power flows. Convergence is achieved by modifying the voltage magnitude and angle of the
synchronous machines, tap position of on load tap changers, and slip for induction machines.
The loadflow program will allow quick and efficient solutions in the following areas leading to an overall
improvement in the design, efficiency and operation of the network:
Typical applications for the use of the ERACS loadflow program are:
selection of transformer tap changer settings
system voltage profiling
system loss optimisation
MW an MVAr power flow analysis
equipment loading factors
power factor correction location and optimisation
system planning
generator operating procedures
equipment specification
impact load studies
Fault (classical)
The fault calculation program enables the user to establish currents and voltages around a network
immediately following a fault condition. The program provides facilities to simulate the following types of
fault: phase to earth, two phase to earth, phase to phase and three phase to earth, single phase open
circuit and two phase circuit and apply them to most element types.
The ERACS fault program will allow quick and efficient solutions in the following areas leading to an overall
!
Fault (IEC909)
The IEC 909 program calculates balanced and unbalanced short circuit currents in three phase ac systems
to standards specified in IEC 909, edition 1988. The fault types considered are: three phase short circuit,
phase to phase short circuit without earth connection, phase to phase short circuit with earth connection
and phase to earth short circuit.
The aim of the IEC 909 standard is to establish a general approach for the calculation of short circuit
currents, which would provide conservative results with sufficient accuracy. To this end it ignores the state
of the network prior to the fault.
The ERACS Fault (IEC909) program will allow quick and efficient solutions in the following areas leading to
an overall improvement in safe operation and system design.
Typical applications for the use of a ERACS fault program are:
calculation of data for circuit breaker and switchgear ratings (maximum and minimum 3 phase fault
currents)
calculation of data for relay and fuse selection and setting
calculation of motor fault contribution
ERACS Fault (IEC909) options and facilities:
single fault fault applied to a single user specified element
fault survey - fault applied to ever busbar in the network
all classical fault types (single phase to earth, phase to phase, two phase to earth and three
phase)
user specified break times
user specified additional phase and ground path impedances
!
fourteen calculated result types available for display per Fault calculation
!
Protection co-ordination
Any practical power system has a number of protective devices (relays, fuses, circuit breakers etc.)
between the power sources and its loads. A well co-ordinated protection system will disconnect as little of
the network as possible whilst isolating faults as quickly as practical to improve safety and minimise
possible equipment damage.
The ERACS protection co-ordination program is designed to analyse the behaviour of the protection
devices in a power system so that the engineer can check that acceptable discrimination is achieved within
the desired protection philosophy.
The protection co-ordination program allows the user to place protective devices around the network and to
graphically select the appropriate settings. It then analyses the behaviour of the network, and these
devices, under specified fault conditions. A special zoning algorithm determines, for the given set of
protection devices, whether or not adequate discrimination is achieved and reports the results to the user.
Before a protection co-ordination study is allowed to proceed, a stability check is undertaken to determine
whether any of the devices in the network will operate with the steady state loadflow current. Devices failing
the check are highlighted and will require data modification or switching out to enable the study to proceed.
The ERACS protection co-ordination program will allow quick and efficient solutions in the following areas
leading to an overall improvement in the safely, reliability, operation and design of the network.
Typical applications for the use of the ERACS protection co-ordination program:
selection of protection devices
protection grading studies
protection stability studies (under steady state conditions)
protection planning philosophy and performance checking
protection system safety documentation
ERACS protection co-ordination options and facilities:
discrimination setting and documentation
stability checking under steady state conditions
dynamic performance analysis
protection on mesh , radial and parallel systems
combined LV, MV and HV protection systems
large ERACS device library, user updateable
protection devices defined by time, current data or user specified or international formulas
graphical selection of setting data
show/hide protection links between relays and circuit breakers.
customisable co-ordination plots
standard protection tables and reports
replay facility for dynamic analysis
all classical fault types catered for
faults applied to the terminals off most systems elements
faults applied any where along the length of cables and lines
on screen arrows indicating positive sequence power flow
user selected on screen results
induction motor fault contribution option
!
more than 90 calculated result types available for display per calculation
Transient stability
The stability of a system of interconnected dynamic components is its ability to return to normal or stable
operation after having been subjected to some form of disturbance. Transient stability is concerned with
sudden and large changes in the network condition such as those brought about by faults etc.
The ERACS transient stability program will allow quick and efficient solutions in the following areas leading
to an overall improvement in reliability, quality of supply and system design.
Typical applications for the use of the ERACS transient stability program:
motor starting studies including starting techniques
voltage dip profiling
generator load application and rejection tests
loss of generation
system synchronising
system stability studies
AVR and governor testing
wind farm analysis (torque variation studies)
mixed frequency system analysis
ERACS transient stability options and facilities:
generator synchronising
AVR and governor switching
fault application and rejection
mix frequency systems
unlimited number of system events
graphical display of results
user selectable study times
graphically selected system events
user specified torque variation characteristics (library key)
six motor starting techniques
induction wind generator models
AVR and governor models
more than 100 result types available for display per transient stability calculation
!
governor validation.
ERACS universal dynamic modeller options and facilities
32 control functions
graphical building and linking of functions
user selectable display of data or variable names
user defined text annotation
models stored in the ERACS library for use by the transient stability program.
version
GLF-10
GLF9HP10
Price
Hardware requirements
ERACS requires the following:
a personal computer with a Pentium 266 Mhz or higher processor.
64 MB of memory
120 MB of available hard disk space
CD-ROM drive
super VGA video adapter that supports a resolution of 800 x 600 and 256 colours or higher
Microsoft compatible mouse
optional compatible printer.
Operating environment
ERACS has been developed for the Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT Workstation 4.0 and 2000 operating
systems running on a personal computer, either standalone or across a network. To achieve this two
!
Quality
ERACS is designed under ERA's ISO9001 and TickIT certified quality system.
Sales information
ERACS prices - The ERACS software can be fully configured according to the specific user requirements.
Multi-user and site licence discounts are available. full customising service also available upon request.
For educational and training establishments, we supply the full software and support package at preferential
rates on the understanding that the software will not be used for commercial purposes..
To satisfy a short-term requirement ERACS may also be leased on a monthly basis. Please contact ERA
Technology Ltd for details.
Programs
graphical user interface (GUI) (diagram building, display, reproduction, library management, data
storage and retrieval).
loadflow
fault (classical)
fault (IEC 909)
harmonic impedance
harmonic injection
transient stability
protection co-ordination
universal dynamic modeller
Options
network version
10, 150 and 1500 busbar versions
additional manuals
ERA current rating standards for cables, 69.30
specialist AVR and governor models
diagram building/data entry
training
All purchases are subject to ERA Standard Terms and Conditions of sale and the ERACS Software Licence
Agreement.
Demo request
The demonstration program is interactive, allowing users to operate the majority of functions of the full
suite. Users can display results from previously calculated networks, which have been installed in the
software. If you require any further information, would like an engineer to telephone to discuss your
requirements or perhaps to demonstrate ERACS please do not hesitate to contact ERA Technology Ltd.
!