Power System

Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security

Power System Protection

Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Dependability
A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is
expected to trip.
Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay
will operate correctly.
Dependability can be improved by increasing the
sensitivity of the relaying scheme.
%Dependability =

No. of correct trippings 100

Total No. of desired trippings

Sensitivity
It is the ability of the relay to pick up even on smallest
possible faults.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Security
Security is a property used to characterize false
trippings.
A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is
not expected to trip.
It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not
operate incorrectly.
Security can be improved by improving selectivity of the
relaying scheme.
%Security =

No. of correct trippings 100

Total No. of trippings

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Selectivity
It is the ability to correctly locate and classify the fault.
A relay should be able to discriminate whether the fault
is in its jurisdiction or not.
This jurisdiction of a relay is called zone of protection.
Protection zones are classified into primary and backup
zones.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes

Selectivity is usually provided by

Time discrimination. Overcurrent and distance relays
use this principle.

Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Applying differential protection principle. In the case of

differential protection, the CT location provides crisp
demarcation of zone of protection.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attribute of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Reliability
It is the ability to not to fail in its function.
It can be achieved by redundancy.
Redundancy in protection depends on the criticality of
the apparatus.
Reliability can be improved by providing backup
protection.
No. of correct trips 100
% Reliability =
No. of desired trips + No. of incorrect trips
Number of desired tripping can be greater than or equal to
number of correct trippings.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Zone of Protection
A relays zone of protection is a region which defines its
jurisdiction.
It is shown by demarcating the boundary.
It is essential that primary zones of protection should
always overlap so that no portion of the system ever
remain unprotected.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes

Necessity of Speed in Relaying

Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order

to
Maximize safety

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes

Necessity of Speed in Relaying

Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order

to
Maximize safety
Minimize equipment damage

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes

Necessity of Speed in Relaying

Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order

to
Maximize safety
Minimize equipment damage
Minimize system instability.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes

Necessity of Speed in Relaying

Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order

to
Maximize safety
Minimize equipment damage
Minimize system instability.

The relay should quickly arrive at a decision and circuit

breakers should be fast enough.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection

For a single machine infinite bus system,

S.A.Soman
2

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection

For a single machine infinite bus system,

S.A.Soman
2

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Occurrence of fault reduces
Pe to zero and increases.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection

For a single machine infinite bus system,

S.A.Soman
2

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Occurrence of fault reduces
Pe to zero and increases.
At point D, Pe > Pm and
the machine decelerates.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection

For a single machine infinite bus system,

S.A.Soman
2

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Occurrence of fault reduces
Pe to zero and increases.
At point D, Pe > Pm and
the machine decelerates.
At point E,
Pe = Pm .

d
dt

= 0 and

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection

For a single machine infinite bus system,

S.A.Soman
2

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Occurrence of fault reduces
Pe to zero and increases.
At point D, Pe > Pm and
the machine decelerates.
At point E,
Pe = Pm .

d
dt

= 0 and

As reduces, generator
starts accelerating and the
swing reverses.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection

For a single machine infinite bus system,

S.A.Soman
2

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Occurrence of fault reduces
Pe to zero and increases.
At point D, Pe > Pm and
the machine decelerates.
At point E,
Pe = Pm .

d
dt

= 0 and

As reduces, generator
starts accelerating and the
swing reverses.
Finally system stabilises at
point O.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

As per equal area criteria, the post fault system

reaches stable equilibrium if accelerating area is equal
to the decelerating area.
If a machine goes out-of-step with the rest of the
system, it has to be islanded to a sub-system.
As the fault clearing time increases, the stability margin
reduces.
The fault clearing time at which the stability margin
reduces zero is known as critical clearing time.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Desirable Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in Relaying
Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

Summary

Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict

The consequences of quick tripping decisions are
Nuisance tripping or tripping when there is no fault.
Tripping for faults outside the relay jurisdiction.
High-speed system tend to be less accurate because of
lesser amount of information.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes

Summary

Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict

Summary

Desirable Attributes of a Protection System

Dependability
Security
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Reliability

Speed Vs Accuracy Conflict