IELTSAcademicModulepreparation>Writing>Lesson5

Introduction
InthislastIELTSlessonwelltakeatlookatonemoretypeofPart1academicwritingtask:
describingadiagram.Youwill:
practisereadingandunderstandingdiagrams
learnlanguageforexpressingpurpose,causeandresult
reviewandpractiserelativeclauses
reviewandpractisepassivevoice

Inthesecondhalfofthelesson,wewilltakeafinallookatwritingdiscursiveessays.Inparticular,you
will
reviewsentencerelationshipsthatwehavecoveredinpreviouslessons.
learnhowtoorganiseagoodacademicstyleparagraph.
practisewritingmorecomplexsentences.
practicecheckingyourworkformistakes.
learnwhatmakesagoodconclusiontoyourcomposition.

IELTSWRITINGTASK1:DESCRIBINGDIAGRAMS

Activity1>Understandingdiagrams>15minutes
Sometimesthepart1writingtaskasksyoutodescribeadiagram.Thediagramwillusuallyshowa
processorhowsomethingworks.Youcanseeanexamplebelow.Justasforchartsandtables,itis
importantthatyouspendsometimecarefullylookingatthediagramuntilyouunderstandwhatit
shows.Lookforthefollowing:

themainpartsorsectionsofthediagram.
therelationshipbetweenpartsinthediagram.
theorderofanystagesshowninthediagram.
anykeythataccompaniesthediagramandhelpstoexplainit

Beforeyouwrite,trytoimagineinyourmindhowtheobjectworksortheprocessdevelops.Keepin
mindwhattheresultofeachstagewillbeorwhatthepurposeofeachcomponentis.
a)Lookatthisexamplequestionandmatchthelettersinthediagramwiththecomponentslisted
below.

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WritingTask1
Thediagrambelowshowsthebasicoperationofahydrauliclift.
Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthediagram.
Writeatleast150words

1liftcarriage F
2controlbutton__
3piston
__
4electricwires __
5hydraulicfluid__

6pistonhousing__
7pump
__
8valve
__
9fluidtank
__

b)Nowcompletethisexampleanswerwiththewordsfroma)above.
Thediagramshowshowahydraulicliftworks.Thesystemisquitesimpleandconsistsofthe
[1],wherepassengersstand,a[2]whichraisesandlowersthecarriageandacircuitof
pipesthatcarry[3].
Whenthepassengerpressestheup[4]toraisethelift,anelectricsignalissenttoa
[5].Thiscausesthepumptomovefluidfromthetankintothebottomofthe[6]soasto
forcethepistonup.Asthepistonhousingfillsupwithfluid,thepistonisraisedhigher.Thelift
carriage,whichisattachedtothetopofthepiston,isalsoforcedup.Thedirectionoftheflowof
hydraulicfluidisshownbythebluearrows.
Whenthepassengerpressesthedowncontrolbutton,anelectricsignalissentsothatthepumpis
switchedoff.Atthesametime,asignalissenttoa[7]placedjustinfrontofthepumpinorder
toshutofftheflowoffluidfromthe[8]tothepistonhousing.Thevalvesnewpositionallows
hydraulicfluidtoflowfromthepistonhousingbackintothefluidtank.Thisreverseflowisshownin
thediagrambytheredarrows.Thepistonandtheliftcarriagewhichisattachedtoitarethenbrought
backdownduetotheforceofgravity.
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Activity2>Showingpurpose>5minutes
Oftenyouwillneedtoexplainwhatacomponentorastageinaprocessisfor.Inotherwords,you
needtoexplainthepurposeofsomething.Herearesomeexamplesfromthedescriptionofthelift:
to+infinitive:
sothat+fullclause:
inorderto+
infinitive:
soasto+infinitive:

Whenthepassengerpressestheupcontrolbuttontoraisethelift
anelectricalsignalissentsothatthepumpisswitchedoff.
asignalissenttoavalveinordertoshutofftheflowoffluid
movefluidfromthetankintothebottomofthepistonhousingsoasto
forcethepistonup.

Choosethebestwaytocompleteeachsentence.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer.
1Thewaterisboiled[..]killharmfulgerms.
Ainorderto
Bsoas
Cto
2Scalesareused[..]theingredientsareweighedaccurately.
Asoas
Bsothat
Cinorder
3Thereisabattery[..]provideelectricalpower.
Asoas
Bto
Cinorderto
4[..]growstraight,theplantneedstobesupportedwithapieceofwood.
ATo
BInorderto
CSoas
5Theleavesneedtobeleftinthesun[..]drythoroughly.
Ato
Bsothat
Csoasto
6Theframeismadeofaluminium[..]thestructureislightbutstrong.
Ainorderto
Bsothat
Cto
Activity3>Causeandresult> 10minutes
InLesson1welookedatphrasesandwordsforexpressingcauseandresultrelationships.Thesame
phrasesareusefulfordescribingdiagrams.
a)Lookatthediagrambelow.Whatcauseandresultrelationshipsareshown?

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b)Nowcompletethisdescriptionoftheprocessbyusingwordsandphrasesfromthebox.
asaresultbecausecausesconsequentlydue
giverisetoonaccountofresultsin
Waterleaksslowlyintothecave[1]therearethousandsoftinycracksandholesinthe
limestonerock.Onitswaydown,thewaterabsorbsthecalciumcarbonatepresentintherockand
this[2]amineralsolution.Smalldropsofthissolutionformontheroofofthecave.Wheneach
dropfalls,itleavesbehindaringshapeddepositofcalcite.Thisprocessisrepeatedmanytimesand
[3]athincalcitetubeisformed.Thistubeissometimescalledasodastraw[4]its
shape.Occasionallythesodastrawgetsblocked[5]toapieceofstoneorsoil.This[6]
thedropsofsolutiontopourdowntheoutsideofthestraw.[7],calcitedepositsbuildup
aroundthestrawandthese[8]thetypicalconeshapeofthestalactite.Onlythestrawsthatget
blockedwilleventuallybecomestalactites.
Activity4>Relativeclauses>5minutes
Relativeclausesareclausesinsentenceswhichaddinformationaboutthesubjectofthesentence.
Sometimesthisisextrainformation,andthesentencewouldbecorrectwithouttheclause.Inthis
case,wecalltheclausenondefining.LookatthisexamplefromthedescriptionoftheliftinActivity
1:
Theliftcarriageisalsoforcedup.
Theliftcarriage,whichisattachedtothetopofthepiston,isalsoforcedup.
Youcanseethattheclauseaddsextrainformationaboutthecarriage,butthesentenceisstill
grammaticalwithouttheclause.Noticethatweusecommas(,)toseparateanondefiningclause
fromthemainclause.Also,rememberthatyoucannotusethatasarelativepronounwithnon
definingclauses.
Otherclausesaddimportantinformationwhichdescribeordefinethesubjectofthesentence.Heres
anexample:
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Onlythestrawsthatgetblockedwilleventuallybecomestalactites.
Thistime,thesentencewouldnotmakesensewithouttherelativeclause.Therearenocommasto
separatetheclause,andwecanusethat,where,who,whichetcastherelativepronoun.
Connecttheinformationtomakesentenceswithrelativeclauses(nondefiningordefining).
Thereisalight.
Itturnsonwhenthetemperaturerises.
Example:Thereisalightwhichturnsonwhenthetemperaturerises.
Acontainer.
Itsmadeofsteel.
Itcatchesrainwater.
1
Chlorineisaddedtothetank.
Itkillsanydangerousbacteria.
2
Thepagespassthroughamachine.
Itcutsofftheedges.
3
Theprogrammingtakessixmonths.
ItisdoneinIndia.
4
Themixtureisheatedtoatemperature.
Thetemperaturecausesachemicalreaction.
5
Activity5>Passivevoice>5minutes
Usingthepassivevoicecanaddamoreformaltonetoyourdescriptions.Often,itisnoteven
necessarytosaywhoorwhatisresponsibleforcertainactionsintheprocess.Comparethesetwo
sentences,forexample:
(Activevoice):Aworkercollectsthematerialsfromtherecyclingbins.
(Passivevoice):Thematerialsarecollectedfromtherecyclingbins.
Nowrewritethesesentencesusingthepassivevoice.
Someonefitssolarpanelstotheroofofthevehicle.
Example:Solarpanelsarefittedtotheroofofthevehicle.
Minersextractbauxitefromtheground.
1
Occasionallysomeoneaddszinctothemixture.
2
Mechanicsregularlytesttheenginesperformance.
3

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Oncetheproductionteamhascompletedtheproductionprocess,dispatchworkerssendtheproduct
outtostores.
4
Assoonasthecontrolcentrehasreceivedthecall,theysendoutacartothecustomer.
5

Activity6>Puttingitalltogether>10minutes
Nowitsyourturn.LookattheexampleIELTSquestionbelow:
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.
ThediagramshowshowtheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)worksinordertohelp
peoplefindtheirlocationanywhereonEarth.
Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words

a)Lookatthediagramandanswerthefollowingquestions.
Howmanysegmentsarethereinthesystem?
Whatarethemaincomponentsofeachsegment?
Whatpartdoeseachsegmentplayinthewholesystem?

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b)Nowwriteadescriptionfollowingthisplan:
DescribebrieflywhataGPSisandwhatthethreesegmentsofthesystemare.
Describethespacesegment:whatitconsistsofandwhatitdoes.
Describethecontrolsegment:whatitconsistsofandwhatitdoes.
Describetheusersegment:whatitconsistsofandwhatitdoes.
Remembernottospendmorethan20minuteswriting.
c)Nowlookattheexampleanswerinthekey.Canyoufindexamplesofthelanguagewevelooked
atinthislesson?

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IELTSWRITINGTASK2: PARAGRAPHSANDCONCLUSIONS
SofarintheseIELTSlessonswevelookedatthreetypesofdiscursivecomposition:

Describingaproblemandofferingasolution
Describingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsomething
Expressingyouropiniononacontroversialissue

Thesearethemaintypesofcompositionyoumaybeaskedtowrite.Wevealsolookedathowto
spendyourfirstfiveminutesbeforeyoustartwriting:

Brainstormingideas
Organisingideasinamindmap
Planningyourcomposition

Inthislessonwelllookathowtoorganiseyourwritingattheleveloftheparagraphand,finally,how
towriteagoodconclusion.
Activity7>Buildingparagraphs(1)>10minutes
Oneofthefeaturesofgoodacademicwritingisthatithasalogicalflowtoit.Sentencesshouldnot
beisolated,buteachsentenceshouldfollowonlogicallyfromtheonebeforeit.Theyshouldallbuild
intoaunitedparagraph.Thebasicbuildingblockofyourparagraphsshouldbepairsofsentencesor
setsofthreesentences.
Uptonowwehavelookedatthefollowingtypesofsentencepairs:
i
ii
iii
iv

Argument&counterargument
Opinion&supportingexamples
Opinion&supportingreasons
Listing(reasonsorexamples)

a)Makesentencepairsbymatchingeachsentence(14)withonethatfollowsonfromit(ad).For
eachpair,saywhattypeofpairitis(fromthelistabove).
1Firstly,televisionnewsreportsareoftentooshortorsuperficialtoexplainthefullcontextofastory.
2Inmyview,productssuchascosmeticsorsoapsshouldnotbetestedonanimals.
3Iamconvincedthatgovernments'economicpoliciesdoharmtotheenvironment.
4Itisoftensaidthattheonlywaytopreventcrimeistoenforcestricterpunishments.
aForinstance,governmentsdonothingtoencouragepeopletousepublictransportinsteadoftheir
cars.
bSuchitemsarenotessential,andthereisnoneedtomakecreaturessufferforthesakeofmaking
money.
cHowever,statisticsshowthatstiffpunishmentsdonothingtoreducecrimerates.
dSecondly,televisionnewseditorstendtofavourstorieswhichoffersensationalimagesthatmake
entertainingviewing.

b)Nowwriteasuitablesentencetofollowonfromeachofthesesentencesbelow.
Mostroadaccidentsarecausedbycarelessandirresponsibledriving.
Itissometimessaidthatmoderntechnologyhashelpedcreategreaterunderstandingbetween
nations.
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Inmyviewthereshouldbeatotalbanontheadvertisingofcigarettesandothertobaccoproducts.
AfirstmeasurewecouldtaketoinordertoreducetheAIDSpandemicistomakesuitabledrugs
morereadilyavailable.
Activity8>Buildingparagraphs(2)>10minutes
Yourwritingshouldbecleartounderstandandyoucanachievethisbywritingshortsentenceswith
onlyoneortwoclauses.However,ifyouarelookingforanIELTSgradeof7orhigherinthewriting
test,examinerswillexpectyoutoincludeafewexamplesofmorecomplexsentences.Forinstance,
youcanjointwoideastogetherintoasinglesentencewithlinkingwordslikethese:
notonly,apartfrom,despite,eventhough,although,contraryto,while
Forexample,thesetwoideas:
Spaceexplorationhassomescientificvalue.
Themoneyspentonspaceexplorationcouldbebetterspentonrelievingstarvationaroundtheworld.
couldbejoinedintoasinglesentence:
Eventhoughspaceexplorationhassomescientificvalue,themoneycouldbebetterspenton
relievingstarvationaroundtheworld.
Nowlinktheideasbelowintoasinglesentencebyusingthelinkingwordorphraseinbrackets.
Industrieswastehugeamountsofwater.Industriesareresponsibleforthecontaminationofwater
supplies.
1(apartfrom)
Thepopularbeliefisthatmachineshavereplacedskilledworkerseverywhere.Therearemany
skilledartisansinChinaandotherAsiancountries.
2(contraryto)
Billionsofdollarsinaidhavebeensenttodevelopingcountries.Millionsofpeopleindeveloping
countriesstillliveinabsolutepoverty.
3(Despite)
Peopleclaimtoshowconcernfortheenvironment.Peoplecompromisetheirecologicalvalues
almostdaily.
4(While)
ThereisanepidemicofobesityamongstWesternadults.ObesityisbecomingwidespreadinWestern
children.
5(Notonly)
Activity9>Buildingparagraphs(3)>15minutes
Ingoodacademicwriting,eachparagraphshouldhavealogicalstructuretoit.Youshouldthinkof
eachparagraphasaminiessay,withanintroduction,developmentandconclusion.
Topicsentencesactastheintroduction.Asyousawinthelastlesson,topicsentencessignaltothe
readerthatyouaregoingtodiscussaparticularaspectofthequestion.Youcanthenbuildthe
paragraphbyusingpairsorsetsofthreesentenceswhichdevelopalogicalargument.Thesecanbe
ofthetypewelookedatinthepreviousexercises.Finally,roundoffyourparagraphwitha

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restatementofyourtopicsentence.Thissignalstoyourreaderthatyouhavecometotheendofone
partofyourdiscussionandthatyouareabouttomoveon.
a)Intheboxaretwoparagraphstakenfromdifferentcompositions,butmixedup.Reorganisethe
sentencesintotwoparagraphsfollowingtheparagraphstructurediscussedabove.
Paragraph1

Paragraph2

AlthoughtechnologysuchastheInternethasincreasedtheeaseandspeedwithwhichpeople
fromdifferentcountriescommunicate,therestillexistmisunderstandingsabouteachothers
culturesandbeliefs.
Forexample,peopleseemtobenocloserintheirunderstandingoffaithsotherthantheirown.
Communicationtechnologymayhavethepotentialtoimprovetheworld,butwehavenot
exploitedthatpotentialtobesteffect.
Driverswhoexceedsafespeedlimits,forexample,causemanyaccidents.Inaddition,drivers
oftenovertakewhenitisnotsafetodoso,suchasonsharpbends.
Finally,manyroaddeathsareduetopeopledrivingwhenundertheinfluenceofalcohol.
Havetherecentrapiddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologymadetheworldabetter
place?
Itissometimessaidthatmoderntechnologyhashelpedcreategreaterunderstandingbetween
nations.However,thereislittleevidencetosupportthisview.
Thereis,ofcourse,ahumanfactorinvolvedinroadsafety.Mostroadaccidentsarecausedby
carelessandirresponsibledriving.
Thesearejustafewexamplesofhowhumanerrororrecklessnesscanleadtotragedyonthe
roads.
b)Nowwriteyourownparagraphwhichcarriesonfromthetopicsentenceprovidedbelow.
Remembertousetheparagraphplan:
Topicsentence(TS)
Developers(D1,D2,D3etc)
Restatementsentence(R)
Unfortunatelyitisnotunusualfordogstobeownedbypeoplewhosehomesandlifestylescannot
offerwhattheirpetneeds
Activity10>Checkingyourwork>10minutes
Itisveryimportantthatyouleave23minutesattheendofthewritingtesttoreadcarefullythrough
whatyouhavewrittenandcheckforerrors.Atthispoint,dontworryaboutideas.Justmakesurethat
yourspellingandgrammarareaccurate.
a)HeresatypicalPart2writingtaskoftheproblemandsolutiontype.Planandwriteyouranswer
(innotlessthan250words).

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Presentawrittenargumentorcasetoaneducatedreaderwithnospecialknowledgeofthe
followingtopic.
Havingalargepetdogisbecomingevermorepopular,althoughthelifestylesandhomes
thatpeoplehavearebecominglessandlesssuitedtodogownership.Whatproblems
doesthiscauseandwhatpossiblesolutionsaretheretotheseproblems.
Youshoulduseyourownideas,knowledgeandexperienceandsupportyourargumentswith
examplesandrelevantevidence.
b)Readthroughyourcompositioncarefullyandcheckforerrorsingrammarandspelling.
c)Nowreadthisexampleanswer.Therearetenmistakeswithspellingorgrammar.Canyoufind
them?
Increesingly,peopleareoptingtokeeplargedogssuchasRottweilersorDobermans.Thisislargely
becausetheycannowaffordtobuythesestatussymbolbreeds.However,peopleoftenfailtotake
intoconsiderationtheneedsofthedogbeforetheybuy.Thiscausestoanumberofserious
problems.BelowIwillshowthemainproblemsthissituationcausesandsuggestpossiblesolutions.
Unfortunatlyitisnotunusualforlargedogstobeownedbypeoplethathomesandlifestylescannot
offerwhattheirpetneeds.Thefirstrequirementforalargedogisplentyofspace.Notonlyaremany
dogskeptintinyyards,butsomeownersevenkeeptheirdogsincityflatswithonlysmallbalconies
forthemtomoveabouton.Asecondbasicrequirementsisthatthedoggetsplentyofexercise.
Again,ownersoftenneglectthisneedbecausetheydonthavetimetotaketheirdogsoutforwalks.
Theyreworkandfamilycommitmentsmeanthatthedogstayscoopedupinsidefordaysatatime.
Clearly,moderncitylifestylesareincompatiblewiththeneedsofalargedog.
Thissituationgivesrisetoanumberofproblems,bothforthedogsandotherpeople.Firstlyofall,the
dogssufferphysically.Beingkeptincrampedconditionswithoutproperexerciseleadstopoorhealth
andevendisfigurementforthedog.Apartfromthisphysicalproblems,dogsalsosuffermentally.Just
likehumans,dogsgetboredanddepressedsittingindoorsallday,orpacingupanddownonatiny
balcony.Whiledogsarethemainvictimsofthissituation,peoplewholiveclosebyalsosuffer.
Inevitably,boreddogsbarkandincessantbarkingbecomesanuisance,andevenatorture,to
neighbours.So,thesituationaffectsthewelfareofbothoftheanimalsandthewidercommunity.
Howcantheproblemsdescribedabovebeprevented?Onewayistocreatelawswhichprevent
peoplefromtoownlargedogsiftheyliveincityflats.Asecondmeasureistoimposefinesonowners
whosedogsareseentobesuffering,orwhocauseunacceptabledisturbanceintheneighbourhood.
Finally,thereneedtobepublicitycampaignswhicheducatethepublicinhowtoberesponsiblepet
owners.
Activity11>Agoodconclusion>5minutes
TheexampleanswerinActivity10ismissingoneimportantthingagoodconclusion.Agood
conclusionshouldhavethefollowingqualities:

Itshouldnotbemorethanafewsentenceslong.
Itshouldsumupthemainpointsyouhavementioned.
Itshouldnotincludenewideasorthoughtsnotalreadymentionedinthecomposition.
Itshouldbringthecompositionstoasatisfyingend.

a)Writeaconclusionfortheexamplecompositionyoureadinthepreviousactivity.
b)Compareyourconclusionwiththeexampleinthekey.
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LessonReview
Inthislessonyouhave:

practisedreadingdiagrams.
learnedlanguageforexpressingpurpose,causeandresult.
reviewedandpractisedrelativeclausesandpassivevoice.
learnedhowtoorganiseagoodacademicstyleparagraph.
practisedwritingmorecomplexsentences.
learnedwhatmakesagoodconclusiontoyourcomposition.

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Lesson5>Answerkey
Activity1
a)
1liftcarriage F
2controlbuttonsA
3piston
G
4electricwires C
5hydraulicfluidB

6pistonhousingI
7pump
E
8valve
H
9fluidtank
D

b)
1liftcarriage
2piston
3hydraulicfluid
4controlbutton
5pump
6pistonhousing
7valve
8tank
Activity2
1A,C
2B
3B,C
4A,B
5A,C
6B
Activity3
1because
2resultsin
3asaresult/consequently
4onaccountof
5due
6causes
7Consequently
8giveriseto
Activity4(Possibleanswers)
1Acontainer,whichismadeofsteel,catchestherainwater.
2Chlorine,whichkillsanydangerousbacteria,isaddedtothetank.
3Thepagespassthoughamachinewhichcutsofftheedges.
4Theprogramming,whichtakessixmonths,isdoneinIndia./Theprogramming,whichisdonein
India,takessixmonths.
5Themixtureisheatedtoatemperaturewhichcausesachemicalreaction.
Activity5
1Bauxiteisextractedfromtheground.
2Zincisoccasionallyaddedtothemixture.
3Theenginesperformanceisregularlytested.
4Oncetheproductionprocesshasbeencompleted,theproductissentouttostores.
5Assoonasthecallisreceived,acarissentouttothecustomer.

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Activity6
c)
Thediagramshowshowsomeonecanfindtheirexactlocationanywhereintheworldbymeansof
theGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).Thesystemhasthreemainsegments:thespacesegment,
thecontrolsegmentandtheusersegment.
Thespacesegmentconsistsof24satelliteswhichareputintoorbitatanaltitudeofabout20,000km.
Eachonetakes12hourstoorbittheearthonce.Theyhavesolarpanelswhichprovidepowerand
antennaeinordertoreceiveandtransmitdata.Eachsatellitecontinuallytransmitsacodedmessage
whichincludesinformationaboutitspositionandtheexacttimeoftransmission.Thesatellitesare
fittedwithatomicclockssothattimeiskeptwithgreataccuracy.
ThecontrolsegmentconsistsofanumberofmonitorstationsatdifferentlocationsonEarthanda
maincontrolcentreinColorado,USA.Anyslightchangesintheorbitofthesatellitescanbe
detectedbythemonitorstations.Thisinformationisthensenttothecontrolcentre,andfromhereit
istransmittedbacktothesatellites.Consequently,thesatellitescanalwaystransmittheirexact
positiontousers.
Theusersegmentisbasicallyahandheldreceivercapableofpickingupsignalsfromthesatellites.
Thereceivercomparesthetimeasignalwassentwiththetimeitwasreceived.Asaresult,the
distancebetweentheuserandthesatellitecanbecalculated.Bytakingsimilarmeasurementsfrom
foursatellites,thereceivercanpinpointtheexactlocationandaltitudeoftheuseronEarth.
Activity7
1dtype42btype33atype24ctype1
Activity8
1Apartfromwastinghugeamountsofwater,industriesareresponsibleforthecontaminationof
watersupplies.
2Contrarytothepopularbeliefthatmachineshavereplacedskilledworkerseverywhere,thereare
manyskilledartisansinChinaandotherAsiancountries.
3Despitebillionsofdollarsinaidhavingbeensenttodevelopingcountries,millionsofpeoplein
developingcountriesstillliveinabsolutepoverty.
4Whilepeopleclaimtoshowconcernfortheenvironment,theycompromisetheirecologicalvalues
almostdaily.
5NotonlyisthereanepidemicofobesityamongstWesternadults,butobesityisbecoming
widespreadinWesternchildren.
Activity9
Paragraph1:
(TS)Thereis,ofcourse,ahumanfactorinvolvedinroadsafety.(D1)Mostroadaccidentsarecaused
bycarelessandirresponsibledriving.(D2)Driverswhoexceedsafespeedlimits,forexample,cause
manyaccidents.(D3)Inaddition,driversoftenovertakewhenitisnotsafetodoso,suchasonsharp
bends.(D4)Finally,manyroaddeathsareduetopeopledrivingwhenundertheinfluenceofalcohol.
(R)Thesearejustafewexamplesofhowhumanerrororrecklessnesscanleadtotragedyonthe
roads.
Paragraph2
(TS)Havetherecentrapiddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologymadetheworldabetter
place?(D1)Itissometimessaidthatmoderntechnologyhashelpedcreategreaterunderstanding
betweennations.(D2)However,thereislittleevidencetosupportthisview.(D3)Althoughtechnology
suchastheInternethasincreasedtheeaseandspeedwithwhichpeoplefromdifferentcountries
communicate,therestillexistmisunderstandingsabouteachothersculturesandbeliefs.(D4)For
example,peopleseemtobenocloserintheirunderstandingoffaithsotherthantheirown.(R)
Communicationtechnologymayhavethepotentialtoimprovetheworld,butwehavenotyet
exploitedthatpotentialtobesteffect.

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Activity10
b)
Increesingly[Increasingly],peopleareoptingtokeeplargedogssuchasRottweilersorDobermans.
Thisislargelybecausetheycannowaffordtobuythesestatussymbolbreeds.However,people
oftenfailtotakeintoconsiderationtheneedsofthedogbeforetheybuy.Thiscauses[leads]toa
numberofseriousproblems.BelowIwillshowthemainproblemsthissituationcausesandsuggest
possiblesolutions.
Unfortunatly[Unfortunately]itisnotunusualforlargedogstobeownedbypeoplethat[whose]
homesandlifestylescannotofferwhattheirpetneeds.Thefirstrequirementforalargedogisplenty
ofspace.Notonlyaremanydogskeptintinyyards,butsomeownersevenkeeptheirdogsincity
flatswithonlysmallbalconiesforthemtomoveabouton.Asecondbasicrequirements[requirement]
isthatthedoggetsplentyofexercise.Again,ownersoftenneglectthisneedbecausetheydonthave
timetotaketheirdogsoutforwalks.Theyre[Their]workandfamilycommitmentsmeanthatthedog
stayscoopedupinsidefordaysatatime.Clearly,moderncitylifestylesareincompatiblewiththe
needsofalargedog.
Thissituationgivesrisetoanumberofproblems,bothforthedogsandotherpeople.Firstly[First]of
all,thedogssufferphysically.Beingkeptincrampedconditionswithoutproperexerciseleadstopoor
healthandevendisfigurementforthedog.Apartfromthis[these]physicalproblems,dogsalsosuffer
mentally.Justlikehumans,dogsgetboredanddepressedsittingindoorsallday,orpacingupand
downonatinybalcony.Whiledogsarethemainvictimsofthissituation,peoplewholivecloseby
alsosuffer.Inevitably,boreddogsbarkandincessantbarkingbecomesanuisance,andevena
torture,toneighbours.So,thesituationaffectsthewelfareofbothoftheanimalsandthewider
community.
Howcantheproblemsdescribedabovebeprevented?Onewayistocreatelawswhichprevent
peoplefromtoown[owning]largedogsiftheyliveincityflats.Asecondmeasureistoimposefines
onownerswhosedogsareseentobesuffering,orwhocauseunacceptabledisturbanceinthe
neighbourhood.Finally,thereneedtobepublicitycampaignswhicheducatethepublicinhowtobe
responsiblepetowners.
Activity11
Tosumup,prospectiveownersoflargedogsneedtoconsiderwhethertheycanoffertheirintended
pettherightconditionsforahealthy,happylife.Dogownerswhodonotprovidetheseconditions,
eitherthroughignoranceorselfishness,causeharmtoboththedogandthecommunity.

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