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Automatic Controls
for Industrial Refrigeration Systems
REFRIGERATION &
AIR CONDITIONING DIVISION
Application Handbook
Application Handbook
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Compressor Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1Compressor Capacity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Discharge TemperatureControl with Liquid Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Crankcase Pressure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Reverse Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Condenser Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 Air Cooled Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 Evaporative Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Water Cooled Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4. Liquid Level Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1 High Pressure Liquid Level Control System (HP LLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Low Pressure Liquid Level Control System (LPLLRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5. Evaporator Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.1 Direct Expansion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2 Pumped Liquid Circulation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3 Hot Gas Defrost for DX Air Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.4 Hot Gas Defrost for Pumped Liquid Circulation Air Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.5 Multi Temperature Changeover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.6 Media Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.8 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6. Oil Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.1 Oil cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2 Oil Differential Pressure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3 Oil Recovery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.5 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7. Safety systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.1 Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.2 Pressure and Temperature Limiting Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.3 Liquid Level Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.5 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8. Refrigerant Pump Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.1 Pump Protection with Differential Pressure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.2 Pump Bypass Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.3 Pump Pressure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.5 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
9. Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9.1 Filter Driers in Fluorinated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9.2 Filter Driers in CO2 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.3 Water Removal for Ammonia Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
9.4 Air purging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
9.5 Heat Recovery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
9.6 Reference Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
10. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.1 Typical Refrigeration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.2 ON/OFF and modulating controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Reference Literature - Alphabetical overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Foreword
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
1. Introduction
Danfoss
Tapp_0015_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
3
Compressor
Oil
separator
Condenser
Oil cooler
2
Receiver
Expansion valve 1
4
Liquid separator
Refrigerant pump
Evaporator
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Compressor Control
Oil control
Why?
Why?
How?
How?
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
1. Introduction
(continued)
Condenser Control
Why?
Why?
Safety Systems
Why?
Why?
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
2. Compressor Controls
2.1
Compressor Capacity Control
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
AKS 33
SVA
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
SCA
FIA
To
condenser
Oil
seperator
EKC 331
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Step Controller
Pressure Transmitter
SVA
EVRAT+FA
Danfoss
Tapp_0016_02
04-2006
Piston compressor
Pressure transmitter-AKS 33
Refrigerants
1 up to 34
1 up to 34
Up to 55
>33
40 to 85
4 to 20 mA
10 to 90% of V supply
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Danfoss
Tapp_0017_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
Compressor
SCA
To
condenser
FIA
CVC
Oil
seperator
SVA
ICS
CVC
SVA
EVM
SVA
EVRAT+FA
SVA
ICS
SVA
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Stop valve
Capacity regulator
Stop valve
SVA
Evaporator
Material
Refrigerants
Media temp. range [C]
Max. working pressure [bar]
Pressure range [bar]
Kv value [m3/h]
TEA
SVA
From receiver
EVRAT+FA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
AKD 5000
Danfoss
Tapp_0139_02
08-2006
AK2
AKS 33
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
SVA
FIA
SVA
To oil separator
VLT 5000
PLC/OEM
controller
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
AKS 33
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
Frequency converter
Controller
Pressure transducer
FIA
SVA
SVA
To oil separator
IP 20
IP 20 or IP 54
KW size
0.37kW to 18.5kW
0.75kW to 55kW
Voltage
200-240V or 380-480V
200-240V or 380-500V
Enclosure
Ambient temperature
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
2.2
Discharge Temperature
Control with Liquid Injection
RT 107
RT 1A
Compressor
RT 5A
FIA
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Stop valve
Solenoid valve
Thermostatic injection valve
Stop valve
Thermostat
To oil
separator
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
SVA
TEAT
From oil
cooler
Danfoss
Tapp_0018_02
04-2006
SVA
SVA
EVRA+FA
From receiver
Thermostat - RT
Refrigerants
Enclosure
IP 66/54
65 to 300
50 to 70
60 to 150
Differential t [C]
1.0 to 25.0
20
3.3 to 274
10
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Compressor
FIA
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Stop valve
Solenoid valve
Motor valve
Stop valve
Controller
Temperature sensor
AKS 21
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
EKC 361
SVA
ICAD
From oil
cooler
SVA
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0019_02
04-2006
ICM
EVRA+FA
From
receiver
To oil
separator
Refrigerants
60 to 120
52 bar
DN [mm]
20 to 65
224 to 14000
Housing: aluminium
30 to 50 (ambient)
0/4-10mA, or 0/2-10
Open-close time
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
11
Application Handbook
Compressor
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
To oil
separator
AKS 21
EKC 361
SVA
FIA
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Manual opener
Motor valve
Stop valve
Controller
Temperature sensor
From oil
cooler
ICM
ICFE
ICFS
ICFS
ICFF
ICFM
Danfoss
Tapp_0020_02
04-2006
ICF
From
receiver
12
Refrigerants
60 to 120
52 bar
DN [mm]
20 to 40
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
2.3
Crankcase Pressure Control
Compressor
SCA
CVC
From
evaporator
To
condenser
ICS
Oil
separator
SVA
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Danfoss
Tapp_0021_02
04-2006
SVA
EVRAT+FA
Refrigerants
60 to +120
52
DN [mm]
20 to 80
Capacity* [kW]
11.4 to 470
Refrigerants
50 to 120
0.45 to 7
Kv value [m3/h]
0.2
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
13
Application Handbook
REG
REG
CVP(HP)
Compressor
SCA
To condenser
CVH
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
pilot valve
Stop valve
From
evaporator
ICS
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0022_02
04-2006
SVA
EVRAT+FA
14
Oil
separator
Refrigerants
50 to 120
CVP (LP): 17
CVP (HP): 28
CVP (XP): 52
Kv value [m3/h]
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
2.4
Reverse Flow Control
SCA
Compressor
To condenser
From
evaporator
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
SVA
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0023_02
04-2006
EVRAT+FA
Technical data
Oil
separator
Housing: special cold resistant steel approved for low temperature operation.
Spindle: polished stainless steel
Refrigerants
60 to 150
0.04
40
DN [mm]
15 to 125
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
15
Application Handbook
2.5
Summary
Solution
Application
Benefits
Limitations
Simple.
Almost as efficient at part
load as at full load.
Applicable to compressors
with fixed capacities.
Applicable to all
compressors with the ability
to run at reduced speed.
PC
TSHL
TC
TC
M
PC
Applicable to reciprocating
compressors, normally
used for small and medium
systems.
Applicable to all
refrigeration plants.
Simple.
Easy to install.
Low flow resistance.
PC
16
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
2.6
Reference Literature
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Type
Literature no.
AKD
RB.8D.B
ICF
PD.FT0.A
Literature no.
ICF
PI.FT0.A
AKS 21
ED.SA0.A
ICM
PD.HT0.A
ICM
PI.HT0.A
AKS 32R
RD.5G.J
ICS
PD.HS0.A
AKS 21
RI.14.D
ICS
PI.HS0.A
AKS 33
RD.5G.H
REG
PD.KM0.A
AKS 32R
PI.SB0.A
REG
PI.KM0.A
CVC
PD.HN0.A
SCA
RD.7E.C
AKS 33
PI.SB0.A
SCA
PI.FL0.A
CVP
PD.HN0.A
SVA
PD.KD0.A
CVC
RI.4X.L
SVA
PI.KD0.B
EKC 331
RS.8A.G
TEAT
RD.1F.A
CVP
RI.4X.D
TEAT
PI.AU0.A
EKC 361
RS.8A.E
EKC 331
RI.8B.E
EVRA(T)
RD.3C.B
EKC 361
RI.8B.F
EVRA(T)
RI.3D.A
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
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DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
17
Application Handbook
3. Condenser Controls
18
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
EKC 331
AKS 33
From
discharge line
SVA
Condenser
SVA
SVA
SFA
SFA
SNV
DSV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Receiver
LLG
Step controller
Pressure transmitter
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
SNV
Danfoss
Tapp_0031_02
04-2006
SVA
To expansion
device
Refrigerants
1 up to 34
1 up to 34
Up to 55
>33
40 to 85
4 to 20 mA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
10 to 90% of V supply
19
Application Handbook
AKD
From
discharge
line
AKS 33
SVA
Condenser
SVA
SFV
SFV
DSV
Receiver
LLG
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
SNV
Danfoss
Tapp_0141_02
08-2006
SVA
To expansion
device
SVA
Frequency converter
Pressure transducer
Frequency converter control offer the following
advantages:
Energy savings
Improved control and product quality
Noise reduction
Longer lifetime
Simplified installation
Easy to use complete control of the system
Technical data
Enclosure
IP 20
IP 20 or IP 54
KW size*
0.37kW to 18.5kW
0.75kW to 55kW
Voltage
200-240V or 380-480V
200-240V or 380-500V
20
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Technical data
(continued)
Refrigerants
50 to 120
CVP (HP): 28
CVP (XP): 52
Kv value [m3/h]
Body: steel
Refrigerants
50 to 150
40
DN [mm]
20/25
3.2
Evaporative Condensers
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623 21
Application Handbook
RT 5A
RT 5A
SCA
SVA
Suction
line
Water
pump
Condenser
Compressor
SVA
SVA
SFA
SNV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Pressure controller
Pressure controller
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
SVA
To oil
cooler
SNV
To expansion
device
Technical data
22
DSV
Receiver
LLG
Danfoss
Tapp_0033_02
04-2006
SFA
HP pressure control - RT 5A
Refrigerants
Enclosure
IP 66/54
50 to 70
RT 5A: 4 to 17
22
25
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
EKC 331
SCA
AKS 33
SVA
Water
pump
Suction
line
Condenser
Compressor
SVA
SVA
SFA
SNV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Step controller
Pressure transmitter
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
SFA
DSV
Receiver
LLG
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0034_02
04-2006
SNV
To oil
cooler
To expansion
device
Pressure transmitter-AKS 33
Refrigerants
1 up to 34
1 up to 34
Up to 55
>33
40 to 85
4 to 20 mA
10 to 90% of V supply
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623 23
Application Handbook
3.3
Water Cooled Condensers
SVA
SCA
SFA
SFA
SNV
Suction
line
DSV
Compressor
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Oil
WVS
Condenser
SNV
Stop valve
Stop valve
Water valve
Cooling
water out
Cooling
water in
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0035_02
04-2006
To expansion
device
24
Refrigerants
Media
25 to 90
2.2 to 19
26.4
10
DN [mm]
32 to 100
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Controller
SCA
AKS 33
SVA
SFA
AMV 20
SFA
SNV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Pressure transmitter
Controller
Motor-valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
Cooling
water in
DSV
Suction
line
VM2
Compressor
Condenser
SNV
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0036_02
04-2006
To expansion
device
Cooling
water out
Motor valve - VM 2
Material
Media
2 to 150
25
DN [mm]
15 to 50
Media
2 to 200
16/25/40
DN [mm]
15 to 250
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623 25
Application Handbook
3.4
Summary
Solution
Application
Benefits
Limitations
Industrial refrigeration
with very large capacity
requirement
Industrial refrigeration
with very large capacity
requirement
Receiver
PS
PS
From
discharge line
Condenser
Receiver
PT
From
discharge
line
Water
pump
Condenser
Receiver
Cooling
PC water in
Compressor
Condenser
Cooling
water out
PC
PT
M
Cooling
water in
Compressor
Condenser
3.5
Reference Literature
For an alphabetical overview of
all reference literature please go
to page 101
Cooling
water out
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Type
Literature no.
AKD
RB.8D.B
ICS
PD.HS0.A
Literature no.
ICS
PI.HS0.A
AKS 21
ED.SA0.A
NRVA
RD.6H.A
NRVA
RI.6H.B
AKS 32R
RD.5G.J
RT 5A
RD.5B.A
AKS 21
RI.14.D
RT 5A
RI.5B.C
AKS 33
RD.5G.H
SVA
PD.KD0.A
AKS 32R
PI.SB0.A
SVA
PI.KD0.B
AMV 20
ED.95.N
VM 2
ED.97.K
AKS 33
PI.SB0.A
VM 2
VI.HB.C
CVPP
PD.HN0.A
WVS
RD.4C.A
AMV 20
EI.96.A
WVS
RI.4C.B
CVP
PD.HN0.A
CVPP
RI.4X.D
CVP
RI.4X.D
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
26
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
4.1
High Pressure Liquid Level
Control System (HP LLRS)
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623 27
From condenser
From
discharge
line
Danfoss
Tapp_0044_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
SVA
SVA
SFA
SFA
SVA
SNV
DSV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Stop valve
Filter
Servo-operated main valve
Stop valve
Float valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
SV1
Receiver
LLG
EVM
SVA
SNV
SVA
To seperator
To oil
cooler
SVA
FIA
PMFH SVA
PMFH 80 - 1 to 500
Material
Refrigerants
60 to + 120
28
42
139-13900
Housing: steel
Cover: low temperature cast iron
Float: stainless steel
Refrigerants
50 to + 65
P-band [mm]
35
28
36
Kv value [m3/h]
0.06 for SV 1
0.14 for SV 3
SV1: 25
SV3: 64
28
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
HFI
Cooling water in
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Danfoss
Tapp_0045_02
08-2006
HP float valve
To liquid
seperator
Purge pipe
(option 2)
HFI
Material
Refrigerants
R717 and other non-flammable refrigerant. For the refrigerants with density greater than 700kg/m3,
please consult Danfoss.
50 to 80
25 bar
400 to 2400
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623 29
From condenser
SVA
From
discharge
line
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Stop valve
Filter
Motor valve
Stop valve
Controller
Level transmitter
Stop valve
Stop valve
Danfoss
Tapp_0046_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
AKS 41
SFA
SFA
SVA
SNV
SVA
DSV
Receiver
LLG
EKC 347
ICAD
SVA
SVA
SNV
To oil
cooler
SVA
To seperator
FIA
ICM
SVA
Refrigerants
60 to 120
52
DN [mm]
20 to 80
224 to 14000
30
Material
Refrigerants
60 to 100
60
207 to 2927
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
4.2
Low Pressure Liquid
Level Control System (LP
LLRS)
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
SVA
To
compressor
suction line
From evaporator
SVA
SFA
SFA
SVA
SVA
SNV
DSV
EVM
LLG
Liquid
Separator
From
receiver
AKS 38
ICS1
SV4
FIA
SVA
AKS 38
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
LP float valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
SVA
SVA
SNV
SVA
SVA
To evaporator
QDV
Danfoss
Tapp_0047_02
04-2006
SV 4-6
Material
Housing: steel
Cover: low temperature cast iron(spherical)
Float: stainless steel
Refrigerants
50 to +120
P-band [mm]
35
28
42
Kv value [m3/h]
0.23 for SV 4
0.31 for SV 5
0.43 for SV 6
SV4: 102
SV5: 138
SV6: 186
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
31
Application Handbook
To
compressor
suction line
SVA
EVM
SVA
SFA
SFA
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
From
evaporator
SVA
SVA
SNV
PMFL FIA
DSV
Liquid
Separator
LLG
Stop valve
Filter
Servo-operated main valve
Stop valve
LP float valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
From
receiver
SVA
SVA
AKS 38
SV4
SVA
AKS 38
SVA
SNV
SVA
SVA
To evaporator
Danfoss
Tapp_0048_02
04-2006
QDV
PMFL 80 - 1 to 500
Low temp. spherical cast iron
Material
Refrigerants
60 to +120
28
42
139-13,900
To
compressor
suction line
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Motor valve
Stop valve
Controller
Level transmitter
Level switch
SVA
SVA
SNV
DSV
Liquid
Separator
LLG
SFA
ICAD
AKS 38
From
receiver
From evaporator
SVA
SNV
SVA
SVA
To evaporator
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
EVM
QDV
EKC 347
AKS 41
SFA
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0049_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
To
compressor
suction line
AKS 41
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Electronically operated
SFA
SFA
SVA
SVA
EKC 347
SNV
DSV
EVM
SVA
Liquid
Separator
LLG
From evaporator
SVA
SVA
Stop valve
Controller
Level transmitter
SVA
To evaporator
Danfoss
Tapp_0050_02
04-2006
QDV
Refrigerants
Media temp. range [C]
Max. working pressure [bar]
DN [mm]
Nominal capacity* [kW]
From
receiver
SVA
AKVA ICS1
SVA
SNV
expansion valve
AKS 38
FIA
AKVA
AKVA 10: stainless steel
AKVA 15: cast iron
AKVA 20: cast iron
R717
AKVA 10: 50 to +60
AKVA 15/20: 40 to +60
42
10 to 50
4 to 3150
To
compressor
suction line
SFA
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
SVA
SFA
SVA
SNV
DSV
Liquid
Separator
LLG
EKC 347
AKS 41
ICM
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Manual opener
Motor valve
Stop valve
Controller
Level transmitter
ICFS
From receiver
AKS 38
ICFS
ICFF
ICFM
ICF
ICFE
SNV
From evaporator
SVA
SVA
SVA
To evaporator
QDV
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0051_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
To
compressor
suction line
SFA
SFA
SVA
SVA
SNV
DSV
REG
AKS 38
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
AKS 38
Liquid
Separator
LLG
SVA
EVRA+FA
SVA
AKS 38
From evaporator
SVA
Stop valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
Stop valve
Level switch
From
receiver
SNV
SVA
SVA
SVA
To evaporator
Danfoss
Tapp_0052_02
04-2006
QDV
AKS 38
Material
Refrigerants
50 to +65
28
12.5 to 50
REG
Material
Refrigerants
50 to +150
40
Strength test: 80
Leakage test: 40
Kv value [m3/h]
Refrigerants
EVRA
Media temp. range [C]
40 to +105
42
21.8 to 2368
Kv value [m3/h]
0.23 to 25.0
34
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
4.3
Summary
Solution
Application
Benefits
Limitations
Pure mechanical.
Wide capacity range.
Applicable to systems
with small refrigerant
charges and with plate type
condensers only.
Pure mechanical.
Simple solution.
Especially suitable for plate
heat exchanger
Pure mechanical.
Simple, low cost solution.
Limited capacity.
Particularly applicable to
de-central systems, like cold
stores.
Pure mechanical.
Wide capacity range.
Particularly applicable to
de-central systems, like cold
stores.
Particularly applicable to
de-central systems, like cold
stores.
Particularly applicable to
de-central systems, like cold
stores.
Particularly applicable to
de-central systems, like cold
stores.
Simple.
In-expensive.
Receiver
Plate type
condenser
LT
LC
Receiver
M
Liquid separator
LC
LT
Liquid separator
LC
AKVA
LT
Liquid separator
LC
LT
Liquid separator
4.4
Reference Literature
For an alphabetical overview of
all reference literature please go
to page 101
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
AKS 38
RD.5M.A
PMFH/L
RD.2C.B
AKS 38
RI.5M.A
PMFH/L
RI.2C.F
AKS 41
PD.SC0.A
ICF
PD.FT0.A
AKS 41
PI.SC0.A
ICF
PI.FT0.A
AKVA
PD.VA1.B
REG
PD.KM0.A
AKVA
PI.VA1.C
REG
PI.KM0.A
EKC 347
RS.8A.X
SV 1-3
RD.2C.B
EKC 347
RI.8B.Y
SV 1-3
RI.2B.F
EVRA(T)
RD.3C.B
SV 4-6
RD.2C.B
EVRA(T)
RI.3D.A
SV 4-6
RI.2B.B
ICM
PD.HT0.A
ICM
PI.HT0.A
PI.VA1.B
PI.GE0.A
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
Danfoss A/S (RA Marketing/MWA), 12 - 2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
35
Application Handbook
5. Evaporator Controls
5.1
Direct Expansion Control
36
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
The liquid injection is controled by a superheatcontrolled expansion valve, which maintains the
superheat at the outlet of the evaporator within a
desired range. This expansion valve can be either
a thermostatic expansion valve, or an electronic
expansion valve.
The temperature control is normally achieved by
ON/OFF control, which starts and stops the liquid
supply to the evaporator according to the media
temperature.
Application Handbook
To suction line
Danfoss
Tapp_0062_02
04-2006
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
SVA
EKC 202
AKS 21
TEA
From
receiver
SVA
SVA
FA +
EVRA
Evaporator
This solution can also be applied to DX
evaporators with natural or electric defrost.
Natural defrost is achieved by stopping the
refrigerant flow to the evaporator, and keeping
the fan running. Electric defrost is achieved by
stopping the refrigerant flow to the evaporator
and the fan and at the same time switching on an
electric heater inside the evaporator fin block.
Evaporator Controller EKC 202
The digital thermostat will control all functions of
the evaporator including thermostat, fan, defrost
and alarms.
For more details, please refer to the manual of
EKC 202 from Danfoss.
R717
50 to 30
100
19
3.5 to 295
40 to +105
42
21.8 to 2368
Kv value [m3/h]
0.23 to 25.0
Refrigerants
50 to +140
28
DN [mm]
15/20
Filter insert
Kv value [m3/h]
3.3/7.0
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
37
Application Handbook
Danfoss
Tapp_0063_02
04-2006
EKC 315A
SVA
AKS 33
To suction line
AKS 21
AKS 21
ICAD
From receiver
SVA
ICM
SVA
FA +
EVRA
Pressure transmitter
Temperature sensor
Evaporator
Refrigerants
60 to 120
52
DN [mm]
20 to 65
224 to 14000
38
Refrigerants
All refrigerant
1 up to 34
Up to 55
40 to 85
LP: 30 to +40
HP: 0 to +80
4 to 20 mA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Danfoss
Tapp_0064_02
04-2006
EKC 315A
AKS 33
To suction line
AKS 21
AKS 21
SVA
ICM
ICFS
ICFE
ICF
From receiver
Evaporator
ICFF ICFM
ICFS
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
39
Application Handbook
5.2
Pumped Liquid
Circulation Control
EKC 202
Danfoss
Tapp_0065_02
04-2006
AKS 21
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
From liquid
separator
SVA
To liquid
separator
FA +
EVRA
REG SVA
SVA
Evaporator
40
Refrigerants
50 to +150
40
Strength test: 80
Leakage test: 40
Kv value [m3/h]
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
EKC 202
Danfoss
Tapp_0066_02
04-2006
AKS 21
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
ICFE
From liquid
separator
ICFR
To liquid
separator
ICF
SVA
ICFF ICFM
ICFS
Evaporator
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
17
To receiver
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
CVPP
EVM
15
SCA
GPLX
To condenser
16
ICS
SVA
Compressor
Liquid Line
Stop valve liquid inlet
Filter
Solenoid valve
Check valve
Expansion valve
Stop valve evaporator inlet
Suction Line
Stop valve evaporator inlet
Two step solenoid valve
Stop valve suction line
Hot gas line
Stop valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Stop valve
Check valve
Discharge line
Stop check valve
on the discharge line
Differential pressure
regulator
Controller
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
Check valve
Controller
EVM
FIA
From receiver
Danfoss
Tapp_0067_02
08-2006
21
AKVA
20 AKS 21
SVA
ICS NRVA
14
19 AKS 21
Evaporator
NRVA
EVM
SVA
18 AKS 21
NRVA
To other
evaporators
SVA
SVA
From other
evaporators
Defrost Cycle
After initiation of the defrost cycle, the liquid
supply solenoid valve ICS is closed. The fan is
kept running for 120 to 600 seconds depending
on the evaporator size in order to pump down
the evaporator of liquid.
FIA
12
ICS
13
SVA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Technical data
Refrigerants
60 to 120
52
DN [mm]
20 to 80
* Conditions: R717, Tliq = 30C, Pdisch. = 12bar, P = 0.2bar, Tdisch. = 80C, Te = 10C, Recirculation Ratio = 4
Gas powered stop valve - GPLX
Material
Refrigerants
60 to 150
60 to 120
40
28
DN [mm]
80 to 150
32 to 150
Body: steel
Refrigerants
50 to 140
40
DN [mm]
15 to 65
Filter - FIA
Material
Body: steel
Refrigerants
60 to 150
40
DN [mm]
15 to 200
Filter insert
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
43
Application Handbook
Controller
EKC 315A
To receiver
To condenser
CVPP
EVM
SCA
GPLX
ICS
Stop Valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Stop valve
Check valve
Check valve
Stop check valve on the
discharge line
Differential pressure
regulator
Controller
Superheat controller
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
Pressure transmitter
From other
evaporators
To other
evaporators
12
AKS 21
ICM
ICFS
ICFE
ICFF ICFM
NRVA
From receiver
16
AKS 33
13 AKS 21
SVA
Compressor
SVA
NRVA
15 AKS 21
ICF
ICFS
14 AKS 21
Evaporator
ICFS
ICFE
ICF
Danfoss
Tapp_0068_02
04-2006
ICFF
ICFS
Refrigeration Cycle
The solenoid valve ICFE in the ICF in the liquid
line is kept open. The liquid injection is controled
by the motor-valve ICM in the ICF .
The solenoid valve GPLX on the suction line is
kept open, and the defrosting solenoid valve ICFE
in ICF is kept closed.
The servo valve ICS is kept open by its solenoid
valve pilot EVM.
Defrost Cycle
After initiation of the defrost cycle, the liquid
supply solenoid ICFE in ICF is closed. The fan is
kept running for 120 to 600 seconds depending
on the evaporator size in order to pump down
the evaporator of liquid.
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
5.4
Hot Gas Defrost for Pumped
Liquid Circulation Air
Coolers
Application example 5.4.1:
Pumped liquid circulation
evaporator, with hot gas defrost
system
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Liquid Line
Stop valve liquid inlet
Filter
Solenoid valve
Check valve
Hand expansion valve
Stop valve evaporator inlet
16
SVA
SVA
To liquid separator
17
GPLX
AKS 21
15
OFV
14
NRVA
EVM
From liquid
separator
SVA
NRVA
FIA
19
REG
ICS
AKS 21
SVA
18 AKS 21
Evaporator
EVM
12
ICS
13
SVA
FIA
Suction Line
Application example 5.4.1 shows a typical
Stop valve evaporator outlet installation for a pumped liquid circulation
evaporator with hot gas defrost.
Two step solenoid valve
Stop valve suction line
Refrigeration Cycle
The solenoid valve ICS on the liquid line is kept
Hot gas line
open. The liquid injection is controled by the
Stop valve
hand regulating valve REG .
Filter
The solenoid valve GPLX in the suction line is
Solenoid valve
kept open, and the defrosting solenoid valve
Stop valve
ICS is kept closed.
Check valve
Defrost Cycle
Overflow line
After initiation of the defrost cycle, the liquid
supply solenoid ICS is closed. The fan is kept
Overflow valve
running for 120 to 600 seconds depending on
the evaporator size in order to pump down the
Controls
evaporator of liquid.
Controller
Controller
The fans are stopped and the GPLX closed. It
takes 45 to 700 seconds to close the gas powered
Controller
solenoid valve GPLX depending on the valve
Controller
size, refrigerant and evaporating temperature. A
further delay of 10 to 20 seconds is required for
the liquid in the evaporator to settle down in the
bottom without vapour bubbles. The solenoid
valve ICS is then opened and supplies hot gas
to the evaporator.
Technical data
Danfoss
Tapp_0069_02
04-2006
Controller
Body: steel
Refrigerants
50 to 150
40
DN [mm]
20/25
2 to 8
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
45
Application Handbook
Controller
Danfoss
Tapp_0070_02
04-2006
GPLX
SVA
To liquid
separator
SVA
AKS 21
SV 1
NRVA
ICFE
ICFS
ICFR
ICFF ICFC
ICFS
ICFE
ICF
ICF
ICFF
AKS 21
ICFS
AKS 21
Evaporator
ICFS
Stop Valve
Filter
Solenoid valve
Stop valve
Check valve
Float valve
Controller
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors
46
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
5.5
Multi Temperature
Changeover
Danfoss
Tapp_0071_02
04-2006
S1:EVM
P:CVP
S2:CVP
To liquid separator
SVA
ICS
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
pilot valve
Pressure regulating
pilot valve
Solenoid pilot valve
From liquid
separator
REG
SVA
SVA
FA+EVRA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Evaporator
Example:
I
II
+3C
+8C
Evaporating temperature
2C
+2C
Temperature change
Refrigerant
Evaporating pressure
5K
6K
R22
R22
3.6 bar
4.4 bar
47
Application Handbook
5.6
Media Temperature Control
S1:CVQ
EKC 361
Danfoss
Tapp_0072_02
04-2006
S2:CVP
To liquid
separator
P:A+B
SVA
ICS
AKS 21
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
pilot valve
From liquid
separator
REG
SVA
FA+EVRA
Application example 5.6.1 shows a solution
for accurate media temperature control.
Furthermore there is a need to protect the
evaporator against a too low pressure to avoid
freezing up of the products in the application.
This design can be applied for DX or pumped
liquid circulation evaporators with any type of
defrost system.
Control valve type ICS 3 with CVQ in S2 port,
controlled by media temperature controller EKC
361 and CVP in the S1 port. The P port is isolated
using the A+B blanking plug.
The CVP is adjusted according to the lowest
pressure allowed for the application.
SVA
Evaporator
48
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Danfoss
Tapp_0073_02
04-2006
EKC 361
To liquid separator
SVA
ICM
AKS 21
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Pressure regulator
(motor valve)
Controller
Solenoid valve with filter
From liquid
separator
REG
SVA
FA+EVRA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
SVA
Evaporator
49
Application Handbook
5.7
Summary
Solution
Application
Benefits
Limitations
All DX systems
All DX systems
All DX systems
Evaporator
DX evaporator, electronic
expansion control with ICM/
ICF, EVRA and EKC 315A
M
Evaporator
EVM
EVM
GPLX
ICS
TC
Evaporator
EVM
GPLX
OFV
Evaporator
EVM
GPLX
Evaporator
Multi-temperature Changeover
Multi-temperature control
with ICS and CVP
PC
EVM
CVP
CVP
PC
ICS
Evaporator
EKC 361
CVQ
CVP
PC
ICS
Evaporator
EKC 361
M
ICM
Evaporator
50
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
5.8
Reference Literature
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
AKS 21
ED.SA0.A
FIA
PD.FN0.A
AKS 21
RI.14.D
FIA
PI.FN0.A
AKS 32R
RD.5G.J
GPLX
PD.BO0.A
AKS 32R
PI.SB0.A
GPLX
RI.7C.A
AKS 33
RD.5G.H
ICF
PD.FT0.A
AKS 33
PI.SB0.A
ICF
PI.FT0.A
AKVA
PD.VA1.B
ICM
PD.HT0.A
AKVA
PI.VA1.C
ICM
PI.HT0.A
CVP
PD.HN0.A
ICS
PD.HS0.A
CVP
RI.4X.D
ICS
PI.HS0.A
CVQ
PD.HN0.A
NRVA
RD.6H.A
CVQ
PI.VH1.A
NRVA
RI.6H.B
EVM
PD.HN0.A
OFV
PD.HQ0.A
EVM
RI.3X.J
OFV
PI.HX0.B
EKC 202
RS.8D.Z
PMLX
PD.BR0.A
EKC 202
RI.8J.V
PMLX
RI.3F.D
EKC 315A
RS.8C.S
REG
PD.KM0.A
EKC 315A
RI.8G.T
REG
PI.KM0.A
EKC 361
RS.8A.E
SV 1-3
RD.2C.B
EKC 361
RI.8B.F
SV 1-3
RI.2B.F
EVRA(T)
RD.3C.B
SVA
PD.KD0.A
EVRA(T)
RI.3D.A
SVA
PI.KD0.B
FA
PD.FM0.A
TEA
RD.1E.A
FA
RI.6C.A
TEA
PI.AJ0.A
PI.VA1.B
RI.3F.C
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
51
Application Handbook
6. Oil Systems
6.1
Oil cooling
52
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
SVA
Oil cooler
Cooling water in
SNV
WVTS
Oil
Water valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
SVA
These types of systems are normally used in
plants where it is possible to get cheap water
source. Otherwise, it is necessary to install a
cooling tower to cool down the water. Water
cooled oil coolers are quite common for marine
refrigeration plants.
Media
10
Bulb: 0 to 90
Liquid: 25 to 90
DN [mm]
32 to 100
12.5 to 125
Water valve - AVTA
Media
16
Bulb: 0 to 90
Liquid: 25 to 130
DN [mm]
10 to 25
1.4 to 5.5
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
53
Application Handbook
SCA
RT 1A
SVA
RT 5A
SVA
Compressor
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Condenser
SVA
MLI
SNV
SFA
DSV
Receiver
LLG
ORV
SVA
MLI
Oil cooler
REG*
Danfoss
Tapp_0084_02
04-2006
SNV
To liquid
separator
SNV
SFA
SVA
FIA
54
SVA
Media
40
Continuous operation: 10 to 85
Short operation: 10 to 120
DN [mm]
25 to 80
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
RT 1A
To condenser
RT 5A
Compressor
From
seperator/
evaporator
Oil seperator
SVA
FIA
MLI
ORV
Oil cooler
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Danfoss
Tapp_0085_02
04-2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
55
Application Handbook
6.2
Oil Differential
Pressure Control
CVPP
RT 1A
RT 5A
To
condenser
SCA
Compressor
ICS
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
Oil separator
SVA
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Differential pressure
regulator
To oil cooler
Refrigerants
60 to 120
52
DN [mm]
20 to 80
20.9 to 864
* Conditions: R717, hot gas line, Tliq = 30C, Pdisch. = 12bar, P = 0.2bar, Tdisch. = 80C, Te = 10C
Differential pressure pilot - CVPP (HP)
56
Material
Refrigerants
50 to 120
CVPP(HP): 28
0 to 7, or 4 to 22
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
KDC
RT 1A
RT 5A
To
condenser
Compressor
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
Check valve
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Differential pressure
regulator
Check valve
Oil separator
SVA
To oil cooler
Refrigerants
50 to 150
40
DN [mm]
65 to 200
435 to 4207
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
57
Application Handbook
EVM (NC)
EVM (NO)
CVH
CVH
RT 1A
KDC
RT 5A
To condenser
Compressor
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
SVA
Multifunctional
compressor valve
Solenoid pilot
(normally close)
Solenoid pilot
(normally open)
To oil cooler
58
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
6.3
Oil Recovery System
SFA
SVA
SFA
SVA
SNV SVA
From
evaporator
From receiver
SVA
DSV
AKS 38
LLG
Liquid separator
AKS 38
HP vapour refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
Quick closing oil drain valve
Regulating valve
Safety relief valve
SNV
SVA
To refrigerant pump
BSV
SVA QDV
SVA
Oil receiver
Danfoss
Tapp_0089_02
08-2006
Hot gas in
REG
SVA
SVA
SVA
Housing: steel
Refrigerants
50 to 150
25
DN [mm]
15
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
59
Application Handbook
SVA
EVRA+FA
RT 1A
SVA
To oil
separator
SVA
SVA
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
From evaporator
SFA
SFA
MLI
SNV
SVA
SVA ICM ICS
DSV
HE
LLG
Stop valve
Solenoid valve
Regulating valve
Heat exchanger
Sight glass
Stop valve
Stop valve
Solenoid valve
Regulating valve
Liquid separator
FIA
SVA
From
receiver
AKS 38
AKS 38
REG
EVRA+FA
SVA
To refrigerant
pump
SVA
SVA
SNV
SVA
REG
Stop valve
60
EVM
AKS 41
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0090_02
04-2006
Heat exchanger - HE
Refrigerants
60 to 120
DN [mm]
Liquid line: 6 to 16
Suction line: 12 to 42
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
6.4
Summary
Solution
Application
Benefits
Limitations
Heavy commercial
refrigeration systems with
power packs.
Hot oil in
Oil cooler
TC
WVTS
Cold oil out
Compressor
Oil seperator
Condenser
TC
Receiver
Oil cooler
Compressor
Oil seperator
TC
Oil cooler
PDC
Compressor
Oil seperator
KDC
PDC
Compressor
Oil seperator
KDC+EVM
NO
NC
PDC
Compressor
Oil seperator
From oil
cooler
To oil cooler
To LP vessels
Low temperature
Fluorinated systems
Adjusting could be
complicated
Liquid separator
QDV
Oil receiver
Compressor
Liquid separator
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
61
Application Handbook
6.5
Reference Literature
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
BSV
RD.7F.B
MLI
PD.GH0.A
BSV
RI.7F.A
ORV
RI.7J.A
CVPP
PD.HN0.A
ORV
PD.HP0.A
CVPP
RI.4X.D
QDV
PI.KL0.A
EVM
PD.HN0.A
QDV
PD.KL0.A
EVM
RI.3X.J
REG
PI.KM0.A
FIA
PD.FN0.A
REG
PD.KM0.A
FIA
PI.FN0.A
SVA
PI.KD0.B
HE
RD.6K.A
SVA
PD.KD0.A
HE
RI.6K.A
WVTS
RI.4D.A
ICS
PD.HS0.A
WVTS
RD.4C.A
ICS
PI.HS0.A
KDC
PD.FQ0.A
KDC
PI.FQ0.A
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
62
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
7. Safety systems
7.1
Pressure Relief Devices
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
63
Application Handbook
NO PERSONNEL
SHOULD WORK
IN THE OUTLET
AREA OF THE
RELIEF PIPE
From
condenser
MLI
SVA
From
discharge
line
SFA
OIL LEVEL
SFA
SVA
SNV
SVA
DSV
Receiver
LLG
AKS 38
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
SNV
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0099_02
04-2006
SVA
To oil cooler
To liquid separator
Refrigerants
R717, HFC, HCFC, other refrigerants (depending on the sealing material compatibility)
30 to 100
Strength test: 43
Leakage test: 25
10 to 40
Double stop valve - DSV 1/2
64
Material
Refrigerants
50 to 100
40
Kv value [m3/h]
DSV1: 17.5
DSV2: 30
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
BSV
POV
MLI
SFA
Compressor
From
evaporator
SFA
DSV
SCA
To condenser
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
SVA
Pilot-operated internal
safety valve
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0100_02
04-2006
EVRAT+FA
Refrigerants
R717, HFC, HCFC and other refrigerants (depending on the sealing material compatibility)
10 to 25
Strength test: 43
Leakage test: 25
Material
Housing: steel
Refrigerants
R717, HFC, HCFC and other refrigerants (depending on the sealing material compatibility)
15 to 25
Strength test: 50
Leakage test: 25
DN [mm]
40/50/80
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
65
Application Handbook
7.2
Pressure and Temperature
Limiting Devices
Application example 7.2.1:
Pressure /temperature cut-out
for compressors
RT 1A
MP 55A
HP vapour refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
RT 107
FIA
RT 5A
To oil separator
cut-out
High temperature cut-out
High pressure cut-out
From liquid
separator/
evaporator
SVA
Compressor
From oil cooler
Danfoss
Tapp_0101_02
04-2006
Thermostat - RT
Refrigerants
Enclosure
IP 66/54
65 to 300
50 to 70
60 to 150
Differential t [C]
1.0 to 25.0
66
Enclosure
IP 20
MP 54: 0.65/0.9
MP 55/55A: 0.3 to 4.5
17
22
Operation range
on LP side [bar]
1 to 12
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
7.3
Liquid Level Devices
Application example 7.3.1:
Low / high level controls for
liquid separator
AKS 41
To compressor
suction line
SFA
SFA
DSV
Liquid separator
LLG
SNV
SVA
SVA
AKS 38
From receiver
SVA
AKS 38
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
SNV
SVA
SVA
SVA
From
evaporator
SVA
To evaporator
QDV
Danfoss
Tapp_0102_02
04-2006
Refrigerants
50 to +65
28
12.5 to 50
Sight glass - LLG
Refrigerants
10 to 100 or 50 to 30
25
Length [mm]
185 to 1550
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
67
Application Handbook
7.4
Summary
Solution
Application
Safety Valves
Safety valves SFA + change over valve DSV
Receiver
PDZ
PZL
TZH
PZH
Thermostat RT
7.5
Reference Literature
For an alphabetical overview of
all reference literature please go
to page 101
Liquid separator
LS
LS
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
AKS 38
RD.5M.A
POV
PD.ID0.A
AKS 38
RI.5M.A
POV
PI.ID0.A
BSV
RD.7F.B
RT 1A
RD.5B.A
BSV
RI.7F.A
RT 1A
RI.5B.C
DSV
PD.IE0.A
RT 107
RD.5E.A
DSV
PI.IE0.A / RI.7D.A
RT 5A
RI.5B.C
LLG
PD.GG0.A
RT 5A
RD.5B.A
LLG
RI.6D.D
SFA
RI.7F.F
MLI
PD.GH0.A
SFA
PD.IF0.A
MP 55 A
RI.5C.E
MP 55 A
RD.5C.B
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
68
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
8.
Refrigerant Pump
Controls
In order to keep the refrigerant pump in troublefree operation, the flow through the pump
should be maintained within the permissible
operating range, fig. 8.2.
Liquid Separator
Danfoss
Tapp_0107_02
04-2006
LP liquid refrigerant
Fig. 8.2
A typical Q-H curve for pumps
H
H1
Q -H
2
8.1
Pump Protection with
Differential Pressure Control
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Refrigerant
pump
H-Hf- Hd>NPSH
Danfoss
Tapp_0108_02
04-2006
Fig. 8.1
Placing of the pump
NPSH
Q max
69
Application Handbook
Danfoss
Tapp_0109_02
04-2006
AKS 41
To
compressor
suction line
SFA
SFA
SVA
SVA
SVA
From
evaporator
SNV
SVA
DSV
From receiver
AKS 38
Liquid separator
LLG
AKS 38
SNV
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
SVA
SVA
SVA
SVA
Stop valve
Filter
Differential pressure switch
Check valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
Filter
Differential pressure switch
Check valve
REG
REG
FIA
SVA
SVA
FIA
RT 260A
QDV
RT 260A
Refrigerant
pump
BSV
NRVA
BSV
SVA
NRVA
SVA
To evaporator
Stop valve
Differential pressure controls are used for
protection against too low pressure difference.
RT 260A and are supplied without a timing
relay and cause a momentary cut-out when the
differential pressure drops below the pressure
controls setting.
The filters FIA and are installed on the pump
line to remove particles and protect automatic
control valves and pumps from damage,
blockage, and general wear and tear. The filter
can be installed in either suction line or discharge
line of the pump.
If the filter is installed in the suction line before
the pump, it will primarily protect the pump
against particles. This is particularly important
during initial clean-up during commissioning.
Technical data
70
Enclosure
IP 66/54
50 to 70
0.1 to 11
22/42
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
8.2
Pump Bypass Flow Control
Danfoss
Tapp_0110_02
04-2006
AKS 41
To
compressor
suction line
SFA
SFA
SNV
SVA
SVA
SVA
SVA
DSV
From
evaporator
From receiver
AKS 38
LLG
Liquid separator
AKS 38
SNV
SVA
SVA
REG
SVA
REG
SVA
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
SVA
FIA
FIA
SVA
RT 260A
RT 260A
QDV
Refrigerant
pump
BSV
NRVA
NRVA
SVA
BSV
SVA
To evaporator
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
71
Application Handbook
8.3
Pump Pressure Control
Danfoss
Tapp_0111_02
04-2006
AKS 41
To
compressor
suction line
SVA
SFA
SFA
SVA
SVA
SVA
SNV
From evaporator
From receiver
DSV
AKS 38
LLG
Liquid separator
AKS 38
CVPP
SNV
SVA
SVA
Stop valve
Differential pressure
ICS SVA
SVA
FIA
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
SVA
FIA
RT 260A
RT 260A
Refrigerant
pump
NRVA
BSV
BSV
QDV
NRVA
SVA
regulator
Stop valve
Technical data
SVA
SVA
To evaporator
Refrigerants
52
DN [mm]
20 to 80
Differential pressure pilot valve - CVPP
Material
Refrigerants
72
CVPP(HP): 28
CVPP(LP): 17
0 to 7, or 4 to 22
Kv value [m3/h]
0.4
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
8.4
Summary
Solution
Application
Benefits
Limitations
Liquid separator
Simple.
Effective in protecting
the pump against low
differential pressure
(corresponding to high
flow).
Liquid separator
Simple.
Effective in protecting the
pump against back flow and
particles.
Simple.
Effective and reliable in
keeping the minimum flow
for the pump.
Safety valve can effectively
prevent excessive pressure.
Applicable to pump
circulation systems that
require constant differential
pressure across the
regulating valves before
evaporators.
Provides a constant
differential pressure and
circulation ratio for the
evaporators.
Liquid separator
PC
8.5
Reference Literature
For an alphabetical overview of
all reference literature please go
to page 101
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
BSV
RD.7F.B
NRVA
RD.6H.A
BSV
RI.7F.A
NRVA
RI.6H.B
CVPP
PD.HN0.A
REG
PD.KM0.A
CVPP
RI.4X.D
REG
PI.KM0.A
FIA
PD.FN0.A
RT 260A
RD.5B.A
FIA
PI.FN0.A
RT 260A
RI.5B.B
ICS
PD.HS0.A
SVA
PD.KD0.A
ICS
PI.HS0.A
SVA
PI.KD0.B
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
73
Application Handbook
9. Others
9.1
Filter Driers in
Fluorinated Systems
74
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Compressor
Filter drier
Filter drier
Filter drier
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
Sight glass
Sight glass
Sight glass
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
Condenser
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Receiver
SVA
DCR
SVA
SGRI
SVA
TE
Evaporator
SVA
DCR
12
SVA
SNV
SGRI
SVA
DCR
Danfoss
Tapp_0116_02
04-2006
SNV
SNV
SGRI
CFC/HFC/HCFC/R744
Material
Housing: steel
HP: 46
40 to 70
Solid cores
DM/DC/DA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
75
Application Handbook
9.2
Filter Driers in CO2 Systems
Water solubility in CO 2
1000
Liquid
100
R134a
Vapour
Danfoss
Tapp_0117_02
04-2006
76
10
1
-50
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
-30
-10
10
[C]
Application Handbook
NH3 out
Compressor
Oil separator
Condenser
Receiver
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Liquid Separator
Expansion
valve 1
SVA
SVA
Stop valve
Filter drier
Sight glass
Stop valve
DCR
Evaporator
SGRN
100
80
SNV
Danfoss
Tapp_0118_02
04-2006
60
40
20
0
0
Danfoss
Tapp_0119_02
04-2006
NH3 in
20
40
60
80
100
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
77
Application Handbook
NH3 out
Compressor
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
SVA
DCR
SVA
SNV
SGRI
SVA
Evaporator
TE
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0120_02
04-2006
12
SVA
78
Condenser
Receiver
Filter drier
Filter drier
Filter drier
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
Sight glass
Sight glass
Sight glass
Stop valve
Stop valve
Stop valve
NH3 in
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
DCR
SNV
SVA
DCR
SNV
SGRI
SGRI
Application Handbook
9.3
Water Removal
for Ammonia Systems
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
79
Application Handbook
SVA
To liquid separator
BSV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Solenoid valve
Low pressure float valve
Solenoid valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
High pressure float valve
Internal safety relief valve
Quick drain valve
EVRA
Sight
glass
SV4
Sight
glass
Contaminated
ammonia in
SVA
EVRA+FA
Hot gas in
SVA
REG
EVRA+FA
SVA
SVA
To liquid
separator
SVA
SV1
QDV
SVA
80
SVA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Danfoss
Tapp_0121_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
CVP
EVRA
To suction line
To intermediate
cooler/liquid separator
SVA
SVA
REG
ICS
BSV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Ball valve
Check valve
Hand regulating valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
Pressure regulating valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
High pressure float valve
Internal safety relief valve
Quick drain valve
Sight
glass
Sight
glass
Hot gas in
SVA
SVA
NRVA
REG
Ball valve
REG
Contaminated
ammonia in
EVRA+FA
SVA
SVA
To liquid
separator
SV1
QDV
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0122_02
04-2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
81
Application Handbook
CVP
ICS
EVRA
To suction line
REG
To intermediate
cooler/liquid separator
SVA
SVA
BSV
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Ball valve
Check valve
Hand regulating valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
Pressure regulating valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
Internal safety relief valve
Sight
glass
Sight
glass
Hot water in
SVA
NRVA
REG
SVA
Contaminated
REG
EVRA+FA
SVA
QDV
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0123_02
04-2006
82
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
9.4
Air purging systems
Evaporative condenser
Receiver
Danfoss
Tapp_0124_02
04-2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Verticle
shell-tube
condenser
83
Application Handbook
SVA
To liquid separator
SVA
REG
EVRA
Water tank
From
discharge
line
SV1
RT 280A
SVA
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Solenoid valve
Solenoid valve
Solenoid valve
Float valve
Pressure switch
Solenoid valve
SVA
REG
REG
FA+EVRA
From
refrigerant
pump
EVRAT+
FA
SVA
FA+EVRAT
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0125_02
04-2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Condenser
SVA
Receiver
84
SVA
Application Handbook
9.5
Heat Recovery System
To
suction
line
SVA
REG
SVA
EVRAT+FA
EVM
Heat recovery
condenser
Water in
ICS
NRVA
Water out
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Pressure regulator
Solenoid valve
Check valve
Solenoid valve
Hand regulating valve
SVA
CVP
From
discharge
line
SVA
ICS
SVA
SVA
Condenser
Danfoss
Tapp_0126_02
04-2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
To receiver
85
Heat recovery
condenser
SVA
Water in
RT 107
NRVA
Water out
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Oil
From
discharge
line
SVA
EVM
CVPP
SVA
Danfoss
Tapp_0127_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
SVA
SVA
ICS
Differential pressure
regulator
Thermostat
Check valve
Condenser
Heat recovery
condenser
SVA
To receiver
Danfoss
Tapp_0128_02
04-2006
Water in
RT 107
SVA
Water out
NRVA
To receiver
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Oil
From
discharge
line
CVP
SVA
EVM
ICS
solenoid valve
Thermostat
Check valve
Condenser
SVA
SVA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
To receiver
Application Handbook
9.6
Reference Literature
Product instruction
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
Type
Literature no.
BSV
RD.7F.B
REG
PD.KM0.A
BSV
RI.7F.A
REG
PI.KM0.A
CVP
PD.HN0.A
RT 107
RD.5E.A
CVP
RI.4X.D
SGR
PI.EK0.A
DCR
PD.EJ0.A
SGR
PD.EK0.A
DCR
PI.EJ0.B
SNV
PI.KB0.A
EVM
PD.HN0.A
SNV
PD.KB0.A
EVM
RI.3X.J
SVA
PI.KD0.B
EVRA(T)
RD.3C.B
SVA
PD.KD0.A
EVRA(T)
RI.3D.A
SV 1-3
RI.2B.F
ICS
PD.HS0.A
SV 1-3
RD.2C.B
ICS
PI.HS0.A
SV 4-6
RI.2B.B
NRVA
RD.6H.A
SV 4-6
RD.2C.B
NRVA
RI.6H.B
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
87
Application Handbook
10. Appendix
10.1
Typical Refrigeration
Systems
88
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Single-stage system
with direct expansion (DX)
Compressor
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
Oil
Receiver
TC
Evaporator
Thermostatic
expansion
valve
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Danfoss
Tapp_0129_02
04-2006
Condenser
89
Application Handbook
Single-stage system
with pump circulation of
refrigerant
Fig.10.2 Single-stage Refrigeration System with Pump Circulation and Hot Gas Defrost
2
1
Compressor
Oil separator
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Oil
Oil cooler
Condenser
Receiver
Expansion
valve 2
Expansion
valve 1
Liquid separator
Refrigerant
pump
4
Evaporator
Danfoss
Tapp_0130_02
04-2006
90
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
Two-stage system
Oil separator
Compressor
Condenser
Oil cooler
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Intermediate pressure
liquid refrigerant
Intermediate pressure
vapour refrigerant
Other media
(oil, water, etc.)
Intermediate
cooler
Expansion
valve
Evaporator
Receiver
Expansion
valve
Liquid separator
Refrigerant
pump
Evaporator
Danfoss
Tapp_0131_02
04-2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
91
Application Handbook
Cascade system
Compressor
Oil separator
Oil separator
Compressor
Oil cooler
Condenser
Receiver
Receiver
Expansion
valve
Expansion
valve
HP vapour refrigerant
HP liquid refrigerant
Liquid/vapour mixture
of refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Other media
(oil, water, etc.)
Liquid separator
Evaporator
Cascade
condenser
Liquid separator
Refrigerant
pump
Refrigerant
pump
10.2
ON/OFF and
modulating controls
P
I
D
PB
Kp
Ti
Td
PID
SP
PV
offset (x)
y
dead time
Proportional
Integration
Derivative
Proportional Band [%] in a P, PI or PID controller. Number in percent, that Process variable
(PV),has to change, in order for the controller to change the output (y) from 0 to 100 %
Amplification factor in a P, PI or PID controller
Integration time [s] in a PI or PID controller
Differential time [s] in a PID controller
A typical controller that includes both P, I and D functions
Set point
Process Variable (the controlled parameter: temperature, pressure, liquid level, etc)
Difference between Set point (SP) and Process Variable (PV)
Calculated output of a controller.
If Process Variable (PV) measurement is physically mounted thus the signal is always has
a time delay , compared to if Process Variable (PV) measurement was installed locally
without time delay.
References
[1]
92
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
10.2.1
ON/OFF control
From
receiver
AKS 38
Liquid separator
Danfoss
Tapp_0133_02
04-2006
HP liquid refrigerant
LP vapour refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
EVRA+FA
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
93
Application Handbook
10.2.2
Modulating control
AKS41
PV
measured
From
receiver
ICM
Liquid separator
Danfoss
Tapp_0134_02
04-2006
HP liquid refrigerant
LP liquid refrigerant
Basic P, I and D principles
Generally, in most common controllers there is
the facility to adjust parameters for P, PI, or PID
settings
In a P controller it is possible to adjust: PB or
Kp;
In a PI controller it is possible to adjust: PB or
Kp and Ti;
In a PID controller it is possible to adjust: PB or
Kp and Ti and Td.
P-controller
In every controller a P component exists. In a Pcontroller there is a linear relation between input
and output.
y
Danfoss
Tapp_0135_02
04-2006
x
PV
X = SP PV Y = Kp (PV-SP)
x
-
KP
50%
+ y%
+
PV %
Danfoss
Tapp_0136_02
04-2006
SP +
%
Controller
SP +
Controller
Y = Kp (PV SP)+50%
94
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
10.2.2
Modulating control
(continued)
P-controller (continued)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Danfoss
Tapp_0137_02
04-2006
Application Handbook
(40, 50)
SP
0
25
PV, %
55
50
100
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
95
Application Handbook
10.2.2
Modulating control
(continued)
I-controller
The most important characteristic for an Icontroller is that it eliminates offset, and that is
why it is used. I-controller continues to change
its output as long as offset exists. However the
ability to fully remove offset is linked to that it in
practice, is proportioned correctly.
PI controller
The combination of advantages and
disadvantages for both P and I makes it
advantageous to combine P and I into a PIcontroller.
In a PI controller it would be possible to adjust:
PB and Ti. Ti is normally entered in seconds or
minutes.
D-controller
The most important characteristic for a Dcontroller (derivative) is that it can react on
changes. This also means that if a constant offset
is present, a D-controller will not be able to do
any action to remove the offset. D-component
makes the system fast respond on load changes.
D effect improves stability and makes the system
faster. It does not have any significance for offset,
but it works to make tendency to fluctuations
smaller. D reacts on changes in the error and
the loop reacts faster against load changes than
without D. The fast reaction on changes means a
damping of all fluctuations.
PID-controller
The combination of all three components into a
PID controller has become of general use.
The general guidelines / properties for a PID
controller are:
Decreased PB improves offset (less offset), but
the stability is worse;
I component eliminates offset. Bigger I (less Ti)
makes faster elimination of offset.
96
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
10.2.2
Modulating control
(continued)
Ti
Td
66.7 %
PI
100 %
60 s
PID
41.7 %
40 s
12 s
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
97
Application Handbook
10.2.2
Modulating control
(continued)
Ti
Td
PID-a
25.0 %
40 s
12 s
PID-b
41.7 %
40 s
12 s
PID-c
83.3 %
40 s
12 s
Ti
Td
PID-a
41.7 %
20 s
12 s
PID-b
41.7 %
40 s
12 s
PID-c
41.7 %
120 s
12 s
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
Application Handbook
10.2.2
Modulating control
(continued)
Ti
Td
PID-a
41.7 %
40 s
24 s
PID-b
41.7 %
40 s
12 s
PID-c
41.7 %
40 s
6s
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
99
Application Handbook
Type
Title
AKD
AKS 21
AKS 32R
AKS 33
AKS 38
AKS 41
AKVA
AMV 20
BSV
CVC
CVP
CVPP
CVQ
DCR
DSV
EKC 202
EKC 315A
EKC 331
EKC 347
EKC 361
EVM
EVRA / EVRAT
FA
FIA
GPLX
HE
ICF
ICM / ICAD
ICS
KDC
LLG
MLI
MP 55 A
NRVA
OFV
ORV
PMFL / PMFH
PMLX
POV
QDV
REG
RT 107
RT 1A
RT 260A
RT 5A
SCA
SFA
SGR
SNV
SV 1-3
SV 4-6
SVA
TEA
TEAT
VM 2
WVS
WVTS
Technical leaflet /
Manual
RB.8D.B
ED.SA0.A
RD.5G.J
RD.5G.H
RD.5M.A
PD.SC0.A
PD.VA1.B
ED.95.N
RD.7F.B
PD.HN0.A
PD.HN0.A
PD.HN0.A
PD.HN0.A
PD.EJ0.A
PD.IE0.A
RS.8D.Z
RS.8C.S
RS.8A.G
RS.8A.X
RS.8A.E
PD.HN0.A
RD.3C.B
PD.FM0.A
PD.FN0.A
PD.BO0.A
RD.6K.A
PD.FT0.A
PD.HT0.A
PD.HS0.A
PD.FQ0.A
PD.GG0.A
PD.GH0.A
RD.5C.B
RD.6H.A
PD.HQ0.A
PD.HP0.A
RD.2C.B
PD.BR0.A
PD.ID0.A
PD.KL0.A
PD.KM0.A
RD.5E.A
RD.5B.A
RD.5B.A
RD.5B.A
PD.FL0.A
PD.IF0.A
PD.EK0.A
PD.KB0.A
RD.2C.B
RD.2C.B
PD.KD0.A
RD.1E.A
RD.1F.A
ED.97.K
RD.4C.A
RD.4C.A
Product
instruction
EI.R1.H / EI.R1.R
RI.14.D
PI.SB0.A
PI.SB0.A
RI.5M.A
PI.SC0.A
PI.VA1.C / PI.VA1.B
EI.96.A
RI.7F.A
RI.4X.L
RI.4X.D
RI.4X.D
PI.VH1.A
PI.EJ0.B
PI.IE0.A / RI.7D.A
RI.8J.V
RI.8G.T
RI.8B.E
RI.8B.Y
RI.8B.F
RI.3X.J
RI.3D.A
RI.6C.A
PI.FN0.A
RI.7C.A
RI.6K.A
PI.FT0.A
PI.HT0.A
PI.HS0.A
PI.FQ0.A
RI.6D.D
RI.5C.E
RI.6H.B
PI.HX0.B
RI.7J.A
PI.GE0.A / RI.2C.A
RI.3F.D / RI.3F.C
PI.ID0.A
PI.KL0.A
PI.KM0.A
RI.5B.C
RI.5B.B
RI.5B.C
PI.FL0.A
RI.7F.F
PI.EK0.A
PI.KB0.A
RI.2B.F
RI.2B.B
PI.KD0.B
PI.AJ0.A
PI.AU0.A
VI.HB.C
RI.4C.B
RI.4D.A
To download the latest version of the literature please visit the Danfoss internet site
http://www.danfoss.com/BusinessAreas/RefrigerationAndAirConditioning/Products/Documentation.htm
Danfoss A/S (RA Marketing/MWA), 12 - 2006
DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623
101
savings.
Controls for
Controls for
Commercial Refrigeration Industrial Refrigeration
Household Compressors
Industrial Automation
Thermostats
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DKRCI.PA.000.C1.02 / 520H1623