PREFACE Present method of bridge inspection is visual inspection only. There is a need for supplementing present system with other Non -Destructive Technique(NDT) which are objective and indepth. Vibration Signature : Technique has the potential to be developed for monitoring integrity of bridges. This technique is based on observation of dynamic response and relating it to structur’s characteristics, This technique can be used for monitoring superstructure as well as substructure of concrete and steel bridges. Vibration Signature Technique is being developed for Integrity Assessment of Railway bridges. Under this project consultancy assignment was given to IIT Kanpur for Models Study of PSC girders for Vibration performance, This report covers the aforesaid study.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 2 Acknowledgments The financial assistance provided by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO), Ministry of Railways, Lucknow, to conduet this study is gratefully acknowledged. We are particularly thankful to the Officers and Staff of RDSO for their support and cooperation during this study. They made numerous visits to IIT Kanpur to be present during the tests and were always willing to bring substitute equipment from RDSO when something went wrong in our laboratory. In conducting the experimental work, significant contributions were made by Professor Sudhir Kamle of the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mr. K. K. Bajpai of the Department of Civil Engineering, the investigators would like to express ‘their sincere thanks to the two of them. The untiring efforts of the staff of the Structural Engineering Laboratory to complete this experimental work are sincerely acknowledged. ‘The help rendered by numerous students in the experimental work and in the preparation of this report is highly appreciated. Assistant Professor - Professor Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016Model Study: of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance Table of Contents Acknowledgments Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Literature Survey and Theoretical Analysis 3.0 Specimen Tested in the Laboratory 3.1 Phase 1 :: Prestressed Beams 3.2, Phase I :: Scale Model 4.0 Tests on Materials 4.1 HTS Wires 4,2 Conerete 5.0 Theoretical Estimates of Stiffness and Natural Frequency 3.1 Phase | :: Prestressed Beams. 5.2 Phase Il :: Scale Model 6.0 Experimental Study 6.1 Phase I :: Prestressed Beams 6.1.1 Tests on Prestressed Beam | 6.1.2 Tests on Prestressed Beam 2 6.1.3 Tests on Prestressed Beams 3 and 4 6.2 Phase Il :: Scale Model 7.0 Discussion of Results 8.0 Summary and Conclusions 9.0 References Tables Figures 1 we eaModel Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance List of Tables Table Title Frequencies in the prototype bridge tested by Saiidi ef al [1994]. Results of the standard test performed on 7mm diameter HTS wire samples used int this study Results of cube compression test performed on the 150mm cube specimen of the concrete used in this study Properties of the beam specimen and their fundamental natural frequency Properties of the scale model bridge specimen and its fundamental natural frequency. (a) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 1 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing (b) Variation of fundamental natural frequency fof the prestressed beam 1 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: consolidated data (a) Variation of fundamental natural frequency / of the prestressed beam 2 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing (b) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 2 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: consolidated data (a) Variation of fundamental natural frequency / of the prestressed beam 3 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing (b) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 3 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: consolidated data. (a) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 4 with prestressing force and with damage induced by tsansverse loading: with sequence of testing (b) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 4 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: consolidated data. Maximum traasverse load applied in increments of SkNV in each cycle on the scale model bridge (a) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the Scale Model Bridge specimen with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing (b) Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the Scale Model Bridge specimen with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: consolidated data.| Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for libration Performance 5 f ¢ List of Figures Figure Title Page 1 Simply supported beam. 35° 2 Simply supported beam carrying an axial compressive force (beam- 35 column). 3 Cross section of the Golden Valley bridge studied by Saiidi er a! [1994] 36 4 Details of the prestressed concrete beam studied by Saiidi ev al [1994] 36 5 Comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed | cross-sectional a7 girders [Grace e/ al, 1994] 6 Comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed T cross-sectional 38 girders (Grace ef a/, 1994]. a Comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed rectangular cross- 39 sectional girders with openings (Grace e¢ al, 1994] 8 (a) Externally compressed beam, and (b) Internally prestressed beam 40 [Jain and Goel, 1996], 9 Specimen dimensions of Phase I beams. 41 10 Cage reinforcement details of Phase [ beams. 42 11 Details of prestressing wires in Phase I beams. 43 12 Geometry and dimensions of the Phase LI specimen, ad 13 Reinforcement details of Phase II specimen. 4§ 14 Position of prestressing wires in Phase II specimen. 46 15 Natural frequency measurement scheme. 47Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for \ibrasion Performance 6 E 1.0 Introduction Prestressed concrete bridge girders may undergo distress with age through loss of prestressing force and through development of structural cracks in the concrete. It is expected that such a distress will be reflected through a change of stiffness of the girder. As the stiffness of the girder changes, the natural frequency will also change. Hence. it may be possible to monitor the health of a bridge girder in a non-destructive in-situ manner by measurements of the natural frequency of the bridge girder at regular intervals. Objective of this project is to study the effect of cracking and prestress force on natural frequency of prestressed concrete girders. The project is conducted in two phases. In Phase I, four prestressed concrete beams each of 4 meter span were tested in the laboratory. In Phase I], a /-5 model of a typical 20 merer span girder-slab bridge was studied in the laboratory. This experimental project was undertaken at the Structural Engineering Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, 1LT.Kanpur, for the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO), Ministry of Railways, LucknowModel Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 2.0 Theoretical Analysis and Literature Survey Frequency equation of @ uniform simply-supported beam (Figure 1) is rather well- . Meirovitch, 1975. The nth natural frequency @,, (radians/sec) is given by qa) m Or, the first natural frequency (fundamental natural frequency) in units of cycles/sec (Hertz) is given by: Q) E = Modulus of elasticity of the material of the beam, TI = Moment of inertia of the prismatic section, m = Mass per unit length of the beam, L = Span ofthe beam ‘between the simple supports, and n= An integer value indicating the mode number. However, if the beam is carrying an axial load (termed as beam-coiunm) (Figure 2), the axial compressive load has a softening effect (compression softening effect). That is, due to the presence of axial compression the lateral stiffness of beam (and hence its natural frequency) reduces. The expression in that case is given by [e.g., Tse ef al. 1978] 2 (na Et (ne? N ae) eels ° where N = Axial force on the beam (positive, if N is compressive; negative, if V’is tensile). The problem of assessing the variation in natural frequency of a prestressed concrete beam with loss of prestressing force and with development of cracks has been ofModel Study of PSC Bridge Girders for libration Performance j considerable interest to the profession, as seen in the available literature. Singh [1991] has treated the prestressed beam as a beam-column. and take Eq.(3) as the theoretical basis for variation in natural frequency with prestressing force He has carried out an experimental study on 2 number of prestressed girders to study tht variation of natural frequency with loss of prestress and presence of cracks The natura frequency in his study was obtained by ambient vibration measurements in the laboratory The main observations of the study were (a) Natural frequency increases with increase in prestress force up to a point: beyond it. the rate of increase in natural frequency is either very low or there is 2 decrease in frequency. As compared to natural frequency at zefo prestress, the value of natural frequency is higher by /3% in beams with 3 wires, 27% in beams with 5 wires, and 20% in beams with 7 wires (b) Natural frequency decreases with development of cracks in the beam; 2 maximum decrease of 9% was observed in his experiments. Saiidi e a/ [1994] have carried out an experimental study to assess if the vibration frequencies of prestressed concrete members can be used to establish prestress loss. Their experimental programme consisted of studies on a prototype bridge and a laboratory specimen. The prototype consists of a 55 ft (47.2 m) span post-tensioned bridge of 45.1 width (Figure 3). The bridge was instrumented for other studies. It was seen that the natural frequency of the bridge decreased with loss of prestress. Table 1 shows tests results. Figure 4 shows details of the laboratory specimen tested by Saiidi er a/ [1994], In this test also, they found that the natural frequency decreases if the prestress force is reduced,Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibrantan Performance . 9 __ Sali et af (1994) also have argued on the lines of prestressed beam acting ike beam-column with the prestressing force causing compression softening effect. i.e.. loss ‘of prestress should lead to an increase in the natural frequency. Clearly, their test results show the opposite effect. They explain this with the argument that the lower prestressing force means less closing of the micro-cracks in concrete (that is, lower stiffess and hence lower natural frequency of the beam). They argue that the second effect is higher and more than compensates the compression softening effect Based on this reasoning they have developed an empirical relationship fot effective rigidity of the prestressed concrete members as a function of the prestressing force; however, as shown later in this section. their arguments are based on questionable theoretical basis A research report by Grace ef al (1994) provides some experimental results on fundamental natural frequency of a few beams before and after prestressing (Figures 5 to 7). These clearly show that the prestressing force increases the natural frequency of the beam, i.e., the prestressing force has a stiffening effect and not the softening effect Jain and Goel [1996] have pointed out that prestressing force is an internal force of the prestressed. girder system and therefore prestressing force does not cause compression softening effect. It was shown through energy considerations that white Eq.(1) may be applicable for externally compressed beams (Figure 8(2)), the level of prestress as such has no bearing on natural frequency of internally prestressed beams (Figure 8(b)). Thus, the theoretical considerations of possible reduction in the natural frequency of prestressed beams dictate Berea prestressing force were based on erroneous concepts, and Eq.(3) is not applicable to the problem at hand It is therefore clear that prestressing force does not have the compression Softening effect. Hence, natural frequency of a uniform simply-supported prestressedMode! Study of PSC Bridge Girders for libration Performance i concrete beam is given by Eq.(2). Prestressing force influences the natural frequency the prestressed beams in a different way. Prestressing force closes the cracks in concrett (micro cracks as well as the structural cracks, if any). Cracks reduce the beam stiffne (natural frequency) and closing of cracks should increase the stiffness (and hence the natural frequency). However, there are serious difficulties in evaluating values of modulus of elasticinyl of concrete and moment of inertia of concrete sections. Modulus of elasticity of concrete varies with stress level, loading conditions (static versus dynamic), material strength, sat of material, ere. Hence, there tends to be a large variation in the value of the elastic” modulus specified by different codés even for a specific grade of concrete under static condition. For instance, ACI-318 recommends E as 47 fe (MPa), while 1S:456- 1978 suggests 5700) Fox (MPa) or about 6370/7. (MPa) (7.4. = characteristic cube strength, f'c = characteristic cylinder strength = 0.8 f,,); i.e., E given by the IS code is about /.4 times the value given by the ACI code for the same grade of concrete. Further. actual concrete strength in a structure is usually more than the specified 28-day strength and it also increases with time. Similarly, due to presence of micro cracks in concrete and the presence of reinforcement, it is difficult to accurately quantify the moment of inertia. Thus, it is clear that even under the ideal conditions of a uniform simpiy supported prestressed concrete beam, it is not possible to accurately calculate the natural frequencies of vibration. The calculations can, at best, give an approximate estimate of the natural frequency, leof PSC Bridge Girder libration Performance i Tt can be shown with theory of vibrations that even approximate mode shapes can be used to accurately estimate natural frequency. In other words, small changes in Stiffness of the beam will not significantly affect the mode shapes.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 3 3.0 Specimen Tested in the Laboratory The experimental study is conducted in two phases. In the first phase rectangular prestressed beams are studied. In the second phase, a scale model of : girder-slab bridge usually adopted by the Indian Railways is studied. In both phase was on studying the effect of cracking and prestress force on the natural frequency The post-tensioning method of prestressing is employed using a mot prestressing jack. Thé wedges and barrels are made of high strength steel. The ma force through the prestressing jack is controled by the hydraulic hand pump a associated pressure gauge indicating the fluid pressure. 3.1Phase I: Prestressed Beams Four rectangular beams of 4 meter span each are used in this study. The geo of these beams is shown in Figure 9, and reinforcement details are given in Figure 10 four beams differ only in the amount of prestressing force. The locations of the diameter HTS prestressing wires within the cross-section of the beams are shov Figure 11 Steel mouids are used to cast the 4 mever span beams. The reinforcement cag HYSD bars is prepared and placed in position The prestressing wires of the requ length (specimen length of 4 meters plus grip length of /.5 meters for prestressing jai are cut and placed in the desired position. A post-tensioning system of prestressin: employed. However, to ensure that the wires remain straight during concreting, a v small prestress is given to the wires. The wires are oiled and the concreting is complet Before the final setting time of concrete is elapsed, the load in each of the wires“Model Siudv- of PSC Bridge Girders far Vibration Performance 13 released, and the wires are twisted in position to ensure that bond is not developed between the wires and the neighbouring concrete. This process is repeated periodically to keep the wires free from the concrete around them. 3.2 Phase UH: Scale Model One 4 meter span /:5 scale model of a typical 20 meter span girder-slab railway bridge is prepared. The geometry of this scale model is shown in Figure 12, and the details of the HYSD reinforcement bars are shown in Figure 13. As in the case of the Prestressed beams, post-tensioning scheme is employed and the 7 mm diameter prestressing wires are kept straight. The position of the prestressing wires in the cross- Section is shown in Figure }4. A wooden mould is used to cast the specimen. As in the case of beams of Phase4. the prestressing wires are stressed slightly to ensure a straight profile during concreting, The concreting is completed with the steel reinforcement cage. The small load in each of the prestressing wires, intended to keep the wires straight during concreting, is released. And, the wires are regularly twisted to release the nominal bond between the wires and the concrete.Modei Stud of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance z 4.0 Tests on Materials 4.1 HTS Wires High tension steel (HTS) wires of 7mm diameter are used. The results ¢ standard tests on the HTS wires are given in Table 2. The material passe: requirements for HTS wires noted in IS:1785-1983. The ultimate tensile strength o 7mm wires are obtained as 1338 N.mm’. The maximum load in each wire is taken 2 KN, which corresponds to a stress of about a little less than 80% of the ultimate te strength. 4.2 Concrete Standard /50mm concrete cubes cast with the beam and scale model specimen tested as per [S:516-1959 at 28 days as well as on the day of testing the specimen. 1 ‘target grade of concrete is M35. The average compressive strength of the 3 cubes test is shown in Table 3 The modulus of elasticity of concrete is calculated using the following expressic [1S:456-1978} E, = 5700, Sok q (4) where f ok is the average compressive strength obtained from the tests on cube specime: and reported in Table 3. These modulus of elasticity values are also reported in Table 3Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 5.0 Theoretical Estimates of Stiffness and Natural Frequency The properties of both the beam specimen and the scale model girder specimen as ‘on the day of the test are used to estimate their theoretical fundamental natural frequency. Since the prestressing is of the unbonded post-tensioning type, the area of the wires is not considered in the calculation of the moment of inertia of the cross-sections. The area of holes has been accounted for in calculations of area of cross section, moment of inertia, ete. 5.1 Phase 1:: Prestressed Beams The moment of inertia / and mass per unit length m of the beam specimens are given in Table 4. Using these properties and the modulus of elasticity E, of conerete given in Table 3, the fundamental natural frequency f of the beams is obtained using Eq.(2). The results so obtained are shown in Table 4. 5.2 Phase I:: Scale Model of a Girder-Slab Bridge Based on the geometry of the specimen given in Figure 12 and the location of the prestressing wires given in Figure 14, the moment of inertia / and mass per unit length of the scale model bridge is calculated and these values are given in Table 5. Using these properties and the modulus of elasticity E, of concrete given in Table 3, the natural frequency fof the scale model bridge is obtained using Eq.(2). The results so obtained are shown in Table 5.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 6.0 Experimental Study The fundamental natural frequency of the beam is obtained by the vibretion facility available at 1.1. T.Kanpur. A flow chart of the test strategy showing the test for obtaining the natural frequency of the prestressed beam is shown in Figeze | force balance accelerometer (FBA) is placed at the mid-span of the beam and < accelerometer at the quarter span (with a view to see if there is a significant cha mode shape]. The specimen is tapped vertically with a hammer and the subseque vibration response of the beam is ascertained. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) acceleration response is used to obtain natural frequency of the specimen. This exe: done for different values of prestressing force (by introducing or releasing the prest: force in some of the wires), and with different levels of cracking introduced specimen. Cracking in the specimen is introduced by carefully loading the specimen actuator in a displacement-control mode and then releasing the load. 6.1 Phase I :: Prestressed Beams 6.1.1 Tests on Prestressed Beam 1 The following step-wise procedure is employed to study the prestressed bear 1. The fundarnental natural frequency is measured on the virgin beam with no >restr force. 2. The specimen is now subjected to prestress force. Of the three wires in the bean wire is stressed it a time and natural frequency measured with each new wire prestressed. The sequence of prestressing employed with reference to the numbering is given in Table 6(a).Motiel Stud of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 3. With all the wires carrying the prestress force, a transverse load of kN is applied on the specimen at the mid-span using 2 displacement-controlled hydraulic actuator. After applying the maximum load of ¥kN, the load is released. When the load is completely removed and the contact between the actuator and the specimen is released. the natural frequency is measured again = Now 8kN load is applied in increments of 4kN each. After loading, unloading, and releasing the contact berween the actuator and the specimen, the natural frequency is measured again. wu Step 4 is repeated for transverse load of 72 kN and J6 KN. 6, The prestress force in the three ‘wires is gradually removed in the reverse sequence in which they were loaded _ The prestress wires are again loaded one by one, and natural frequency measured at each level. Table 6 gives the results; Table 6(a) gives the data with sequence of testing, while the same data is presented in Table 6(b) in a more consolidated form to enable easy ~ comparison of data. 6.1.2 Tests on Prestressed Beam 2 A different procedure was used in testing beam 2. 1. The fundamental natural frequency is measured on the virgin beam with no prestressing force. 2. A transverse load of 4KN is applied and removed, with none of the four wires stressed. ‘That is, the beam is cracked even before any wire is carrying a prestress force. Natural frequency of the cracked beam is measured.Model Stuav of PSC Bridige Girders for tibration Performance 19. load was applied 1. The bridge model is simply-supported. 2. The fizndamental natural frequency of the virgin bridge model is measured 3. The specimen is subjected to prestress force. Out of the six wires in the model (three in each web), the symmetric pair of wires (one wire in each girder) are prestressed at a time. The sequence of prestressing employed with reference to the wire numbering is same as given in Figure 14 and Table 1 (a), - At each level of prestress, the natural frequency of the scale model is obtained w When the bridge model is subjected to the maximum prestress force, a transverse load of 20kN is applied on it at the-mid-span using a displacement-controlled hydraulic actuator in increments of SKN each. After applying the maximum load of 20kN, the load is released. When the load is compietely removed and the contact between the actuator and the specimen is released, the natural frequency is measured again. 6. The prestress force in the six wires is gradually removed in pairs of two wires in the Teverse sequence in which they were loaded. And, at each level of prestress, the natural frequency is ascertained, er Steps 3 and 4 are repeated Again, when all the six wires are stressed, the hydraulic actuator is employed to apply a transverse load, but this time with a larger amplitude of load of JOKN in increments of SKN each. After loading, unloading and releasing the contact between the actuator and the specimen, the natural frequency is measured again 0 This procedure is repeated until, the amplitude of the transverse load is slowly increased to near the ultimate load of the specimen. The loading history indicating the maximum amplitude of the load in each eycle is shown in Table 10 -Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 3. A higher load of GkN is now applied and removed and the natural frequency of this are beam is measured. 4. Now, the prestress is applied in one wire at a time. At each level of prestress. the natural frequency of the beam is measured. 5. After all the wires are prestressed, the prestress force in the four wires is released one’ by one in the reverse sequence in which they were loaded, At each level of prestress, the natural frequency is ascertained. 4 Table 7 gives the results; Table 7(a) gives the data with sequence of testing, while the same data is presented in Table 7(b) in a more consolidated form to enable easy comparison of data. . ; 6.1.3 Tests on Prestressed Beams 3 and 4 The procedure of test adopted in beams 3 and 4 is identical to that employed for beam 1, except that the number of wires is seven in beam 3 and nine in beam 4, as against three in beam 1. Consequently, beams 3 and 4 are loaded transversely up to about 27KN. Tables : 8 and 9 give the results, Tables 8(a) and 9(a) give the data with sequence of testing, while the same data is presented in Tables 8(b) and 9(b) in a more consolidated form 6.2 Phase IT :: Scale Model of a Girder-Slab Bridge The procedure of testing the scale model specimen is much the same as that adopted for beams 1, 3, and 4 of Phase I. One major difference is that after every application of transverse load, the prestressing cables were released and then loaded again (with natural frequency being measured at every stage) before another cycle of transverse — :Mode! Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 20 The experimental natural frequency of the scale model bridge specimen obtained by the above procedure is given in Tables 11(a) and (b).Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 2 Discussion of Results The following observations are made from the test results obtained during the ‘fests: ° 1. Theoretical estimate of the natural frequency of the beams was 22.5 Hz. This matches quite well with the observed natural frequency, and tums out to be an upper bound value on the observed values. The difference of only about 10% in the measured and the observed values is quite nominal considering the uncertainties associated in specifying the modulus of elasticity and the moment of inertia as discussed in Section 2 earlier. N The scale model of girder-slab bridge shows a large variation in the fundamental natural frequency as obtained by analysis (~ 55.6 Hz) with the experimental values (in the range 30 to 37 Hz). This clearly illustrates that it is rather difficult to expect accurate estimation of natural frequency of concrete structures due to difficulties in correctly modelling the modulus of elasticity and the moment of inertia. In this case, it is possible that the scale model was not cured as well as the cubes associated with it were; this may have resulted in the scale model having poorer concrete than that in the cubes. There may have been more than one such contributing factors leading to such large variation. we Prestressing force in general has a tendency to increase the natural frequency of the concrete beam. It does so by closing the micro cracks in the concrete, thereby making the beam more stiff: Results in the first four columns of Table 6(b) show a difference of about 13% on this account. Moreover, the increase in natural frequency takes place only up to a certain extent of prestressed loading, beyond which an increase inModel Study of PSC Bridge Girders for | thration Performance prestressing force may not significantly increase the natural frequency. 4, Structural cracks in a concrete beam cause a reduction in the natural frequency. T: 7(b) shows a difference of about 16% due to cracking in the absence of prestressi force 5. Prestressing force is able to close the structural cracks in the beam and restore tt! natural frequency value. For instance, Table 6(b) shows the natural frequency in d e presence of prestressing force as about 20.4 Hz when the specimen was loaded ant unloaded with the transverse load. However, once the prestressed force is released t natural frequency drops down to about 14.0 Hz. a Loss of prestress together with the structural cracks in the beam can cause significant drop in the natural frequency of the beam. For instance, as per Table 6(b), the natural frequency of undamaged beam with prestressing force is 21.7 Hz which drops down to about 14,0 Hz with total loss of prestressing force and with structural cracks: a drop of about 35%. 4 Results of Specimen 3 and 4 are very much similar to those obtained in the specimen 1, This establishes that the results obtained are quite general and reflect the expected behaviour of the PSC girders. 8. Natural frequency values of phase II study on the scale model generally agree with the trends noted above for the phase I specimen. For instance, the prestressing increases the natural frequency of the model by about 10%.Model Suidy of PSC Bridge Girders for \ibration Performance A 8.0 Summary and Conclusions ” an experimental study on vibration characteristics of prestressed concrete girders is conducted in two phases. namely phase I consisting of four prestressed concrete beams and phase Il consisting of a /:5 scale mode! bridge. Main objective was to study variation in natural frequency of the girders with loss of prestressing fore and with structural cracks. Important conclusions of the study are summarised here under 1. The experimental and theoretical estimates of natural frequencies match reasonably well for the phase I beams but do not match well for the phase IT specimen. It clearly underlines the fact that one cannot expect to analytically obtain natural frequency accurately for PSC girders and then expect to make one-time experimental observations to assess the health of the bridge. 2. There is no “compression softening” as reported in some literature. Thus. the prestressing force does not reduce the natural frequency of the prestressed girders on this account. 3. Prestressing force in general increases. the natural frequency of the beam by about 10%. This is done by closing the micro-cracks present in the concrete, Prestressing force is effective in increasing the natural frequency till a certain valtié beyond which it is not very effective. " 4. Due to structural cracking in non-prestressed beams, there is significant reduetion“in the natural frequency. However, prestressing force may effectively close these cracks and may thereby restore the natural frequency of the beam. 5. It is expected that in case of actual bridges, if the structural cracks are accompanied by loss of prestress force, periodic vibration measurements may be effective in identifying the problem. However, if the prestress force does not reduce with time.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for libration Performance Y some deterioration in concrete in the form of cracks may not reflect much on the natural frequency. 6. It was not possible to observe’ a significant change in the fundamental mode shape ol the beams with cracking or with loss of prestress. This is in line with what was expected based on theory of vibrations. 7. Variations in the natural frequency with loss of prestress and with cracking are such that it is not possible to empirically correlate them. In other words, the technique of vibration measurements can at best give a qualitative assessment of the deteriorating conditions of the bridge.Mode! Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance E 9.0 References Grace et al, 1994, A Research Report of the Lawrence Technological University, USA. 18:456-1978, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1979, 18:516-1959, Indian Standard Method of Test for Strength af Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1960. 18:1343-1980, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1981. IS:1785(Part | and 2)-1983, Indian Standard Specification for Plain and Hard Steel Wire for Prestressed Concrete, ‘Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 1984 Jain,S.K., and Goel,S.C., Discussion on paper by Saiidi.M., Douglas,B., and Feng,S., of 1994 on “Prestress Force Effect on Vibration Frequency of Concrete Bridges.” in Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.120, No.7, pp 2233-2241. published in Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.122, No.4, pp 459-460 Meirovitch, L., 1975, Elements of Vibration Analysis, McGraw Hill Saiidi,M., Douglas.B., and Feng,S., 1994, “Prestress Force Effect on Vibration Frequency of Concrete Bridges,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.120, No.7, Es 2233-2241 Singh, S.N., 1991, “Effect of Prestress on Natural Frequency of PSC Beams”, M.Tech thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Tse,F.S., MorseJ.E., and Hinkle,R.T., 1978, Mechanical Vibrations: Theory and Applications, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston, MA, USAModel Study of PSC Bridge Girders for libration Performance Table 1: Frequencies in the prototype bridge tested by Saiidi et al [1994]. ‘Sl. No. | Age of specimen | Prestressing Force | Fundamental (kN) Natural Frequency (Hz) 33.5 2.028 52.0 2.024 2.011 Table 2: Results of the standard test performed on 7mm: diameter HTS wire samples used in this study. Ulimate Tensile Sirengih | 0.2% Proof Strength | %é Elongation 1338 N/mm" 1096 Nien’ 5.24 Table 3: Results of tube compression test performed on the 150mm cube specimen the concrete used in this study. Specimen | Age on ‘Average Calculated Day of Test| Compressive Strength | Modulus of Elasticity (days) Vm) men’) 28-day| On day of Test| 28-day | On day of Test! Beam i&2| 127 | 41.7 476 36800 39300 eam 3&4\ 114 | 42.0 45.9 36900 38600 Seale Modell 163 | 38.0 48.4 35100 39700 Bridge Table 4: Properties of the beam specimen and their fundamental natural frequency. ~ Specimen | A Ee T m |L| f (ram?) | (Nrmm?) | (2105 mm’) | (kg/m) | (rm) Beam 1 29900 | 39300 99.7 74.7 | Beam 2 29800 | 39300 99.6 6 Beam 3 29700 | 38600 99.4 743 Beam 4 29700 | 38600 99.2 741 alafele Table 5: Properties of the scale model bridge specimen and its fundamental natural frequency. 4 Ee T m L f | (mm?) | (N/mm?) | (10% mmt) | (kg/m | (mm) | (Herts) J 124770 39700 2520.5 3119 | 4 55.6Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance Table 6(a): Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam | : with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing. SL | Wires Stressed _| Total Prestressing Natural No. | 2 4 6 Force (kN) Frequency (Hz) sex x 0 193 2 | x x 40 20.1 3 | x 380 213 “EAR Ars| 120 21.7 “cal Go el el 80 21.8 6 fx [7 [x 40 20.3 Tax | x | x 0 18.8 @[x || « 40 19.2 pm | 80 21.3 wly [7 Ty 120) 20.8 n>yvy |v [Tv 120 Transverse load of 4 KN applied and released 12 viv . 120 20.4 3]Vv fv 120 Transverse load of 8 KN applied and released wl“fivivi 120 20.4 15 120 “Transverse load of 12 KN applied and released 6 | 7 v 120 20.4 17 viv 120 Transverse load of 16 KN applied and released wiv i[Vv{[v 120 20.3 - yf x |x [x 0 got x |v [x 40 ai [x vi 80 20.8 2i[v [vy 120 21.5 23 | x v 30 20.7 2x7 x 40 18.9 aft» | «x 0 13.6 Table 6(b): Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 1 with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: consolidated data. Prestress ‘Natural frequency f (Hertz) Force Virgin Transverse Load Cycle (kN) | (KN) 16 | OKN |) 19.3]g 18.8] ) 18.8 4ORN [| 20.11] 203 [| 19.2 SORN [P21.3]] 21.8 [0213 Z20kN |" 21.7[" 21.71% 20.8| 20.4] 204 [20.4 | 203 [¥21.5|! 21.5Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance a Table 7(a): Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam} with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing. SL Wires Stressed Total Prestressing Natural Frequency No | 2] 4{5)|6 Force (kN) (Hz) L x x x x 0 19.3 2 x x x x 0 Transverse load of 4 KN | applied and released 3 [x[ «tx x 0 16.2 4 [x f[x« [x] x 0 Transverse load of 6 KN ___|__applied and released _| 5 [x] «|x| x 0 16.0 6 | x x | x 40 19.1 L7z[txi[v¥f[x«[¥ 80 20.0 gs f[xi[v¥ [v[v¥ 120 19.5 9 iv¥i[v¥{|v¥iv i 160 20.1 lof x{|¥“ [vi] v 120 20.6 _| | x x |v 80 20.4 | 2/|xi|¥ [x] x 40 18.5 13 x x x x 0 17.0 Table 7(b): Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam: with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading consolidated data. ‘Natural frequency f (Hertz) Virgin | Transverse Load Cycle (kN) 4 6 162 |) 160 19.1 17.0 18.5 20.4 20.6 20.1Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for | ¥branion Performance 30 Table 9(a): Variation ‘of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 4 * with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: with sequence of testing. Si. Wires Stressed Total Natural Frequency —_ Prestressed No. |i 1213 [4 [5 [6 ]7|8 [9 | Force (kN) (Hi) L_ [x [x [x bx [x [x [x [x [x 0 19.3 2 sels aed “lo-ecbeet sed x [= 40 195 LEE TY TT x x 80 20.5 4 [x[x[x[Y]¥ [vik [x] 120 20.5 5 [¥[x[x|¥i¥ [vx] x] 160 20.3 6 [¥[x[¥{[v [¥ [vx] x] 200 19.8 7 |v¥[¥ v|¥ x [xx 240 19.5 8 |v] viviviv [x [x 280 20.0 9 Tv [viv iv [viv ivy lv 320 20.0 wiv (viv |v [viv iv iv lw 360 20.3 uf[Y[4[v |v [4 iv iil 360 Transverse load of 12 KN applied and released 2 [Vv |[¥ |v lv |v iv iv iY iY 360 20.3 2 BY [“/4/¥ viv |< [4 360 Transverse load of 18 KN applied and released 4 v/v v YI¥|¥ 360 20.4 is |¥ viv v v 360 Transverse load of 24 KN applied and released 16 | viv iv |v iy ivi 360 20.4 wit |v [vv ivi ivy 360 Transverse load of 27.4 | KN applied and released 18 Iv Viviviviv [viv [v4 360 20.0 i [viv iv [viv vv [Tv 320 19.4 20 |v |v iv iY |v |v x |v 280 19.0 a iv [Y¥ [x |v iv [¥ v 240 19.0 } Ee arerarerararé v 200 19.1 } 23 x viv eA 160 19.8 r 24 x vi|v v 120 19.0 25 x x |v v 30 174 26 x x ¥ 16.8 27 |x [x x x 0 16.8Made! Studv of PSC Bridge. Girders for Vibration Performance 3 Table 9(b): Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the prestressed beam 4 consolidated data. Prestress Natural frequency Force Virgin Transverse Load 2 | 18 24 274 OkN 19.3 16.8 120 KN 20.5 19.0 [160 RN [| 203 19.8 200 KN 19.8 19.1 320 KN 20.0 19.4 360kN |" 203] 203 20.0 204 | 204 | with prestressing force and with damage induced by transverse loading: Table 10: Maximum transverse load applied in increments of SKN in each cycle on the scale model bridge. Maximum Transverse Load (kN) Gyele 1 | Cycle 2| Crete 3 | Crete 4] Crete 5 | Cycle 6| Cycle 7| 20 40 60 80 | 100 | 120 | 159.65Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance a | Table 11(a) : Variation of fundamental natural frequency f of the Scale Model Bridgt specimen with prestressing force and witk damage induced by fransvert loading: with sequence of testing. ; Total Prestressed Natural Force (kN) Frequency (Hz) 3 1 x | x 0 32.0 | 2 x|x |v | x« 3 Vix v 4 Le v j 5 vx v 6 x|x x 7 x] x] x 31.2 8 x|v [x : 9 x|¥|¥ 10 Yiviv7 nH viv iv Transverse load of 20 KN applied-and released flit, 36.8 v[¥ 32.4 31.2 x |x| x x 316 v x x 30 34.0 v x x 160 34.0 v v v 240 33.6 9 |v“ lv I~ v 240 Transverse load of 40 KN applied and released 20 Vivi“ i717 240 33.2 2 iv iv¥lxi7[¥ 1] x 160 32.0 22 1¥ixlxilvlxlx 30 316 23 Tx{x]x] x « fx 0 316 24 [vi x[x[“] x | x 80 32.8 25 Y{x{¥ at x 160 33.2 2 IV [viv [viv |v 7240 33.2 rr Ararats v 240 Transverse load of 60 KN applied and released wiv ivy iv iv 17 240 33.2 [is LaKaRaKs x 160 32.0 30 [¥ x |v x 80. 32.0.‘Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance Table 11(a) : «continued SL yares |_Wires Stressed | es ht om previous P Soe ‘orce (k! Total Prestressed Natural Frequency 32.0 328 33.2 33.6 Transverse load of 80 kN applied and released 33.6 32.0 33.2 33.6 33.6 Transverse load of 100 KN applied and released 34.0 32.0 x v iv v v v v v 32.4 AA « Transverse load of 120 KN applied and released 34.8 32.8 add 4 x |x fx [x [J 32.4 a 344 Ws 34.8 v 240 37: Transverse load of 159.65KN applied and released 37.6 36.0 34.4Table 11(8) + Variation of fundamental natural frequency fof the Scale Model Biddge specimen with prewressing force umd with amaze inchiced by transrerve Foading: comsofdated data [ Prestres| Force | Viegas (AN) | ae | enane dae | 32.01 312g ‘ao || 3481) 3081 160__ |p 35h) 32.3 za" 35.21" 35Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance Figure 1 : Simply supported beam. ‘Figure 2 : Simply supported beam carrying an axial compressive force (beam- column).Model Sudy of PSC Bridge Girders for Fibration Performance i Oat sari SF la" iL, 6°" Ps Boy [eed 3 sp. @ 7’-6" Figure 3 : Cross section of the Golden Valley bridge studied by Saiidi et al (1994). 0.5 in. Strand eee #2 @ 12 in. Beam Section Prestress Cable 12 th Load: Celt Stressing Jack Figure 4 : Details of the prestressed concrete beam studied by Saitdi et al [1994].Model Studv of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 37 BEFORE PRESTRESSING AFTER PRESTRESSING = 1. i 3 1 w 4 2 0.10 4 z n 2 rt = Hi \ FREQUENCY (Hz) 9.15 4 Ss wu 3 2 0104 4 z n < 2 FREQUENCY b. 1G-1 Gil o1s4 0.104 0.08 4 FREQUENCY (Hz} ES 10 5 20 ES c. 1G-2 GIRDER Figure 5 : Comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed I cross-sectional girders [Grace et al, 1994}.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance 3 —— BEFORE PRESTRES y ++ AFTER PRESTRESS! 2 E $ = 10 8 20 25 30 FREQUENCY (Hz) Ss w 8 5 E g < = FREQUENCY (Hz) s w 6 2 5 = = FRE.UENCY (Hz) c. 1G-2 GIRDER Figure 6 : Comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed T cross: girders [Grace et al, 1994].Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance = 38. 02s BEFORE PRESTRESSING -e-- AFTER - 0.20 PRESTRESSING 3 ae 2 > ote = ons ° a. BG-1 GIADER t d e204 A 3 " w mn a 08- Hi e m z tt 9 0.10 y = tt 2 7-5 ot ' FREQUENCY ‘Hz) Figure 7 : Comparison between prestressed and non-prestressed rectangular cross- sectional girders with openings [Grace et al, 1994].Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance Figure 8 : (a) Externally compressed beam, and (b) Internally prestressed bearn [Jain and Goel, 1996].Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance al ' al - Teoo ~w! NSS ja" 50),ci00 sol 103 £50 _* Ea eee SECTION A-A ELEVATION ao Fis Jae PLAN . NOTE: All dimensions are inmm Figure 9 : Specimen dimensions of Phase I beams.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance # 2¥8 Y6-120c¢ . Oo : i ! | PLE] ave al 4100 ts SECTIONAL ELEVATION Ths Y6-120 cic SECTION A-A Figure 10 : Cage reinforcement details of Phase I beams.Model Studv of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance o> Beam End plate Wedges. Wires ® SECTIONAL ELEVATION * Specimen| Wires present i 246 2: 2456 3 1349679 All NOTE: All dimensions are in mm Diameter of wires 7mm SECTION A-A Figure 11 : Details of prestressing wires in Phase I beams.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance HW Diaphragm ® End plate Z ES 4 50. Wedges ve Wires ah y 4000 e+ : 100 4225 0, ELEVATION 50 Diaphragm 400 <5 650) at the end 300 180_100, 400 100, 150 eet SECTION @® Net te the soate | Nie Figure 12 : Geometry and dimensions of the Phase II specimen.Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration 4S ¥6@ 200¢/e SECTION G2) @4 ‘6 80 cle | ji ie, SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF DIAPHRAGM @soce ‘ SECTION @® Figure 13 : Reinforcement details of Phase II specimen.Model Study of PSC Brit Figure 14 : Position of prestressing wires in Phase II specimen. 46Model Study of PSC Bridge Girders for Vibration Performance Figure 15 : Natural frequency measurement scheme. 47