1

CNG MN NHP MN X L NH
A L thuyt
1. Ti sao cn phi x l nh s, ng dng ca x l nh, cho v d ?.
Tr li:
X l nh s vi mc ch:
- Trong cc dng truyn thng c bn: li ni, hnh nh, m thanh th hnh nh l dng truyn thng
truyn ti thng tin mnh m nht.
- Nhng hnh nh thu nhn bi b cm bin hnh nh thng c nhng sai lch v mt mt thng tin
nht nh. Do chng t among mun a nhng hnh nh vo my tnh thc hin cc mc ch
khc nhau nh: phn tch nh, phc hi nh, chnh sa nh
- my tnh c th hiu v phn tch nh th cn m ha v biu din nh di dng s gi l nh s.
Vic s l nh s trn my tnh nhm mc ch phn tch hnh nh v phc hi cc thng tin b sai lch
trong qu trnh thu nhn nh.
ng dng ca x l nh :
- Lu tr d liu, tra cu thng tin: nn nh di dng *.jpg,*.gif gim dung lng lu tr ca nh.
- Nhn dng: khun mt, du vn tay, ch s, k t
- Xc thc: xc thc ng nhap windows 8 bng hnh nh,
- Xy dng trong h thng my nhn cng nghip iu khin v kim tra sn phm: h thng phn tch
nh pht hien bt kh trn b mt vt th c bng kim loi/nha, pht hin cc linh kin b li/
bin dng/ thiu trong qu trnh sn xut
2. V m hnh cc bc c bn trong x l nh s
Tr li:
M hnh cc bc c bn trong x l nh
Thu nhn nh

Tin x
l nh

Phn on nh

Biu din v
m t

Nhn dng
v ni suy

Thu nhn nh: qua camera, my scan, t video

Tin x l nh: Lc nhiu, nng cao tng phn..
Phn on nh: chia on nh, tm kim thng tin thch hp trn tng vng
Biu din v m t: Tm cc vng c trng im nh, biu din li thng tin thng qua cc im nh
c trng
- Nhn dng ni suy: theo mu, theo my hc
3. M t m hnh mt h thng x l nh c th ( cho v d)
Tr li:
M hnh mt h thng x l nh c th:
-

B phn thu nhn nh:

+ Cm bin: nhy cm vi nng lng pht ra ca i tng(mu sc, kch thc,)
+ S ha: chuyn i kt qa ca b phn cm bin thnh d liu s
- Phn cng x l nh chuyn dng
+ B s ha
+ Phn cng thc hin cc tho tc c bn nhm nng cao tc x l
- My tnh: thit b thng thng hoc chuyn dng
- B phn lu tr
+ Bt buc phi c
+ Lu tr tm thi: phc v v s dng trong qu trnh x l h hin ti
+ Lu tr trc tuyn: tng tc gi li cc d liu thng dng
+ Lu tr vnh vin: lu tr d liu, truy cp khng thng xuyn.
- B phn hin th: mn hnh
- In n: Ghi li nh: my in, my chiu,
4. Trnh by php gin nh, cho v d ? nhn xt kt qu
Tr li:
- Php gin nh l thao tc gin n/ phnh to cc i tng nh n sc
-

X l ma trn im nh, B l yu t cu trc, thc hin php OR

- Mc ch:
+ Nhm loi b im en b bao bi cc im trng. Trong k thut ny, 1 ca s N+1 x N+1 c r
khp nh v thc hin i snh mt pixel ca nh vi (N+1)2 -1 im ln cn, khng tnh im tm.
Php i snh thc hin bi php tuyn (OR)
+ Gi tr ca cc pixel u ra l gi tr ln nht ca tt c cc pixel ln cn ca pixel vo tng ng.
+ Trong nh nh phn, nu bt k pixel no c gi tr l 1 th pixel ra s l 1.
- Cch thc hin:
+ Xc nh phn t cu trc v tm
+ t tm vo im nh cn x l, khng xt cc im c gi tr 0
+ Thc hin php OR phn t cu trc vi nh c kt qu ti im tng ng
+ Dch chuyn tm ca phn t cu trc ln lt qua tng im nh trn nh v lp li cc bc trn.
- V d:

Nhn xt kt qu:

+Vng nh gc c m rng
+ Khong trng gia nh c lp y
5. Trnh by php co nh, cho v d ? nhn xt kt qu ?
Tr li:
- Php co nh: l thao tc xi mn/ co hp cc i tng nh n sc.
Tp hp cc im x sao cho Bx nm trong X.
Mc ch:
+ Ngi ta thng s dng k thut ny cho cc nh nh phn nh vn tay hoc ch vit.
+ Loi b nhng cu ni, phn nh ra, tha ra ca nh
+ Lm nh nh
Cch thc hin:
+ Xc nh phn t cu trc v tm
+ t tm vo im nh cn x l, khng xt cc im c gi tr 0
+ Nu tt c cc im anh ca phn t cu trc nm hon ton trong cc im nh nh phn th im
tung ng trn nh kt qu s l im nh (gi tr 1). Ngc li, im tng ng trn nh kt qu s l
nn (gi tr 0).
+ Dch chuyn tm ca phn t cu trc ln lt qua tng im nh trn nh v lp li cc bc trn.
V d:

6. Nu khi nim v im nh, mc xm, phn gii ?

Tr li:
im nh
- nh gm nhiu im nh, gi l pixel. im nh (pixel= picture element): Mi pixel gm mt cp to
x, y v mu. Cp to x, y to nn phn gii (resolution)
- Khi c s ho, n thng c biu din bi bng hai chiu I(n,p): n dng v p ct, nh gm n x p
pixels.
- Gi tr ca phn t trong ma trn biu th cng sang hay mc xm ca im nh
Mc xm
- Mc xm ca mt im nh l cng sng c gn bng gi tr nguyn tng ng vi thang o
xm.
- Thang o xm ph thuc vo s bit biu din mu ca im nh. i vi nh nh phn dung bit 1
biu din m => [0,1] l thang o xm (0 l en, 1 l trng)

nh xm hay nh a cp xm l nh ch cha ton mu xm. Cc thang gi tr xm thng thng:

16,32, 128, 256
phn gii
- L mt im nh c n nh trn mt nh s c hin th
7. Khi nim biu histogram, cc cch x l cn bng histogram
Tr li:
- Khi nim
+ Lc xm(biu Histogram) l mt hm cung cp tn sut xut hin ca mi mc xm.
+ Histogram ca mc xm g ca nh I l s im nh c gi tr g ca nh I.
K hiu l
h(g). h(gk) = nk
Trong :
gk l mc xm th k
nk l s cc im nh khc c cng mc xm gk
n l tng s cc im nh trong nh
+ Biu Histogram c trc tung Oy biu din s im nh ca mc xm gk v trc Ox biu din mc
xm gk
- Cch x l cn bng histogram
+ Xt mt nh xm {x} v t ni l s ln xut hin ca mc xm i. Xc sut hin pixel c mc xm I
trong nh l (n l tng pixel, L l tng mc xm, =px(i) l histogram cho mc xm I chun ha
[0,1] ).
px(i) = p(x=i)=ni / n (0<=i<L)
+ nh kt qu c c bng cch mapping tng pixel c mc xm rk trong nh input thnh pixel tng
ng c mc xm sk trong nh kt qu
-

8. M hnh mu l g? Lit k mt vi m hnh mu thng dng.

Tr li:
- M hnh mu: L phng php din gii cc c tnh v tc ng ca mu trong ng cnh nht nh.
+ Khng c m hnh mu no l y cho mi kha cnh ca mu
+ S dng cc m hnh mu khc nhau m t cc tnh cht c nhn bit khc nhau ca mu.
- Mt vi m hnh mu thng dng:
1. M hnh mu RGB
2. M hnh mu CMY
3. M hnh mu HSV v HSL
4. M hnh mu NTSC
5. M hnh mu YIQ
9. Phi mu cng l g? Phi mu tr l g? Trong trng hp no th s dng phi mu cng, trong
trng hp no th s dng phi mu tr?
Tr li:
Phi mu cng
- Phi mu cng: l vic to nn cc mu sc bng cch chng ln nhau cc nh sng pht ra t vi
ngun sng.
- Hai tia sng cng cng thuc 2 trong 3 mu gc chng ln nhau s to nn mu th cp:
+ + Lc = Vng

+ + Lam = Hng sm (cnh sen)

+ Lam + Lc = Xanh l
+ + Lc + Lam = Trng.
Phi mu tr
- Phi mu tr: l vic to nn cc mu sc bng cch pha trn cc mu vi nhau.
- Pha 3 mu gc gm , vng, lam cho kt qu nh sau:
+ + Vng = Da cam
+ + Lam = Tm
+ Lam + Vng = Lc
+ + Lc + Lam = en
S dng hai h mu
- H mu cng : thng c s dng hin th mu trn cc mn hnh TV, monitor my tnh v nhng
thit b in t khc (chng hn nh camera k thut s) s dng cho nhng thit b cn hin th mu
sc sc nt, ti sng, sinh ng.
- H mu tr: s dng trong cng ngh in n to ra c h mu sc nt v chun xc nht khi in ln
vt liu in.
10. M hnh mu CMY l g? Ti sao phi s dng h mu CMY? Lm th no chuyn t h mu
RGB sang h mu CMY?
Tr li:
M hnh mu CMY
- CMY bao gm cc mu:
+ C = Cyan (xanh)
+ M = Magenta (hng tm)
+ Y = Yellow (vng)
- Da vo phng php phi mu tr.
- Nguyn l lm vic: l hp th nh sng, chng hot ng trn c ch nhng vt khng t pht ra nh
sng m ch phn x nh sng t cc ngun khc chiu ti.
- S dng trong in n.
Phi s dng h mu CMY
Chuyn t h mu RGB sang CMY
- Chuyn: tRGB = {R,G,B}
- chuyn i thnh CMY: tCMY = {C',M',Y'} = {(255 R), (255 G), (255 B)}
- Vic chn la h s K l vn tng i phc tp, n hon ton ph thuc vo quyt nh ca nh
sn xut ra thit b in n. Cc gi tr ca K b cc nh sn xut gi kn nh l mt b quyt cng ngh.
- Trong a s trng hp, h s K s cho l bng 0 khi bo ha ca mu en thp hn t 50% n
75% do ngi ta cho rng di mc hp l (hon ton ch quan) th khng cn phi in bng mc en.
- V l thuyt ngi ta tm chp nhn K = min {C'/2,55, M'/2,55, Y'/2,55}. (0 <= K <=100)
11. M hnh mu CMYK l g? CMYK khc CMY ch no, v li th bt li so vi CMY l g?
Tr li:
- M hnh mu CMYK
+ T CMYK (hay i khi l YMCK) l t vit tt trong ting Anh ch m hnh mu loi tr s dng
trong in n mu. M hnh mu ny da trn c s trn cc cht mu ca cc mu sau:

C=Cyan trong ting Anh c ngha l mu xanh l hay cnh ch

M=Magenta trong ting Anh c ngha l mu cnh sen hay hng sm

Y=Yellow trong ting Anh c ngha l mu vng

K=Key (trong ting Anh nn hiu theo ngha l ci g then cht hay ch yu m ch mu
en mc d mu ny c tn ting Anh l black do ch B c s dng ch mu xanh lam (blue) trong
m hnh mu RGB to cc mu khc.
- M hnh mu CMYK khc m hnh CMY ch CMYK c thm mu K (mu en), iu ny gip m
hnh mu CMYK c li th hn so vi CMY v mu 'en' sinh ra bi vic trn cc mu gc loi tr l
khng thc s ging nh mc en tht s hay mu en ca vt en tuyt i (l vt hp th ton b
nh sng), vic in n trn c s bn mu (i khi gi l in cc mu mc d iu ny khng chnh xc)
phi s dng mc en b sung thm vo vi cc mu gc loi tr l cc mu vng, cnh sen v
xanh l. Vic s dng cng ngh in n bn mu sinh ra kt qu in n cui cng rt cao cp vi
tng phn cao hn
12. Ti sao ngi ta pht trin nn h mu HSV v HSL? Nu ngha ca tng ch ci th hin mt
thnh phn ca HSV v HSL (H l g, S l g...).
Tr li:
Ngi ta pht trin h mu ny v n biu din m sc gn vi quan im nhn mu sc ca con ngi
ngha ca tng ch ci th hin thnh phn HSV v HSL
Hue: Tng mu
Saturation: Sc
Value: Gi tr cng sng
Lightness: sng - (t en -> mu -> trng)
13. M hnh lu tr raster l g? M hnh raster khc m hnh vector im no? Trong trng hp
no th dng raster v trong trng hp no th dng vector?
Tr li:
M hnh lu tr raster
- y l cch biu din nh thng dng nht hin nay.
- nh c biu din di dng ma trn cc im (im nh).
- nh thu nhn qua cc thit b nh camera, scanner.
- Tu theo yu cu thc th m mi im nh c biu din bng 1 hay nhiu bit.
- M hnh Raster thun li cho hin th v in n.
- Thit b thu nhn nh Raster ph hp vi tc nhanh v cht lng cao cho c u vo v u ra.
- Thun li cho vic hin th trong mi trng Windows l Microsoft a ra khun dng nh
DIB (Device Independent Bitmap) lm trung gian.
M hnh raster khc m hnh vector im
o Cu trc rt n gin.
o D dng s dng cc php ton chng xp v cc php ton x l nh vin thm.
o D dng thc hin nhiu php ton phn tch khc nhau.
o Bi ton m phng l c th thc hin c do n v khng gian l ging nhau ( n v).
o K thut x l n gin.
Vector l thit k, in n kh ln, lu tr m hnh 3D
Raster lu tr nh thng thng v v nh d lu li dng raster hn nn hu nh nh raster c
s dng

14. M hnh lu tr vector l g? M hnh vector khc m hnh c bn im no? Nu nh vector

c nhiu u im ti sao khng s dng vector m vn phi s dng nh raster?
Tr li:
M hnh lu tr vector
o Bao gm cc i tng hnh hc
o Ph bin trong phn mm m ha ng (2D v c bit m hnh 3D)
o Kch thc file (khng ph thuc vo kch c)
o Zoom ty (khng b v)
o Thun li trong lu tr v thit k
M hnh vector khc raster im
o Biu din tt cc i tng a l.
o D liu nh, gn.
o Cc quan h Topo c xc nh bng mng kt ni.
o Chnh xc v hnh hc, cht lng khng thay i khi phng to
o Kh nng sa cha, b sung, thay i cc d liu hnh hc cng nh thuc tnh nhanh, tin li
Vector tt nhng n c nhc im m li l u im ca raster nn phi dung ng thi chng h
tr nhau
o Cu trc d liu phc tp.
o Chng xp bn phc tp.
o Cc bi ton m phng thng kh gii v mi n v khng gian c cu trc kh nhau.
o K thut x l phc tp.
o Rt kh thc hin cc bi ton phn tch v cc php lc
15. in nh a cp xm vi ch mc mu en cn s dng k thut g? Vi nh a mc xm th
tng gim sng ca nh nh th no? Chng ta phi s dng ton t loi no thc hin
php ton ny?
Tr li:
16. Trnh by cc thut ton x l im nh ( tng gim xm, tng phn, trch chn bit.)
Tr li:
a) Tng gim sng
- nh s l tp hp cc im nh, mi im nh c gi tr sng khc nhau.
- Gi s nh u vo l I, kch thc (m x n) v s nguyn c.
- Khi , k thut tng gim sng nh sau:
+ B1: Thc hin php cng mc xm ca mi im nh vi c.
for (int i=0; i<m; i++)
for (int j=0; j<n; j++)
I[i, j]= I[i,j]+c;
+ B2: Gn gi tr xm mi cho im nh u ra
Nu c >0: nh sng ln
Nu c<0: nh ti i
b) Tng gim tng phn
- nh s l tp hp cc im nh, mi im nh c gi tr sng khc nhau.

Thc t: 2 i tng c cng sng nhng t trn 2 nn khc nhau s cho ta cm nhn v sng
khc nhau.
tng phn : biu din s thay i sng ca i tng so vi nn hay ni cch khc tng
phn l ni ca im nh hoc vng nh so vi nn.
Nu nh c tng phn km th ta c th thay i theo hm sau :

Cc dc , , : xc nh tng phn tng i

a,b: cc cn;
L: mc xm cc i.
= = =1: nh kt qu trng vi nh gc
, , > 1 : dn tng phn
, , < 1 : co tng phn
Biu dn tng phn

Vic chn , , phi ph hp sao cho 0 u L v 0 v L

Cch thc hin
Bc 1: Nhp vo cc cn a, b, Va, Vb
Bc 2: Tnh gi tr cc i lng , ,
Bc 3: For(vi mi im nh)
Nu gi tr xm I ca n < a: I(x,y)=I(xy)*
Nu gi tr xm I ca n a< I<b th: I = (I-a)* + Va
Nu gi tr xm I ca im nh I >b th : I = (I-b)* + Vb
Bc 4: Gn gi tr xm mi tr li cho im nh
Trong trng hp bin i phi tuyn, ngi ta s dng hm m v hm log dng:

c) Tch nhiu v phn ngng

Tch nhiu: l trng hp c bit ca dn tng phn (ca php bin i tuyn tnh) khi cc
dc = =0.
ng dng: dng quan st nh, ct nh hoc gim nhiu khi bit tn hiu u vo nm trong khong
[a,b].
Phn ngng (thresholding): l trng hp c bit ca tch nhiu khi cc cn a = b = const
+ K thut ny t ngng hin th cc tng mu lin tc.
+ Cc im trong nh c so snh vi ngng nh trc.
+ Gi tr ca ngng s quyt nh im c c hin th hay khng.
=> nh kt qu s mt i mt s chi tit.
+ ng dng: dng to nh nh phn, in nh 2 mu:
u(m,n) =
1 cho hin en nu u(m,n) <127
0 cho hin trng nu ngc li.
d) Ct theo mc
Lm ni bt mt min mc xm nht nh ( tng cng mt s c im no ).
C 2 k thut thc hin:
+ Hin th gi tr cao cho tt c cc mc xm trong vng quan tm v ngc li (khng nn).
+ Lm sng vng mc xm mong mun nhng gi nguyn cc gi tr mc xm (c nn).

e) Trch chn bit

Mi im nh thng c m ho trn b bit.
C 2 loi: bit bc thp v bit bc cao
Bit bc cao: bo ton thng tin cao hn
Bit bc thp: thng biu din nhiu hay nn.

Mc ch: l lm ni bt cc thnh phn trn ton nh bi vic s dng cc bit c bit ny.
Mun trch chn bit th n v hin th chng, ta dng php bin i:

f) Bin i m bn

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Bin i nh m bn (Digital Negative): c s dng trong trng hp mun lm ni bt cc chi tit

c mu sng trong mt vng ti, c bit vi cc bc nh c vng ti ln.
Bin i nh m bn v th c s dng nhiu trong lnh vc y khoa nhm pht hin cc t bo ung
th, cc khi u,.
bin i nh m bn, ta dng hm o ngc sng (intensity) ca nh gc.
s= (L-1)-r

Trong cc mc sng ca nh gc nm trong on [0; L-1]

- Thut ton
using Emgu.CV;
using Emgu.CV.Structure;
using Emgu.Util;
public:
Image<Gray, Byte> tGrayNegative(Image<Gray, Byte> image)
{
Image<Gray, Byte> ResultImage = new Image<Gray, Byte>(image.Width, image.Height);
for (int r = 0; r < image.Height; r++)
{ for (int c = 0; c < image.Width; c++)
{ ResultImage.Data[r, c, 0] = Convert.ToByte(255 - image.Data[r, c, 0]);
}
}
return ResultImage;
}
g) Bin i lc xm
- Khi nim lc xm
+ Lc xm(biu Histogram) l mt hm cung cp tn sut xut hin ca mi mc xm.
+ Histogram ca mc xm g ca nh I l s im nh c gi tr g ca nh I.
K hiu l
h(g). h(gk) = nk
Trong :
gk l mc xm th k
nk l s cc im nh khc c cng mc xm gk
n l tng s cc im nh trong nh
+ Biu Histogram c trc tung Oy biu din s im nh ca mc xm gk v trc Ox biu din mc
xm gk
- Cch x l cn bng histogram

11

+ Xt mt nh xm {x} v t ni l s ln xut hin ca mc xm i. Xc sut hin pixel c mc xm I

trong nh l (n l tng pixel, L l tng mc xm, =px(i) l histogram cho mc xm I chun ha
[0,1] ).
px(i) = p(x=i)=ni / n (0<=i<L)
+ nh kt qu c c bng cch mapping tng pixel c mc xm rk trong nh input thnh pixel tng
ng c mc xm sk trong nh kt qu

Bin i lc xm
+ Bng tra LUT (Look Up Table): l mt bng cha bin i mt mc xm i sang mc xm j.
o Cho Gi l tp cc mc xm ban u. Gi = {0,1,, ni}
o Cho Gf l tp cc mc xm ban u. Gf = {0,1,, nf v ni=nf=255.
o f l nh x t
gi Gi s gf Gf m gf = f(gi).
+ Mc ch ca LUT: l phn b li mc xm chng c th phn b trn ton di hoc lm ni bt
mt s di mc xm ca nh.
+ Bin i dng trong cn bng lc :

+ Trong : h(xi) l lc xm xi. U l mc xm u vo, mc xm u ra s c lng t ho u

theo s

Mt s hm bin i phi tuyn:

17. Cn bng tn sut l g? Ti sao phi cn bng tn sut?

Tr li:
C bi tp
18. Lc trung v khc vi lc trung bnh khc vi lc trung bnh k gi tr gn nht nh th no? Nn
chn tng php lc trong tng trng hp nh th no?
Tr li:
C bi tp
19. Bin l g? Pht hin bin trc tip l g? Nu mt vi v d v cch pht hin bin trc tip?
Tr li:
Bin l s thay i t ngt trong mc xm

12

Pht hin bin trc tip

Lm ni bin da vo bin thin mc xm ca nh.
K thut pht hin bin: l ly o hm.
+ o hm bc nht (k thut Gradient): th hin c cnh dy trong nh th hin tt bc nhy ln
ca mc xm.
+o hm bc hai (K thut Laplace): th hin r cc chi tit mn hoc im c lp. o hm bc 2 c
th to ra 2 gi tr ti thay i ln trong mc xm.
+o hm bc 2 thng c dng nhiu trong nng cao cht lng nh v kh nng ci tin cc chi
tit mn.
nh gi:Tng i hiu qu v t chu nh hng ca nhiu nu bin i mc xm l t ngt v
ngc li.
Kt qu nhn c l nh bin
Bin l s thay i t ngt trong mc xm

20. Nu s khc nhau gia hai phng php pht hin bin theo k thut o hm bc 1 v o hm
bc 2
Tr li:
+ o hm bc nht (k thut Gradient): th hin c cnh dy trong nh th hin tt bc nhy ln
ca mc xm.
+o hm bc hai (K thut Laplace): th hin r cc chi tit mn hoc im c lp. o hm bc 2
c th to ra 2 gi tr ti thay i ln trong mc xm.
+o hm bc 2 thng c dng nhiu trong nng cao cht lng nh v kh nng ci tin cc chi
tit mn.
21. Bin l g? Nhiu l gi? Lm th no phn bit bin v nhiu?
Tr li:
Bin l s thay i t ngt trong mc xm
22. Nu quy trnh pht hin bin trc tip ?
Tr li:
Bc 1: Kh nhiu nh
V nh thu nhn c thng c nhiu, nn u tin l phi kh nhiu.
Bc 2: Lm ni bin
Lm ni bin bng cc ton t o hm
Bc 3: nh v im bin
V cc k thut lm ni bin c hiu ng ph l tng nhiu nn s c 1 s im bin gi cn loi
b.
Bc 4: Lin kt v trch chn bin
Pht hin bin v phn vng nh l mt bi ton i ngu. V vy cng c th pht hin bin
thng qua vic phn vng nh
23. Pht hin bin bng o hm da trn nguyn l g? Nu ba loi ma trn nhn chp c th tm
bin. Vi mi ma trn hy nu nguyn l v cc bc tip theo nu c c bin r rng.
Tr li:
C bi tp

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24. Canny c my bc, l nhng bc g? Bc no trong Canny l quan trng nht, ti sao?
Tr li:
Canny c 5 bc
Bc 1: Lm trn nh, b nhiu u vo
Bc 2: Tnh Gradient bng Prewitt
Bc 3: Tnh Gradient hng ti mi im (i,j)
Bc 4: Loi b nhng im khng phi im cc i xo b nhng im khng phi bin
Bc 5: Phn ngng tm bin
25. Hy pht biu thut ton hp vng
Tr li:
2 vng R1 v R2 c th hp thnh 1 vng nu |m1 m2| <T v im I(k,l) s c hp vi vng Ri nu
|I(k,l) mi| <T vi T l ngng.
u tin hp im I(k,l) vi 1 vng ln cn Ri.
Nu khng c th hp vi cc vng khc c.
Nu vn khng c => Coi l mt vng mi
26. Hy pht biu thut ton tch hp vng. c im ca thut ton l g
Tr li:
Gii thut:
- Bc 1. Kim tra tiu chun ng nht.
+ Nu khng tho v s im trong vng ln hn mt im => tch lm 4 vng bng cch gi quy.
+ Nu kt qu tch xong v khng tch c na th chuyn sang bc 2. Nu tiu chun ng nht l
tho th tin hnh hp vng v cp nht gi tr trung bnh cho vng.
- Bc 2 : Hp vng - Kim tra 4 ln cn nu trn. C th c nhiu vng tho mn khi ta chn
vng ti u ri tin hnh hp.
Kt qu: nh c lm trn hn v s vng l nh hn.
c im:
- Dng phng php tch to nn cy t phn, phn on theo hng t gc n l.
- Tip theo tin hnh duyt cy theo chiu ngc li v hp cc vng c cng tiu chun.
27. Ti sao chng ta phi nn nh? Nn d liu ni chung v nn nh ni ring khc nhau c bn
im g?
Tr li:
Nn dung lng ca file nh hn, d dng lu tr v lu tr c nhiu hn
B- Bi tp
1. V biu tn sut ca nh, cn bng nh ( 3 k thut)
2. Thut ton tch ngng t ng
3. Nhn chp v mu
4. Lc trung bnh, trung v, trung bnh k gi tr gn nht
5. Pht hin bin vi k thut gradient ( sobel, prewitt)
6. Cc php ton hnh thi ( co, gin, ng, m, tch bin)
7. Thut ton ng liu
8. Thut ton tch cy t phn
9. Nn nh vi m RLC ( m ho v gii m)

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10. Nn nh vi m huffman ( m ho v gii m)

11. M LZW ( m ho)