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Shear Wall Design Manual: IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:1993
Shear Wall Design Manual: IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:1993
Design Manual
IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:1993
For ETABS
Version 9
June 2009
Copyright
Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2009
All rights reserved.
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permission of the publisher.
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Phone: (510) 649-2200
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DISCLAIMER
Contents
Introduction
1.1
Notation
1-2
1.2
1-9
1.3
1-9
1-12
1-12
1-12
1-13
1-13
1-14
1-14
1.4
Design Strength
1-15
1.5
1-15
1.6
1-15
1.7
Choice of Units
1-16
1.8
1-17
Contents - i
Pier Design
2.1
2-2
2-4
2-13
2.2
2-19
2-19
2-20
2.3
2-21
2-22
2-22
2-25
Spandrel Design
3.1
3.2
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-15
3.3
3-17
Design Output
4.1
Overview
4-1
4.2
4-2
4.3
4-4
4.4
4-7
4-10
4.5
4-11
4.6
4-11
ii - Contents
3-1
3-2
3-2
Contents
Appendix C Shear Wall Design Procedure
Appendix D Interactive Shear Wall Design
Appendix E Error Messages and Warnings
References
Contents - iii
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the shear wall design
procedure that is used by the program when the user selects the Indian IS 4562000 code option on the menu. This covers the basic design code IS 456:2000
Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice (IS 2000),
the seismic code IS 13920:1993 (Reaffirmed 1998, Edition 1.2, 2002-2003),
Indian Standard Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces Code of Practice (IS 2002), and a part of the draft
seismic code (Jain and Murty 2008). Various notation used in this chapter are
listed in Section 1.1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the Indian
codes in this manual, a prefix IS followed by the section number is used. The
relevant prefixes are IS, IS 13920, and IS 13920 Draft for the basic code
IS 456:2000, the seismic code IS 13920:1993, and the draft seismic code, respectively.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Millimeter-Newton-Second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Millimeter-Newton-Second
units unless otherwise noted.
The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user. To facilitate
the design process, the program provides a set of default load combinations
that should satisfy requirements for the design of most building type structures
(Section 1.3).
1-1
1.1
Notation
This section provides the notations used in this manual.
1-2
Acv
Net area of a wall pier bounded by the length of the wall pier,
2
Lw, and the web thickness, tp, mm
Ag
Ah-min
As
A's
Asc
Notation
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Asc-max
Asf
Ast
Ast-max
Asv /Sv
Avd
Av-min
Asw
A's
B1, B2,...
Cc
Cf
Cs
Cw
Notation
1-3
1-4
Df
D/C
DB1
DB2
Ec
Es
Hw
IP-max
IP-min
LBZ
LL
Live load
Ls
Lw
Mn
Notation
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Msingle
Mu
Muc
Muf
In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression reinforcing, the factored bending moment at a design section resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression in the
extruding portion of the flange and the tension steel, N-mm
Mus
Muw
In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression reinforcing, the factored bending moment at a design section resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression in the
web and the tension steel, N-mm
OC
OL
Pb
Pleft
Pmax
Notation
1-5
1-6
Pmax Factor
Factor used to reduce the allowable maximum compressive design strength, unitless. IS 13920:1993 specifies this factor to be
0.80. This factor can be revised in the preferences.
Pn
PO
Poc
Pot
The maximum tension force a wall pier can carry with strength
reduction factors set equal to one, Newton
Pright
Pu
PCmax
PTmax
RLL
Ts
Vc
Vn
Vs
Vu
WL
Wind load
Notation
Chapter 1 - Introduction
bf
bs
d'
dcompression
dr-bot
Distance from bottom of spandrel beam to centroid of the bottom reinforcing steel, inches. This can be different on the left
and right ends of the beam.
dr-top
Distance from top of spandrel beam to centroid of the top reinforcing steel, mm. This can be different on the left and right
ends of the beam.
ds
dspandrel
fcd
fck
fs
fy
fyd
fys
Notation
1-7
pmin
sv
Spacing of the shear reinforcement along the length of the spandrel beam, mm
tp
ts
xu
xu,max
Lever arm, mm
Factor for the depth of compressive force resultant of the concrete stress block
s'
c,max
1-8
Notation
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.2
c,max
cd
1.3
1-9
(IS 36.4.1)
1.5D + 1.5L
(IS 36.4.1)
1.5D + 1.5(0.75PL)
(IS 31.5.2.3)
1.5D 1.5W
0.9D 1.5W
1.2D 1.2L 1.2W
(IS 36.4.1)
1.5D 1.5E
0.9D 1.5E
1.2D + 1.2L 1.2E
(IS 36.4.1)
1 - 10
the sum of all dead load (DL) cases defined for the model.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
L =
The sum of all live load (LL) and reducible live load (RLL) cases defined for the model. Note that this includes roof live loads as well as
floor live loads.
W =
Any single wind load (WL) case defined for the model.
Any single earthquake load (E) case defined for the model.
These are also the default load combinations in the program whenever the Indian IS 456-2000 code is used. The user should use other appropriate design
load combinations if roof live load is separately treated, or if other types of
loads are present. The pattern loading is approximately, but conservatively,
performed in the program automatically. Here PL is the approximate pattern
load that is the live load multiplied by the Pattern Live Load Factor. The Pattern Live Load Factor can be specified in the Preferences. While calculating
forces for the specified pattern load combination, the program adds forces for
the dead load, assuming that the member geometry and continuity are unchanged from the model, and the forces for the pattern live load, assuming the
beam is simply supported at the two ends. The Pattern Live Load Factor normally should be taken as 0.75 (IS 31.5.2.3). If the Pattern Live Load Factor is
specified to be zero, the program does not generate pattern loading.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load
case on a member-by-member basis to reduce the contribution of the live load
to the factored loading. However such a live load case must be specified as
type Reducible Live Load.
For slender compression members, the code recommends the use of a second
order frame analysis, also called a P- analysis, which includes the effect of
sway deflections on the axial loads and moments in a frame. For an adequate
and rational analysis, realistic moment curvature or moment rotation relationships should be used to provide accurate values of deflections and forces. The
analysis also should include the effect of foundation rotation and sustained
loads. Because of the complexity in the general second order analysis of
frames, the code provides an approximate design method that takes into account the additional moments due to lateral deflections in columns (IS 39.7).
See also Clause 38.7 of SP-24 1983 (IS 1993) for details.
Hence, when using the Indian IS 456-2000 code, it is recommended that the
user turn ON the P-delta analysis. This can be accomplished by choosing the
1 - 11
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1 - 12
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.3.4
1.3.5
+P and +M
+P and M
P and +M
P and M
1 - 13
1.3.6
1.3.7
1 - 14
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.4
Design Strength
The design strengths for concrete and steel are obtained by dividing the characteristic strength of the material by a partial factor of safety, m. The values of m
used in the program are as follows:
Partial safety factor for steel, s = 1.15, and
(IS 35.4.2.1)
(IS 35.4.2.1)
These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in the
code. Although not recommended, the program allows the defaults to be overwritten. If the defaults are overwritten, the program uses the revised values
consistently by modifying the code mandated equations in every relevant place.
1.5
1.6
1 - 15
1.7
Choice of Units
For shear wall design in this program, any set of consistent units can be used
for input. Also, the system of units being used can be changed at any time.
Typically, design codes are based on one specific set of units.
The IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:1993 codes are based on Newton-mm-Second
units. For simplicity, all equations and descriptions presented in this manual
correspond to Newton-mm-Second units unless otherwise noted.
The shear wall design preferences allow the user to specify special units for
concentrated and distributed areas of reinforcement. These units are then used
for reinforcement in the model, regardless of the current model units displayed
in the drop-down list on the status bar (or within a specific form). The special
units specified for concentrated and distributed areas of reinforcing can only be
changed in the shear wall design preferences.
The choices available in the shear wall design preferences for the units associ2
2
2
ated with an area of concentrated reinforcing are in , cm , mm , and current
units. The choices available for the units associated with an area per unit length
2
2
2
of distributed reinforcing are in /ft, cm /m, mm /m, and current units.
The current units option uses whatever units are currently displayed in the
drop-down list on the status bar (or within a specific form). If the current
length units are cm, this option means concentrated areas of reinforcing are in
2
2
cm and distributed areas of reinforcing are in cm /cm. Note that when using
the current option, areas of distributed reinforcing are specified in
2
Length /Length units, where Length is the currently active length unit. For ex-
1 - 16
Choice of Units
Chapter 1 - Introduction
ample, if you are working in KN and cm units, the area of distributed reinforc2
ing is specified in cm /cm. If you are in KN and mm, the area of distributed re2
inforcing is specified in mm /mm.
For details on general use of the program, refer to the ETABS Basic Manual
(CSi 2005a) and the CSi Analysis Reference Manual (CSi 2005b).
1.8
1 - 17
Chapter 2
Pier Design
This chapter describes how the program designs each leg of concrete wall piers
for shear using the Indian IS 456-2000 code. It should be noted that in the
program you cannot specify shear reinforcing and then have the program check
it. The program only designs the pier for shear and reports how much shear reinforcing is required. The shear design is performed at stations at the top and
bottom of the pier.
This chapter also describes how the program designs and checks concrete wall
piers for flexural and axial loads using the Indian IS 456-2000 code. First we
describe how the program designs piers that are specified by a Simplified section. Next we describe how the program checks piers that are specified by a
Section Designer section. Then we describe how the program designs piers that
are specified by a Section Designer section.
The program designs/checks only seismic or non-seismic reinforced concrete
wall pier sections. Currently, other concrete wall pier design is not in the scope
of the program.
2-1
2.1
L33 500 + Lw 30
emin =
L22 500 + t w 30
(IS 25.4)
where
Lw =
tw
L33 =
=
L22 =
=
The minimum eccentricity is applied in only one direction at a time (IS 25.4).
The program computes the slenderness ratios as L33/Lw and L22/tw where L33 and
L22 are effective lengths of column about local axes 3 and 2. If the slenderness
2-2
ratio is greater than 12, the pier is considered as slender in that plane (IS
25.1.2). Effectively, the pier may be slender in one or both planes.
If a column is slender in a plane, additional slenderness moments Ma2 and Ma3
are computed using the following formula:
2
Ma3
P D L
= k u 33
2000 Lw
Ma2
P b L
= k u 22
2000 t w
where
Puz Pu
1
Puz P b
(IS 39.7.1.1)
(IS 39.6)
Puz
Pb
= Axial load corresponding to the condition of maximum compressive strain of 0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in the
outermost layer of tensile steel
L33, L22 = Effective length of the column about the local axes 3 and 2, respectively
L22 = k22L22
L33 = k33L33
D, b = Lateral column dimension perpendicular to the local axes 3 and
2, respectively
k
2.1.1
2.1.1.1
Interaction Surface
In this program, a three-dimensional interaction surface is defined with reference to the P, M2 and M3 axes. The surface is developed using a series of inter2-4
action curves that are created by rotating the direction of the pier neutral axis in
equally spaced increments around a 360-degree circle. For example, if 24 P-MM curves are specified (the default), there is one curve every 15 degrees
(360/24 curves = 15). Figure 2-1 illustrates the assumed orientation of the
pier neutral axis and the associated sides of the neutral axis where the section is
in tension (designated T in the figure) or compression (designated C in the figure) for various angles.
Interaction curve is
for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis
Interaction curve is
for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis
T C
Pier section
Pier section
a) Angle is 0 degrees
b) Angle is 45 degrees
45
Interaction curve is
for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis
Interaction curve is
for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis
3
Pier section
Pier section
2
C T
225
Figure 2-1: Orientation of the Pier Neutral Axis for Various Angles
Note that the orientation of the neutral axis is the same for an angle of and
+180. Only the side of the neutral axis where the section is in tension or
compression changes. We recommend that you use 24 interaction curves (or
more) to define a three-dimensional interaction surface.
Each P-M-M interaction curve that makes up the interaction surface is numerically described by a series of discrete points connected by straight lines. The
coordinates of these points are determined by rotating a plane of linear strain
about the neutral axis on the section of the pier. Details of this process are deWall Pier Flexural Design 2 - 5
scribed in the next section, 2.1.1.2 Generation of the Biaxial Interaction Surface.
By default, 11 points are used to define a P-M-M interaction curve. This number can be changed in the preferences; any odd number of points greater than
or equal to 11 can be specified, to be used in creating the interaction curve. If
an even number is specified for this item in the preferences, the program will
increment up to the next higher odd number.
Note that when creating an interaction surface for a two-dimensional wall pier,
the program considers only two interaction curvesthe 0 curve and the 180
curveregardless of the number of curves specified in the preferences. Furthermore, only moments about the M3 axis are considered for two-dimensional
walls.
2.1.1.2
2-6
Pmax
Curve #1
Pbx
Curve #2
Pby
Mby
Mbx
Mx
Curve #NRCV
My
Pot
-Pu
Axial tension
c = 0.002,
(c) When the entire section is under non-uniform compression, the maximum
compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber is taken as
0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber
(IS 39.1(b)).
c,max = 0.0035 0.75 c,min,
assume any further simplifications with respect to distributing the area of steel
over the cross-section of the column, as shown in Figure 2-3.
c
c
s1
xu
Concrete Section
s2
c = 0.36 fck i xu
2
cs
s3
Ts
s4
Ts
Strain Diagram
0.42xu
cs
c
0.36 fck
Stress Diagram
1 = 2 0.42 = 0.84
(IS 39.3)
However, the preceding limit is not normally reached unless the section is
heavily reinforced.
Note: The number of points to be used in creating interaction diagrams can be specified in the shear wall preferences and overwrites.
As previously mentioned, by default, 11 points are used to define a single interaction curve. When creating a single interaction curve, the program includes
the points at Pb, Poc and Pot on the interaction curve. Half of the remaining
Wall Pier Flexural Design 2 - 9
number of specified points on the interaction curve occur between Pb and Poc at
approximately equal spacing along the Pu axis. The other half of the remaining
number of specified points on the interaction curve occur between Pb and Pot at
approximately equal spacing along the Pu axis.
2.1.1.3
Refer to Figure 2-5, which shows a typical two-dimensional wall pier interaction diagram. The forces obtained from a given design load combination are Pu
and Mu3. Point L, defined by (Pu, Mu3), is placed on the interaction diagram, as
shown in the figure. If the point lies within the interaction curve, the wall pier
capacity is adequate. If the point lies outside of the interaction curve, the wall
pier is overstressed.
Pu
C
Pu
Axial
Compression
Axial
Tension
Mu3
Mu3
As a measure of the stress condition in the wall pier, the program calculates a
stress ratio. The ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the
location of point C. Point C is defined as the point where the line OL (extended
outward if needed) intersects the interaction curve. The demand/capacity ratio,
D/C, is given by D/C = OL / OC where OL is the "distance" from point O (the
origin) to point L and OC is the "distance" from point O to point C. Note the
following about the D/C ratio:
If OL = OC (or D/C = 1), the point (Pu, Mu3) lies on the interaction curve
and the wall pier is stressed to capacity.
2 - 10
The wall pier D/C ratio is a factor that gives an indication of the stress condition of the wall with respect to the capacity of the wall.
The D/C ratio for a three-dimensional wall pier is determined in a similar manner to that described here for two-dimensional piers.
The maximum of all the D/C ratios calculated for each design load combination is reported for each check station of the pier along with the controlling (Pu,
Mu2, Mu3) set and the associated load combination name.
2.1.1.4
When a General Reinforcing pier section is specified to be designed, the program creates a series of interaction surfaces for the pier based on the following
items:
The size of the pier as specified in Section Designer.
The location of the reinforcing specified in Section Designer.
The size of each reinforcing bar specified in Section Designer relative to the
size of the other bars.
The interaction surfaces are developed for eight different ratios of reinforcingsteel-area-to-pier-area. The pier area is held constant and the rebar area is modified to obtain these different ratios; however, the relative size (area) of each
rebar compared to the other bars is always kept constant.
The smallest of the eight reinforcing ratios used is that specified in the shear
wall design preferences as Section Design IP-Min. Similarly, the largest of the
eight reinforcing ratios used is that specified in the shear wall design preferences as Section Design IP-Max.
The eight reinforcing ratios used are the maximum and the minimum ratios
plus six more ratios. The spacing between the reinforcing ratios is calculated as
Wall Pier Flexural Design 2 - 11
an increasing arithmetic series in which the space between the first two ratios is
equal to one-third of the space between the last two ratios. Table 1 illustrates
the spacing, both in general terms and for a specific example, when the minimum reinforcing ratio, IP-Min, is 0.0025 and the maximum, IP-Max, is 0.02.
After the eight reinforcing ratios have been determined, the program develops
interaction surfaces for all eight of the ratios using the process described earlier
in this section.
Next, for a given design load combination, the program generates a D/C ratio
associated with each of the eight interaction surfaces. The program then uses
linear interpolation between the eight interaction surfaces to determine the reinforcing ratio that gives a D/C ratio of 1 (actually the program uses the Utilization Factor Limits instead of 1; the Utilization Factor Limit is 0.95 by default, but it can be overwritten by the user in the preferences.) This process is
repeated for all design load combinations and the largest required reinforcing
ratio is reported.
Design of a Uniform Reinforcing pier section is similar to that described herein
for the General Reinforcing section.
Table 2-1 The Eight Reinforcing Ratios Used by the Program
Curve
Ratio, e
IPmin
IPmax IPmin
IPmin +
14
2 - 12
Example, e
0.0025
0.0038
IPmin +
7 IPmax IPmin
3
14
0.0054
IPmax IPmin
IPmin + 4
14
0.0075
IPmax IPmin
IPmin + 6
14
0.0100
IPmin +
25 IPmax IPmin
3
14
0.0129
IPmax IPmin
IPmin + 11
14
0.0163
IPmax
0.0200
2.1.2
The dimensions illustrated are specified in the shear wall overwrites (Appendix
C), and can be specified differently at the top and bottom of the wall pier.
Bottom
of wall
tp
Elevation
Plan
DB2left
Lw
DB2right
tp
Elevation
DB1left
DB1right
Lw
Figure 2-6: Typical Wall Pier Dimensions Used for Simplified Design
If no specific edge member dimensions have been specified by the user, the
program assumes that the edge member is the same width as the wall, and the
program determines the required length of the edge member. In all cases,
whether the edge member size is user-specified or program-determined, the
program reports the required area of reinforcing steel at the center of the edge
member. This section describes how the program-determined length of the
edge member is determined and how the program calculates the required reinforcing at the center of the edge member.
Three design conditions are possible for a simplified T and C wall pier. These
conditions, illustrated in Figure 2-7, are as follows:
The wall pier has program-determined (variable length and fixed width) edge
members on each end.
The wall pier has user-defined (fixed length and width) edge members on
each end.
2 - 14
Design Condition 1
Wall pier with uniform thickness and
ETABS-determined (variable length)
edge members
Design Condition 3
Wall pier with a user-defined edge
member on one end and an ETABSdetermined (variable length) edge
member on the other end
Design Condition 2
Wall pier with user-defined edge
members
Note:
In all three conditions, the only
reinforcing designed by ETABS is that
required at the center of the edge
members
2.1.2.1
Design Condition 1
Design condition 1 applies to a wall pier with uniform design thickness and
program-determined edge member length. For this design condition, the design
algorithm focuses on determining the required size (length) of the edge members, while limiting the compression and tension reinforcing located at the center of the edge members to user-specified maximum ratios. The maximum ratios are specified in the shear wall design preferences and the pier design overwrites as Edge Design PC-Max and Edge Design PT-Max.
Consider the wall pier shown in Figure 2-8. For a given design section, for example the top of the wall pier, the wall pier for a given design load combination is designed for a factored axial force Pu-top and a factored moment Mu-top.
The program initiates the design procedure by assuming an edge member at the
left end of the wall of thickness tp and width B1-left, and an edge member at the
right end of the wall of thickness tp and width B1-right. Initially B1-left = B1-right = tp.
0.5t p
tp
tp
tp
B1-left
B1-right
B2-right
B2-left
B3-right
B3-left
Lw
CL
Wall Pier Plan
Pleft-top
Pu-top
Pright-top
Mu-top
Top of
pier
Mu-bot
Pleft-bot
Pu-bot
Wall Pier Elevation
2 - 16
Bottom
of pier
Pright-bot
The moment and axial force are converted to an equivalent force set Pleft-top and
Pright-top using the equations that follow. (Similar equations apply at the bottom
of the pier.)
Pleft-top =
Pu -top
Pright-top =
2
Pu-top
2
Mu -top
Lw 0.5B1-left 0.5 B1-right
Mu-top
Lw 0.5B1-left 0.5B1-right
For any given loading combination, the net values for Pleft-top and Pright-top could be
tension or compression.
Note that for dynamic loads, Pleft-top and Pright-top are obtained at the modal level
and the modal combinations are made, before combining with other loads. Also
for design loading combinations involving SRSS, the Pleft-top and Pright-top forces
are obtained first for each load case before the combinations are made.
If any value of Pleft-top or Pright-top is tension, the area of steel required for tension,
Ast, is calculated as:
Ast =
P
fy s
(IS 38)
If any value of Pleft-top or Pright-top is compression, for section adequacy, the area of
steel required for compression, Asc, must satisfy the following relationship.
(IS 39.3)
where P is either Pleft-top or Pright-top, Ag = tpB1 and the Pmax,factor is defined in the shear
wall design preferences (the default is 0.80). In general, we recommend that
you use the default value.
Area of compression rebar is calculated as follows:
Asc =
If Ast is less than or equal to Ast-max and Asc is less than or equal to Asc-max, the program will proceed to check the next loading combination; otherwise the program will increment the appropriate B1 dimension (left, right or both, depending on which edge member is inadequate) by one-half of the wall thickness to
B2 (i.e., 0.5tp) and calculate new values for Pleft-top and Pright-top resulting in new
values of Ast and Asc. This iterative procedure continues until Ast and Asc are
within the allowed steel ratios for all design load combinations.
If the value of the width of the edge member B increments to where it reaches a
value larger than or equal to Lp /2, the iteration is terminated and a failure condition is reported.
This design algorithm is an approximate, but convenient, algorithm. Wall piers
that are declared overstressed using this algorithm could be found to be adequate if the reinforcing steel is user-specified and the wall pier is accurately
evaluated using interaction diagrams.
2.1.2.2
Design Condition 2
2.1.2.3
Design Condition 3
Design condition 3 applies to a wall pier with a user-specified (fixed dimension) edge member at one end of the pier and a variable length (program2 - 18
determined) edge member at the other end. The width of the variable length
edge member is equal to the width of the wall.
The design is similar to that which has previously been described for design
conditions 1 and 2. The size of the user-specified edge member is not changed.
Iteration occurs only on the size of the variable length edge member.
2.2
2.2.1
Calculate the factored forces Pu, Vu, and Mu for the pier planar leg section.
Retrieve the geometric properties of the leg: the height of the wall segment
(story height) hw; length of the wall pier planar leg, Lw; the thickness of the
pier leg tp. Refer to Figure 2-6 earlier in this chapter for an illustration of
the dimensions.
Retrieve the material properties of the pier leg, fck and fy.
Calculate the stress at the two extreme ends. Assume linearized elastic
stress distribution and gross section properties. Ignore rebar area As and
Muz.
Wall Pier Boundary Elements 2 - 19
Pu Mu ( Lw 2 )
A t w Lw3 12
If any of the stresses at the two ends are compressive and exceed the following limit
> 0.2fck
boundary elements are required
If boundary elements are needed at any edge of the pier leg, calculate the
length of the required boundary element, the required longitudinal rebar,
and the required transverse rebar from the following procedure.
If boundary elements are required for any edge of a pier leg, as determined
by the previous steps, the determination of the horizontal length of the
boundary and the required longitudinal rebar is similar to the procedure
that has been described in Section 2.1.2 Designing a Simplified T and C
Pier Section (IS 13920 9.4.2). Refer to that section for the details. However
the following points should be noted.
2.2.2
The moment of resistance provided by the distributed vertical reinforcement across the wall section is ignored.
2 - 20
Ash
f Ag
= 0.18h ck
1.0
s
f y Ak
2.3
(IS13920 7.4.8)
The following two sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with the
this process.
The assumptions in designing the shear reinforcement are as follows:
The pier planar leg section can be considered to be prismatic. The program
does not adjust the shear force for non-prismatic pier legs (IS 40.5.1).
2.3.1
2.3.2
Vc = cd Acv , where
K1 fck (3.0 H w / Lw )
for H w Lw 1
cd =
( Hw Lw + 1)
for H w Lw > 1
K f
K 2 fck
( Hw Lw 1) 3 ck
(IS 32.4.3)
Acv = Effective area of wall pier section under shear, taken as bwdw
(IS 32.4.2)
bw = Thickness of wall pier planar leg,
2 - 22
(IS 32.4.2)
(IS 32.4.2)
K1 = 0.2
(IS 32.4.3)
K2 = 0.045
(IS 32.4.3)
K3 = 0.15
(IS 32.4.3)
For non-seismic load combinations, the absolute maximum limit on the nominal shear stress, c,max, is calculated as follows (IS 34.4.2.1):
(IS 34.4.2.1)
When the design load combination involves any seismic load, the shear force
carried by the concrete, Vc, by planar legs of the wall piers is calculated as follows (IS 13920 9.2.2; IS 40.2):
Vc = cd Ac v
where :
Acv = Effective area of wall pier section under shear, taken as twdw
bw = Thickness of wall pier planar leg,
cd = kc,
(IS 32.4.2)
(IS 40.2 and IS 13920 9.2.2)
Pu
(IS 40.2.2)
(IS 40.2.1.1)
100 As
3
bd
fck 4
Concrete Grade
c,max (N/mm )
2
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
3.7
4.0
2 - 24
c,max
2.3.3
2.5
f 20
2.8 + 0.3 ck
5
fck 25
= 3.1 + 0.4
5
fck 30
3.5 + 0.2 5
4.0
if
fck < 15
if
15 fck < 20
if
20 fck 25
if
25 fck < 30
if
30 fck < 35
if
35 fck < 40
if
fck 40
(IS 40.2.3)
v =
Vu
t w dw
where,
tw = Thickness of the wall pier planar leg,
dw = Effective depth of the wall pier planar leg,
= 8 Lw
Calculate the design permissible nominal shear stress, cd, following the
procedure described in the previous section (IS 40.2.1, Table 19, 40.2; IS
13920 9.2.2: IS 32.4.2).
2 - 26
if f ys 415N/mm 2 ,
if f ys > 415N/mm 2 .
(IS 32.5.c)
The maximum of all the calculated Ash /s values, obtained from each design load
combination, are reported for the major direction of the wall pier, along with
the controlling combination name.
The wall pier planar leg shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based purely on shear strength consideration. Any other requirements
to satisfy spacing considerations or transverse reinforcement volumetric considerations must be investigated independently of the program by the user.
Chapter 3
Spandrel Design
This chapter describes how the program designs concrete shear wall spandrels
for flexure and shear when the "Indian IS 456-2000" code is selected. The
program allows consideration of Rectangular sections and T-beam sections for
shear wall spandrels. Note that the program designs spandrels at stations located at the ends of the spandrel. No design is performed at center (mid-length)
of the spandrel. To compute steel reinforcement at stations located between the
two ends, either specify auto mesh options or do a manual meshing of the spandrel and then assign different spandrel labels. The program designs the spandrel for flexure and shear only and reports how much flexural and shear reinforcing is required. The program does not allow reinforcing to be specified or
checked.
3.1
3-1
(IS 28.1.b)
dcompression =xu
(IS 38.1.c)
where xu is the depth of the compression block, and a and are taken respectively as
3-2
(IS 38.1.c)
= 0.42.
(IS 38.1.c)
a is the reduction factor to account for sustained compression and the partial
safety factor for concrete. a is taken as 0.36 for the assumed parabolic stress
block (IS 38.1). The factor establishes the location of the resultant compressive force in concrete in terms of the neutral axis depth.
Furthermore, it is assumed that moment redistribution in the member does not
exceed the code specified limiting value. The code also places a limit on the
neutral axis depth as given below, to safeguard against non-ductile failures (IS
38.1.f).
fy
xu,max/d
250
0.53
415
0.48
500
0.46
The program uses interpolation between the three discrete points given in the
code.
xu,max
d
0.53
165
=
0.48 0.02 f y 415
85
0.46
if
f y 250
if
if
if
f y > 500
(IS 38.1.f)
where
c,max = 0.0035
s,min = 0.002+
(IS 38.1.b)
fy
(IS 38.1.f)
1.15Es
If the spandrel satisfies the deep beam criterion, a limit on the depth of the
lever arm, z, is enforced based on the assumption that the spandrel is a continuous beam.
for
0.5ls
zmax =
0.2 ( ls + 1.5 D ) for
0 < ls D < 1
1 ls D 2.5
(IS 29.2.6)
(IS 29.1.a)
where D is the total depth of the spandrel and ls is the effective span, which is
taken as 1.15 times the clear span (IS 29.2).
When the applied moment exceeds the capacity of the beam as a singly reinforced beam, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated on the assumption that the neutral axis depth remains at the maximum permitted value.
The maximum fiber compression is taken as
c,max = 0.0035
(IS 38.1.b)
Es = 200,000 N/mm .
It is assumed that the design ultimate axial force can be neglected. The effect
of torsion is neglected.
The design procedure used by the program for both rectangular and flanged
sections (L-beams and T-beams) is summarized in the sections that follow.
3-4
0.67 fck m
b
fs
0.84 xu x
u
d
As
0.42 xu
Cs
C
As
Beam Section
Tc
Ts
Strain Diagram
Stress Diagram
xu,max
d
0.53
165
=
0.48 0.02 f y 415
85
0.46
if
f y 250
if
if
if
f y 500
Msingle = fckbd
xu,max
d
xu,max
1 d , where
(IS G-1.1.c)
= 0.36, and
= 0.42.
x u 1 1 4 m
=
d
2
where the normalized design moment, m, is given by
m=
Mu
.
fck bd 2
A=
( fy
Mu
s )z
, where
(IS G-1.1)
z = d 1 u .
d
(IS 38.1)
(IS 29.2.5)
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bottom
steel if the section is under positive moment.
If Mu > Msingle, the area of compression reinforcement, A s, is given by
'
As =
Mu Msingle
f s ( d d )
(IS G-1.2)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression
face, and
3-6
d fy
fs = c,max Es 1
.
xu,max s
(IS G-1.2)
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment and top steel
if the section is under positive moment. From equilibrium, the area of tension
reinforcement is calculated as
As =
Msingle
( fy
s )z
Mu M single
( fy
s ) ( d d)
, where
(IS G-1.2)
z = d 1 u,max .
d
(IS 38.1)
(IS 29.2.5)
Df
bf
As
0.67 fck m
= 0.0035
f s
0.67 fcu m
0.42 xu
Cs
Cf
xu
d
Cw
As
Tw
Ts
Tf
bw
Beam Section
Strain Diagram
Stress Diagram
Figure 3-2 Design of Wall Spandrel with a T-Beam Section, Positive Moment
Assuming the neutral axis to lie in the flange, calculate the depth of neutral
axis, xu, as
xu 1 1 4 m
=
,
d
2
where the normalized design moment, m, is given by
m=
3-8
Mu
.
fck b f d 2
x Df
If u >
, the neutral axis lies below the flange. Then calculation for
d d
As has two parts. The first part is for balancing the compressive force from
the flange, Cf, and the second part is for balancing the compressive force
from the web, Cw, as shown in Figure 3-2.
(IS G-2.2)
D f 0.2 d
(IS G-2.2)
D f > 0.2 d
Calculate the limiting ultimate moment resistance of the web for tension
reinforcement only.
Mw,single = fckbwd
x u,max
x u,max
where
1
d
d
(IS G-1.1)
0.53
165
=
f
0.48 0.02 y 415
85
0.46
xu,max
d
if
f y 250
if
if
if
f y > 500
= 0.36, and
= 0.42.
( fy
Mf
s )( d 0.5 y f )
Mw
( fy
s )z
, where
z = d 1 u .
d
xu 1 1 4 m
=
, and
2
d
m=
Mw
.
fck bw d 2
3 - 10
(IS 29.2.b)
M w M w,single
f s ( d d )
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression face, and
d fy
fs = c,max Es 1
.
xu,max s
(IS G-1.2)
( fy
Mf
s )( d 0.5 y f )
M w,single
( fy
s )z
M w M w,single
,
( fy s ) ( d d )
where
x
z = d 1 u,max .
d
(IS 29.2.b)
As is to be placed at the bottom and As is to be placed at the top for positive moment.
3.2
The following steps are involved in designing the shear reinforcement for a
particular wall spandrel section for a particular design loading combination at a
particular station.
Determine the shear stress, cd, that can be carried by the concrete.
Determine the required shear reinforcing, Asv/sv. to carry the balance of the
shear force.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
3 - 12
design shear force as recommended by code (IS 40.1.1). In that case, the user is
expected to check the shear independently of the program.
The program ignores any torsion that might be present. If the spandrel encounters any torsion, the program does not adjust the design shear force as recommended by the code (IS 41.3.1). In that case, the user is expected to check the
shear independently of the program.
(IS 40.1)
(IS 40.2)
cd = kc
(IS 40.2)
Pu
1 + 3 A f 1.5
=
g ck
1
(IS 40.2.2)
if Pu 0, under tension
(IS 40.2.1.1)
100 As
3
bd
f 4
2
less than 15 N/mm , c is reduced by a factor of ck . If c is
0.15
chosen to be different from 1.5, c is adjusted with a factor of
(1.5 c ) . The absolute maximum limit on nominal shear stress, c,max
is calculated in accordance with IS Table 20, which is reproduced in
the table that follows (IS 40.2.3, Table 20):
Maximum Shear Stress, c,max (N/mm )
2
Concrete Grade
c,max (N/mm )
2
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
3.7
4.0
c,max
3 - 14
2.5
f 20
2.8 + 0.3 ck
5
fck 25
= 3.1 + 0.4
5
fck 30
3.5 + 0.2 5
4.0
if
fck < 15
if
15 fck < 20
if
20 fck < 25
if
25 fck < 30
if
30 fck < 35
if
35 fck < 40
if
fck 40
(IS 40.2.3)
v =
Vu
bd
(IS 40.1)
where b is the width of the Rectangular beam or the width of the T-beam
web, i.e., (b = bw).
Calculate the basic permissible nominal shear stress, c, and the design permissible nominal shear stress, cd, following the procedure described in the
previous section (IS 40.2.1, Table 19, 40.2).
Calculate the absolute maximum permissible nominal shear stress, c,max, following the procedure described in the previous section (IS 40.2.3, Table 20).
Compute the shear reinforcement as follows:
sv
0.87 f ys
0.87 f ys
(IS 40.4)
(IS 40.2.3)
The following additional checks are performed for spandrels involving seismic
load or spandrels satisfying the deep beam criterion.
Asv/sv = 0.0025bw
Ash/sh = 0.0025bw
If the spandrel beam satisfies the deep beam criterion, the minimum areas of
vertical and horizontal shear reinforcing in the spandrel are as follows (IS
32.5a):
Asv
= 0.0025bw
sv
(IS 32.5.c)
Ash
= 0.0015bw
sh
(IS 32.5.a)
(IS 29.1)
The length L is taken as 1.15 times the clear span (IS 29.2).
In calculating the shear reinforcement, a limit is imposed on the fys as
fys 415 N/mm .
2
(IS 39.4)
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv / sv and Ash / sh values, obtained from
each load combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and
associated load combination number.
The shear reinforcement requirements displayed by the program are based
purely on shear strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements
to satisfy spacing and volumetric considerations must be investigated independently of the program by the user.
3 - 16
3.3
or if
Vu
2 ( f ys s ) sin
where
sin =
0.8 D
ls 2 + ( 0.8 D )
where D is the total depth of the spandrel and ls is the length of the spandrel.
In the output, the program reports the diagonal shear reinforcing as required or
not required (i.e., optional). The diagonal shear reinforcing is reported as required if ls D 3 or if earthquake-induced shear stress exceeds 0.1
ls
fck D .
Chapter 4
Design Output
4.1
Overview
The program has the capacity to create design output in four major ways
graphical display, file output, tabular display, and member specific detailed design information. The graphical display includes input and output design information for members visible in the active window; the display can be sent directly to a printer or saved to a file. The file output includes both summary and
detail design data that can be saved in plain text formats. The tabular display
output includes both summary and detail design data that can be displayed or
saved in many formats, including Excel, Access, and plain text. The member
specific detailed design information shows the details of the calculation.
The following sections describe some of the typical graphical display, file output, tabular display output, and member specific detailed design information.
Some of the design information is very specific to the chosen shear wall design
code. This manual addresses "Indian IS 456-2000" design code related output
information only.
4-1
4.2
Design Output
Simplified pier longitudinal reinforcing
Shear reinforcing
Identify failures
Note that only one of the listed items can be displayed on the model at a time.
Use the Design menu > Shear Wall Design > Display Design Info command
to plot design input and output values directly on the model. The Display Design Results form shown in Figures 4-1 and 4-2 will display. Choose the Design Output or Design Input option. One item can be selected from the dropdown list at a time. Click the OK button to display the selected information in
the active window. A typical graphical display of longitudinal reinforcing is
shown in Figure 4-3.
4-2
The output shown directly on piers is plotted along an invisible line that extends from the centroid of the pier section at the bottom of the pier to the centroid of the pier section at the top of the pier. Similarly, the output shown directly on spandrels is plotted along an invisible line that extends from the centroid of the spandrel section at the left end of the spandrel to the centroid of the
spandrel section at the top of the spandrel.
The standard view transformations are available for all shear wall design information displays. Several buttons on the toolbar can be used to switch between 3D and 2D views. Alternatively, click the View menu and the Set 3D
View or Set 2D View commands.
The onscreen graphical display can be sent to printer using any of the following commands. Use the File menu > Print Graphics command to print the active window. To capture the graphical display in a file for printing through another application, use the File menu > Capture Enhanced Metafile command
to create an .emf file, or use the File menu > Capture Picture command to
create a bitmap (.bmp) file. Create a screen capture of the active window using
the Alt+ Print Screen keyboard keys or create a screen capture of the entire
window using the Ctrl + Print Screen keyboard keys. Then use the Ctrl+V
keyboard keys to paste the saved image into Paint or other graphical program.
By default the graphical displays are in color. It may be advantageous to view
or present the display in gray-scale graphics or using a white background. Use
the Options menu > Color command to set these options.
4.3
4-4
The names of the tables are displayed in a tree structure, which can be collapsed or expanded by clicking on an item in the tree. Click on the small check
boxes preceding the items to select those tables for display. If a branch of the
tree is selected, all of the tables under that branch are selected. The selected set
of tables can be saved as a Named Set using the Save Named Set button. This
named set can be used in the future for quick selection. If one or more frame
members were selected on the structural model before accessing the Choose
Tables for Display form, the Selection Only check box will be checked when
the form displays and, the program will display information for the selected
members only; uncheck the check box to display information for all applicable
"unselected" members in the model.
Use the other buttons on the form to tailor the data display. For example, click
the Select Load Cases button to specify which load cases are to be included in
Display Design Information in Tables 4 - 5
the display of model definition data; click the Select Analysis Case and Modify/Show Options to specify which analysis cases are to be included and how
analysis results are to be displayed.
After selecting all of the tables for shear wall design and the display options,
click the OK button to display a form showing one of the selected design tables, with a drop-down list in the upper right-hand corner of the form that can
be used to select other tables for display. A typical design table in shown in
Figure 4-5.
Use the scroll bars on the bottom and right side of the tables to scroll right and
left or up and down if portions of the data table can not be displayed in the
form's display area. The columns can be resized by clicking the left mouse button on the separator of the headers, holding down the left mouse button and
then dragging the mouse to the left or right. Reset the column widths to their
default values by selecting the View menu > Reset Default Column Widths
command on the form. The table can be split into two or more tables by clicking on the small black rectangular area near the bottom-left corner of the table,
holding down the left mouse button, and then dragging the mouse button to the
4-6
left or right. Repeat this process to add more splits. Use the split and horizontal
scroll bar to put two columns side by side for easier comparison. The splits can
be removed by selecting the View menu > Remove Splits command on the
form. Alternatively, remove the split by clicking, holding and dragging the left
mouse button to merge the split key to its original location.
Select multiple consecutive columns by putting the cursor on the header, holding down the mouse button, and then dragging the mouse button left or right.
Alternatively, depress the Shift key and click the left mouse button to select a
range of columns.
Each of the individual fields (columns) can be formatted. Fields with text information can be set for specific types of alignment (center, left, right) and to
specific widths.
The current table (i.e., the table in the active window) can be exported to the
Windows Clipboard. Many other features of the design tables are left for the
user to discover by using the program.
4.4
Figure 4-6 A typical member specific shear wall design information summary
For piers, the program reports the detailed P-M-M flexural design information,
the detailed shear design information, and boundary element check information. The P-M-M flexural design/check information is reported for the overall
design/check section. If the section is a Uniformly Reinforced pier section or a
General Reinforcing pier section (SD Section), and designated as a Design
problem, the program reports rebar area, or if it is designated as a Check problem, the program reports the D/C ratio. Simplified T and C sections are always
considered to be design sections. Shear design information is computed for
each planar leg and only the most critical leg is reported. A boundary check
also is performed for each planar leg and only the most critical leg is reported.
All information is reported at two sections: top and bottom of the story. The
program reports the envelope information for P-M-M flexural rebar and D/C
ratio, shear rebar, and boundary check with associated load combination
names, the design forces, and some intermediate data. For information about all
other legs, the user should look into Tabular Display Design Information (the
4-8
previous section) or Tabular Text Output of Design Information (the next section).
The design detailed information is always reported for the design sections. The
forces are always calculated based on analysis section. For spandrels, the design section is always the same as the analysis section. For piers, the design
sections can differ from the analysis section, especially if the pier section is a
General Reinforcing section (SD Section) or a Simplified T and C section. See
Appendix E for details. The design sections for piers are used only for P-M-M
flexural rebar design or check. However for shear design and bounding element
checks, the program identifies individual planar legs of the analysis section and
design/check is based on the individual legs of the analysis section.
The detailed design information window provides an Overwrites button and a
Combos button near the bottom of the window. The Overwrites button can be
used to access the Pier/Spandrel Design Overwrites form, which allows the
user to edit the overwrites. An example of the form is shown in Figure 4-7. The
Combos button can be used to access the Design Load Combinations Selection
form, which allows the user to modify the selection of load combinations for
design. An example of the form is shown in Figure 4.8.
4 - 10
4.5
4.6
Appendix A
Shear Wall Design Preferences
Default
Value
Design Code
Any code in
the program
Indian IS
456-2000
Rebar units
in2 or
mm2
Rebar/Length
Units
in2/ft, cm2/m,
mm2/m,
current
in2/ft or
mm2/m
Gamma (Steel)
>0
1.15
Gamma
(Concrete)
>0
1.15
Pmax Factor
>0
0.8
Item
Description
Design code used for design of
concrete shear wall elements (wall
piers and spandrels)
Units used for concentrated areas of
reinforcing steel..
Units used for distributed areas of
reinforcing steel.
A-1
Default
Value
Number of
Curves
24
Number of
Points
11
11
Edge Design
PT-max
>0
0.06
Edge Design
PC-max
>0
0.04
0.02
Item
Section Design
Section
IP-Max
Design IP-Min
Section Design
IP-Min
>0
0.0025
Utilization
Factor Limit
>0
0.95
Description
To view preferences, select the Options menu > Preferences > Shear Wall
Design. The Preferences form will display. The preference options are
displayed in a two-column spreadsheet. The left column of the spreadsheet
displays the preference item name. The right column of the spreadsheet
displays the preference item value. To change a preference item, left click a
preference item in either the left or right column of the spreadsheet. This
activates a drop-down box or highlights the current preference value. If the
drop-down box appears, select a new value. If the cell is highlighted, type in
the desired value. The preference value will update accordingly.
A-2
Appendix B
Design Procedure Overwrites
Table B-1 identifies shear wall overwrites for piers and Table B-2 identifies
overwrites for spandrels applicable to Indian IS 456-2000 code. An explanation
of how to change the overwrites is provided at the end of this appendix.
B1
Default
Value
Yes or No
Yes
LL Reduction
Factor
Program
calculated,
>0
Program
calculated
Pier Section
Type
Uniform
Reinforcing,
General
Reinforcing,
Simplified
T and C
Uniform
Reinforcing
B-1
Default
Value
Varies
Edge Bar
Spacing
>0
250 mm
End/Corner Bar
Name
Varies
Clear Cover
>0
30 mm
Material
Any defined
concrete
material property
Varies
Check/Design
Reinforcing
Check or
Design
Design
Check/Design
Reinforcing
Check or
Design
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
LengthBot
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
DB1LeftBot
B-2
Default
Value
DB1RightBot
Same as
DB1-left-bot
DB2RightBot
Same as
DB2-left-bot
ThickTop
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
LengthTop
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
DB1LeftTop
DB2LeftTop
DB1RightTop
Same as
DB1-left-bot
DB2RightTop
Same as
DB2-left-bot
Material
Any defined
concrete
material
property
Edge Design
PC-max
>0
Specified in
Preferences
Edge Design
PT-max
>0
Specified in
Preferences
DB2LeftBot
Material
Material property associated with the pier.
Property Used in
Pier Section
B-3
B1.1
LL Reduction Factor
If the LL Reduction Factor is program calculated, it is based on the live load
reduction method chosen in the live load reduction preferences, which are set
using the Options menu > Preferences > Live Load Reduction command. If
you specify your own LL Reduction Factor, the program ignores any reduction
method specified in the live load reduction preferences and simply calculates
the reduced live load for a pier or spandrel by multiplying the specified LL
Reduction Factor times the reducible live load.
Note that the Define menu > Static Load Cases command can be used to
specify that a load case is a reducible live load.
Important Note: The LL reduction factor is not applied to any load
combination that is included in a design load combination. For example,
assume you have two static load cases labeled DL and RLL. DL is a dead load
and RLL is a reducible live load. Now assume that you create a design load
combination named DESCOMB1 that includes DL and RLL. Then for design
load combination DESCOMB1, the RLL load is multiplied by the LL reduction
factor. Next assume that you create a load combination called COMB2 that
includes RLL. Now assume that you create a design load combination called
DESCOMB3 that included DL and COMB2. For design load combination
DESCOMB3, the RLL load that is part of COMB2 is not multiplied by the LL
reduction factor.
B1.2
B-4
Possible
Values
Default
Value
Design this
Spandrel
Yes or No
Yes
LL Reduction
Factor
Program
calculated,
>0
Program
calculated
Length
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
ThickLeft
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
DepthLeft
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
CoverBotLeft
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
CoverTopLeft
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
SlabWidthLeft
SlabDepthLeft
ThickRight
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
DepthRight
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
B-5
Possible
Values
Default
Value
CoverBotRight
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
CoverTopRight
Program
calculated,
or > 0
Program
calculated
SlabWidthRight
SlabDepthRight
Material
Any defined
concrete
material
property
Material
Property Used
in Spandrel
Section
B.3
B-6
B-7
Appendix C
Shear Wall Design Process
C-2
C-3
Appendix D
Interactive Shear Wall Design
Interactive shear wall design and review is a powerful mode that allows quick,
on-screen review of design results for a specific pier or spandrel. This mode
allows easy modification to design parameters (overwrites) and immediate
review of the new results.
Note that a design must have been run for the interactive design mode to be
available. To run a design, click the Design menu > Shear Wall Design >
Start Design/Check of Structure command.
To enter the interactive design and review mode, right click on a wall pier or
spandrel while the design results are displayed. If design results are not
currently displayed (and the design has been run), click the Design menu >
Shear Wall Design > Interactive Wall Design command and then right click
a pier or spandrel to enter the interactive design and review mode for that pier
or spandrel.
Note that if both a pier and a spandrel label are assigned to the right-clicked
object, a pop-up box offers the choice to enter the interactive design and review
mode for the pier or for the spandrel.
D-1
D1
D1.1
Combos Button
Click the Combos button to access and allow temporary revisions to the design
load combinations considered for the pier. This may be useful, for example, if
you want to see the results for one particular load combination. You can
temporarily change the considered design load combinations to be only the
ones you are interested in and review the results.
The changes made here to the considered design load combinations are
temporary. They are not saved when you exit the Pier Design form, whether
you click OK or Cancel to exit it.
D1.2
Overwrites Button
Click the Overwrites button to access and allow revisions to the pier
overwrites and enable immediate review of the revised design results. If some
overwrites are modified in this mode and the OK buttons in both the Pier
Design Overwrites form and the Pier Design form are clicked, the changes
made to the overwrites are permanently saved.
Exiting the Pier Design Overwrites form by clicking the OK button
temporarily saves changes. Subsequently exiting the Pier Design form by
clicking the Cancel button does not save the changes made to the pier
overwrites.
To permanently save changes to the overwrites, click the OK button to exit the
Pier Design Overwrites, and then click the OK button to exit the Pier Design
form.
D-2
D1.3
D2
D-3
D2.1
Combos Button
Clicking the Combos button accesses and allows temporary revisions to the
design load combinations considered for the spandrel. This may be useful, for
example, if you want to see the results for one particular load combination.
You can temporarily change the considered design load combinations and
immediately review the results.
The changes made here to the considered design load combinations are
temporary. They are not saved when you exit the Spandrel Design form,
whether you click OK or Cancel to exit.
D2.2
Overwrites Button
Clicking the Overwrites button accesses and allows revisions to the spandrel
overwrites and enables immediate review of the new design results. If you
modify some overwrites in this mode and exit both the Spandrel Design
Overwrites form and the Spandrel Design form by clicking their respective OK
buttons, the changes to the overwrites are permanently saved.
D-4
Appendix E
Analysis Sections and Design Sections
E-1
References
References - 1
2 - Referenes