LECTURE NOTES OF

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICSIV (Sub Code: 06 MAT41)

Text Book:
Higher Engineering Mathematics by
Dr. B.S.Grewal (36th Edition 2002)
Khanna Publishers,New Delhi
Reference Book:
Advanced Engineering Mathematics by
E. Kreyszig (8th Edition 2001)
John Wiley & Sons, INC. New York

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
Prepared by
Dr. M. SANKAR
Professor and Head
Department of Mathematics
Sapthagiri College of Engineering
Bangalore 560 057

Introduction
Many Differential equations arising from physical problems are linear but have variable
coefficients and do not permit a general analytical solution in terms of known functions.
Such equations can be solved by numerical methods (Unit I), but in many cases it is
easier to find a solution in the form of an infinite convergent series. The series solution of
certain differential equations give rise to special functions such as Bessels function,
Legendres polynomial. These special functions have many applications in engineering.

Series solution of the Bessel Differential Equation

Consider the Bessel Differential equation of order n in the form

d2y
dy
x
x ( x2 n2 ) y 0
2
dx
dx
where n is a non negative real constant or parameter.
2

(i)

We assume the series solution of (i) in the form

y a r x k r where a0 0
r 0

(ii)

dy
a r (k r ) x k r 1
dx r 0

Hence,

d2y
a r (k r )(k r 1) x k r 2
2
dx
r 0
Substituting these in (i) we get,

x 2 a r (k r )(k r 1) x k r 2 x a r (k r ) x k r 1 x 2 n 2
r 0

r 0

a x

r 0

k r

r 0

r 0

r 0

r 0

i.e., a r (k r )(k r 1) x k r a r (k r ) x k r a r x k r 2 n 2 a r x k r 0
Grouping the like powers, we get

a r (k r )(k r 1) (k r ) n 2 x k r a r x k r 2 0
r 0

r 0

a r (k r ) 2 n 2 x k r a r x k r 2 0
r 0

(iii)

r 0

Now we shall equate the coefficient of various powers of x to zero

Equating the coefficient of xk from the first term and equating it to zero, we get

a 0 k 2 n 2 0. Since a 0 0, we get k 2 n 2 0, k n
Coefficient of xk+1 is got by putting r = 1 in the first term and equating it to zero, we get

i.e., a1 (k 1) 2 n 2 0. This gives a1 0, since (k 1) 2 n 2 0 gives, k 1 n

which is a contradiction to k = n.
Let us consider the coefficient of xk+r from (iii) and equate it to zero.
i.e, a r (k r ) 2 n 2 a r 2 0.

ar 2
(k r ) 2 n 2
If k = +n, (iv) becomes
ar 2
a
ar
2 r 2
2
2
(n r ) n
r 2nr
ar

Now putting r = 1,3,5, .., (odd vales of n) we obtain,

(iv)

a3

a1
0 , a1 0
6n 9

Similarly a5, a7, .. are equal to zero.

i.e., a1 = a5 = a7 = = 0
Now, putting r = 2,4,6, ( even values of n) we get,
a0
a0
a0
a2
a2

;
a4

;
4n 4 4(n 1)
8n 16 32(n 1)(n 2)
Similarly we can obtain a6, a8,
We shall substitute the values of a1 , a 2 , a3 , a 4 , in the assumed series solution, we get

y a r x k r x k ( a 0 a 1 x a 2 x 2 a 3 x 3 a 4 x 4 )
r 0

Let y1 be the solution for k = +n

a0
a0

y1 x n a 0
x2
x 4
4(n 1)
32(n 1)(n 2)

2
4

x
x
i.e., y1 a 0 x n 1 2
5

2 (n 1) 2 (n 1)(n 2)

This is a solution of the Bessels equation.

(v)

Let y2 be the solution corresponding to k = - n. Replacing n be n in (v) we get

x2
x4
y 2 a 0 x n 1 2
5

(vi)
2 ( n 1) 2 ( n 1)( n 2)

The complete or general solution of the Bessels differential equation is y = c 1y1 + c2y2,
where c1, c2 are arbitrary constants.
Now we will proceed to find the solution in terms of Bessels function by choosing
1
a0 n
and let us denote it as Y1.
2 (n 1)
4
x 2 1

1
x
i.e., Y1 n


1
2 (n 1) 2 (n 1) 2 (n 1)(n 2) 2

xn

2
4
1

x
1
x
1

(n 1) 2 (n 1) (n 1) 2 (n 1)(n 2) (n 1) 2

We have the result (n) = (n 1) (n 1) from Gamma function

x

2

Hence, (n + 2) = (n + 1) (n + 1) and
(n + 3) = (n + 2) (n + 2) = (n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 1)
Using the above results in Y1, we get
2
4
1

1
1
x
x

(n 1) 2 (n 2) 2 (n 3) 2

which can be further put in the following form

n
0
2
4
0

(1)1 x
(1) 2 x
x (1)
x

Y1

(n 2) 1! 2
(n 3) 2! 2
2 (n 1) 0! 2

x
Y1
2

x

2

r 0

(1) r

x

(n r 1) r! 2

x
(1)
2
r 0
r

n2r

2r

(n r 1) r!

This function is called the Bessel function of the first kind of order n and is denoted by
Jn(x).

x
Thus J n ( x) (1) r
2
r 0

n2r

(n r 1) r!

Further the particular solution for k = -n ( replacing n by n ) be denoted as J-n(x). Hence

the general solution of the Bessels equation is given by y = AJn(x) + BJ-n(x), where A
and B are arbitrary constants.
Properties of Bessels function
1. J n ( x ) ( 1 ) n J n ( x ) , where n is a positive integer.
Proof: By definition of Bessels function, we have

x
J n ( x) (1)
2
r 0

n2r

x
Hence, J n ( x ) ( 1 ) r
r 0

n2r

1
(n r 1) r!
1
( n r 1 ) r!

.(1)
.(2)

But gamma function is defined only for a positive real number. Thus we write (2) in the
following from

x
J n ( x ) ( 1 ) r
r n
2

n2r

..(3)

( n r 1 ) r!

Let r n = s or r = s + n. Then (3) becomes

n2s2n

x
J n ( x ) ( 1 ) s n
s 0
2

( s 1 ) ( s n )!

We know that (s+1) = s! and (s + n)! = (s+n+1)

n2s

x
( 1 ) s n
s 0
2

x
( 1 ) n ( 1 ) s
s 0
2

( s n 1 ) s!

n2s

1
( s n 1 ) s!

Comparing the above summation with (1), we note that the RHS is Jn(x).
Thus, J n (x) ( 1) n J n (x)
2. J n ( x ) ( 1 ) n J n ( x ) J n ( x ) , where n is a positive integer

x
Proof : By definition, J n ( x) (1)
2
r 0

n2r

x
J n ( x ) ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

i.e.,

n2r

Thus,

(n r 1) r!

( n r 1 ) r!

x
( 1 ) r 1n 2 r
r 0
2

x
1n ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

n2r

1
( n r 1 ) r!

n2r

1
( n r 1 ) r!

J n (-x) ( 1) n J n (x)

Since, ( 1 ) n J n ( x ) J n ( x ) , we have J n ( x) ( 1) n J n (x) J n (x)

Recurrence Relations:
Recurrence Relations are relations between Bessels functions of different order.
Recurrence Relations 1:

d n
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )
dx

From definition,

x
x n J n ( x ) x n ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

n2r

x
( 1 ) r
r 0
2
( n r 1 ) r!

2( n r )

1
( n r 1 ) r!

2( n r )x 2( n r )1
d n
x J n ( x ) ( 1 ) r
dx
r 0
2 n 2 r ( n r 1 ) r!

x ( 1 )
n

( n r ) x n 2 r 1

r 0

x n ( 1 ) r
r 0

2 n 2 r 1 ( n r ) ( n r ) r !

( x / 2 ) n 1 2 r
( n 1 r 1 ) r!

x n J n 1 ( x )

d n
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )
dx
d n
Recurrence Relations 2:
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )
dx

Thus,

--------(1)

From definition,

x
x n J n ( x ) x n ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

x
( 1 ) r
r 0
2

n2r

2r

1
( n r 1 ) r!
1

( n r 1 ) r!

2 r x 2 r 1
d n
x J n ( x ) ( 1 ) r
dx
r 0
2 n 2 r ( n r 1 ) r!

x n 1 2 ( r 1 )

r 1

2 n 1 2( r 1 ) ( n r 1 ) ( r 1 )!

x n ( 1 ) r 1

Let k = r 1

x n 1 2 k

k 0

2 n 1 2 k ( n 1 k 1 ) k !

x n ( 1 ) k

d n
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )
dx
x
Recurrence Relations 3: J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
2n
d n
We know that
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )
dx

Thus,

x n J n 1 ( x )

--------(2)

Applying product rule on LHS, we get x n J n/ ( x ) nx n 1 J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )

Dividing by xn we get J n/ ( x ) ( n / x )J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) --------(3)
Also differentiating LHS of

d n
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x ) , we
dx

get

x n J n/ ( x ) nx n 1 J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )

Dividing by xn we get J n/ ( x ) ( n / x )J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) --------(4)

Adding (3) and (4), we obtain 2nJ n ( x ) xJ n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
x
J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
2n
1
Recurrence Relations 4: J n/ ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
2

i.e.,

Jn( x )

Subtracting (4) from (3), we obtain 2 J n/ ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )

i.e.,

J n/ ( x )

1
J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
2
n
x

Recurrence Relations 5: J n/ ( x ) J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
This recurrence relation is another way of writing the Recurrence relation 2.
n
x

Recurrence Relations 6: J n/ ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) J n ( x )
This recurrence relation is another way of writing the Recurrence relation 1.
Recurrence Relations 7: J n 1 ( x )

2n
J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
x

This recurrence relation is another way of writing the Recurrence relation 3.

Problems:
2
sin x ( b )
x

Prove that ( a ) J 1 / 2 ( x )

J 1 / 2 ( x )

2
cos x
x

By definition,

x
J n ( x ) ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

n2r

1
( n r 1 ) r!

Putting n = , we get

x
J 1 / 2 ( x ) ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

J1/ 2( x )

1 / 22r

1
( r 3 / 2 ) r!

2
4

x
1
1
1
x
x

2 ( 3 / 2 ) 2 ( 5 / 2 )1! 2 ( 7 / 2 )2!

--------(1)

Using the results (1/2) = and (n) = (n 1) (n1), we get

(3 / 2)

3
15
and so on.
, ( 5 / 2 )
, (7 / 2 )
2
4
8

Using these values in (1), we get

J1/ 2( x )

J1/ 2( x )

x 2
x2 4
x 4
8

2 4 3 16 15 .2

x 2
x3
x 5
x

2 x 6
120

2
x3 x5

x
x
3!
5!

2
sin x
x

Putting n = - 1/2, we get

x
J 1 / 2 ( x ) ( 1 ) r
r 0
2

J 1 / 2 ( x )

1 / 2 2 r

1
( r 1 / 2 ) r!

2
4

x
1
1
1
x
x

2 ( 1 / 2 ) 2 ( 3 / 2 )1! 2 ( 5 / 2 )2!

--------(2)

Using the results (1/2) = and (n) = (n 1) (n1) in (2), we get

J 1 / 2 ( x )

2 1
x2 2
x 4
4

x 4
16 3 .2

2
x

J 1 / 2 ( x )

x2 x4
1

4!
2!

2
cos x
x

2. Prove the following results :

2 3 x2
3
2 sin x cos x and
x x
x

( a ) J5/ 2( x )

2 3 x2
3
2 cos x sin x
x x
x

( b ) J 5 / 2 ( x )

Solution :
We prove this result using the recurrence relation J n ( x )

x
J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x )
2n

3
x

Putting n = 3/2 in (1), we get J 1 / 2 ( x ) J 5 / 2 ( x ) J 3 / 2 ( x )

J5/ 2( x )

3
J3 / 2( x ) J1/ 2( x )
x

i .e., J 5 / 2 ( x )

J5/ 2( x )

3 2 sin x x cos x
2
x sin x
x x
x

2 3 sin x 3 x cos x x 2 sin x

2 ( 3 x 2 )
3

sin x cos x

2
2
x
x x
x
x

Also putting n = - 3/2 in (1), we get

J 5 / 2 ( x )

J 5 / 2 ( x ) J 1 / 2 ( x )

3
J 3 / 2 ( x )
x

3
2 x sin x cos x
2
3
J 3 / 2 ( x ) J 1 / 2 ( x )

cos x

x
x
x
x
x

2 3 x sin x 3 cos x x 2 cos x

2 3
3 x2

sin
x

cos x

2
2
x
x x
x
x

d 2
2
J n ( x ) J n21 ( x ) nJ n2 ( x ) ( n 1 )J n21 ( x )
3. Show that
dx
x
i .e., J 5 / 2 ( x )

Solution:
L.H.S =

d 2
J n ( x ) J n21 ( x ) 2 J n ( x )J n/ ( x ) 2 J n 1 ( x )J n/ 1 ( x ) ------dx

(1)

We know the recurrence relations

xJ n/ ( x ) nJ n ( x ) xJ n 1 ( x )
xJ n/ 1 (

x ) xJ n ( x ) ( n 1 )J n 1 ( x )

------- (2)
------- (3)

Relation (3) is obtained by replacing n by n+1 in xJ n/ ( x ) xJ n 1 ( x ) nJ n ( x )

Now using (2) and (3) in (1), we get

------ (1).

d 2
n1
n

J n ( x ) J n21 ( x ) 2 J n ( x ) J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) 2 J n 1 ( x ) J n ( x )
J n 1 ( x )
dx
x
x

L.H.S =

2n 2
n1 2
J n ( x ) 2 J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) 2 J n 1 ( x ) J n ( x ) 2
J n 1 ( x )
x
x
d 2
2
Hence,
J n ( x ) J n21 ( x ) nJ n2 ( x ) ( n 1 )J n21 ( x )
dx
x
1
4. Prove that J 0// ( x ) J 2 ( x ) J 0 ( x )
2

Solution :
We have the recurrence relation J n/ ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) -------(1)
1
2

Putting n = 0 in (1), we get J 0/ ( x ) J 1 ( x ) J 1 ( x ) J 1 ( x ) J 1 ( x ) J 1 ( x )

1
2

1
2

Thus, J 0/ ( x ) J 1 ( x ) . Differentiating this w.r.t. x we get, J 0// ( x ) J 1/ ( x ) ----- (2)

Now, from (1), for n = 1, we get J 1/ ( x ) J 0 ( x ) J 2 ( x ) .
1
2

Using (2), the above equation becomes

1
J 0 ( x ) J 2 ( x )orJ 0// ( x ) 1 J 2 ( x ) J 0 ( x ) .
2
2
1
//
Thus we have proved that, J 0 ( x ) J 2 ( x ) J 0 ( x )
2
J 0// ( x )

2
x

5. Show that (a) J 3 ( x )dx c J 2 ( x ) J 1 ( x )

(b) xJ 02 ( x )dx x 2 J 02 ( x ) J 12 ( x )
1
2

Solution :
(a) We know that

d n
x J n ( x ) x n J n 1 ( x )
dx

or x n J n 1 ( x )dx x n J n ( x ) ------ (1)

Now, J 3 ( x )dx x 2 x 2 J 3 ( x )dx c x 2 x 2 J 3 ( x )dx 2 x x 2 J 3 ( x )dx dx c

x 2 x 2 J 2 ( x ) 2 x x 2 J 2 ( x )dx c ( from (1) when n = 2)

2
2
c J 2 ( x ) J 2 ( x )dx c J 2 ( x ) J 1 ( x ) ( from (1) when n = 1)
x
x
2
Hence, J 3 ( x )dx c J 2 ( x ) J 1 ( x )
x
1
1
(b) xJ 02 ( x )dx J 02 ( x ) x 2 2 J 0 ( x ) J 0/ ( x ). x 2 dx (Integrate by parts)
2
2
1 2 2
2
x J 0 ( x ) x J 0 ( x ) J 1 ( x )dx
(From (1) for n = 0)
2
d
1
d

xJ 1 ( x ) xJ 0 ( x ) from recurrence relation (1)

x 2 J 02 ( x ) xJ 1 ( x ) xJ 1 ( x )dx
dx
2
dx

1 2 2
1
1
x J 0 ( x ) xJ 1 ( x )2 x 2 J 02 ( x ) J 12 ( x )
2
2
2

Generating Function for Jn(x)

x

To prove that e 2

( t 1 / t )

tnJn( x )
n

or
x

If n is an integer then Jn(x) is the coefficient of tn in the expansion of e 2

( t 1 / t )

Proof:
x

We have e 2

( t 1 / t )

e xt / 2 e x / 2t

( xt / 2 ) ( xt / 2 ) 2 ( xt / 2 ) 3
( xt / 2 ) ( xt / 2 ) 2 ( xt / 2 ) 3

1!
2!
3!
1!
2!
3!

(using the expansion of exponential function)

( 1 ) n x n
( 1 ) n 1 x n 1
xt
x 2t 2
x nt n
x n 1 t n 1
x
x2
1
2 n n 1
1
2 2 n n
n 1 n 1

2 n! 2 ( n 1 )!
2 t n!
2 t ( n 1 )!
2 1! 2 2!
2t 1! 2 t 2!

If we collect the coefficient of tn in the product, they are

xn
n

2 n!

xn2
2

n2

( n 1 )! 1!

1 x
1
x


n! 2 ( n 1 )!1! 2

xn4
2

n4

( n 2 )! 2!

n2

1
x

( n 2 )! 2! 2

n4

x
( 1 )r
r 0
2

n 2r

1
J n( x )
( n r 1 )r!

Similarly, if we collect the coefficients of tn in the product, we get Jn(x).

Thus,

x
( t 1 / t )
2
e

Result:

tnJn( x )
n
x
( t 1 / t )
2
e

J 0 ( x ) t n ( 1 ) n t n J n ( x )
n 1

Proof :
x

e2

( t 1 / t )

tnJn( x ) tnJn( x ) tnJn( x )

n 0

n1

n1

n1

t n Jn ( x ) J0 ( x ) t n Jn ( x ) J0 ( x ) t n ( 1)n Jn ( x ) t n Jn ( x ) {Jn ( x ) ( 1)n Jn ( x )}

n1

Thus,

x
( t 1 / t )
e2

J 0 ( x ) t n ( 1 ) n t n J n ( x )
n 1

Problem 6: Show that

1
cos( n x sin )d , n being an integer
0
1
(b) J 0 ( x ) cos( x cos )d
0

(a) J n ( x )

(c) J 02 2 J 12 2 J 22 J 32 1
Solution :

We know that

x
( t 1 / t )
2
e

J 0 ( x ) t n ( 1 ) n t n J n ( x )
n 1

J 0 ( x ) tJ 1 ( x ) t 2 J 2 ( x ) t 3 J 3 ( x ) t 1 J 1 ( x ) t 2 J 2 ( x ) t 3 J 3 ( x )

Since J n ( x ) ( 1 )n J n ( x ) , we have

x
( t 1 / t )
2
e

J 0 ( x ) J 1 ( x )t 1 / t J 2 ( x ) t 2 1 / t 2 J 3 ( x ) t 3 1 / t 3
p

----- (1)

Let t = cos + i sin so that t = cosp + i sinp and 1/t = cosp - i sinp.
From this we get, tp + 1/tp = 2cosp and tp 1/tp = 2i sinp
Using these results in (1), we get
x

e2

( 2 i sin )

e ix sin J 0 ( x ) 2J 2 ( x ) cos 2 J 4 ( x ) cos 4 2iJ 1 ( x ) sin J 3 ( x ) sin 3

-----(2)
Since e
= cos(xsin) + i sin(xsin), equating real and imaginary parts in (2) we get,
cos( x sin ) J 0 ( x ) 2J 2 ( x ) cos 2 J 4 ( x ) cos 4 ----- (3)
----- (4)
sin( x sin ) 2J 1 ( x ) sin J 3 ( x ) sin 3
These series are known as Jacobi Series.
ixsin

Now multiplying both sides of (3) by cos n and both sides of (4) by sin n and
integrating each of the resulting expression between 0 and , we obtain

and

J n ( x ), n is even or zero
1
cos( x sin ) cos nd
0 , n is odd
0

n is even
0,
1
sin( x sin ) sin nd
0
J n ( x ), n is odd

Here we used the standard result cos p cos qd sin p sin qd 2 , if p q

0

0 , if p q

From the above two expression, in general, if n is a positive integer, we get

Jn( x )

1
1
cos( x sin ) cos n sin( x sin ) sin n d cos( n x sin )d
0
0

(b) Changing to (/2) in (3), we get

cos( x cos ) J 0 ( x ) 2J 2 ( x ) cos( 2 ) J 4 ( x ) cos( 4 )

cos( x cos ) J 0 ( x ) 2 J 2 ( x ) cos 2 2 J 4 ( x ) cos 4

Integrating the above equation w.r.t from 0 to , we get

cos( x cos )d J 0 ( x ) 2 J 2 ( x ) cos 2 2 J 4 ( x ) cos 4

cos( x cos )d J 0 ( x ) 2 J 2 ( x )

Thus, J 0 ( x )

sin 2
sin 4
2J 4 ( x )
J 0 ( x )
2
4
0

1
cos( x cos )d
0

(c) Squaring (3) and (4) and integrating w.r.t. from 0 to and noting that m and n being
integers

4J 4 ( x )2
2
2

4J 3 ( x )2
2
2

2
2
2
cos ( x sin )d J 0 ( x ) 4J 2 ( x )

2
2
sin ( x sin )d 4J 1 ( x )

Adding, d J 02 ( x ) 2 J 12 ( x ) 2 J 22 ( x ) J 32 ( x )

Hence, J 02 2 J 12 2 J 22 J 32 1

Orthogonality of Bessel Functions

If and are the two distinct roots of Jn(x) = 0, then
if
0,

xJ n ( x )J n ( x )dx 1 J / ( ) 2 1 J ( )2 , if
n 1
0
2 n
2

Proof:
We know that the solution of the equation
x2u// + xu/ + (2x2 n2)u = 0 -------- (1)
x2v// + xv/ + (2x2 n2)v = 0 -------- (2)
are u = Jn(x) and v = Jn(x) respectively.
Multiplying (1) by v/x and (2) by u/x and subtracting, we get
x(u// v - u v//)+ (u/ v uv/)+ (2 2)xuv = 0
or

d
x u / v uv / 2 2 xuv
dx

Now integrating both sides from 0 to 1, we get

2 xuvdx x u / v uv /

u
1
0

v uv /

x 1

------- (3)

Since u = Jn(x), u /

d
J n ( x ) d J n ( x ) d ( x ) J n/ ( x )
dx
d ( x )
dx

Similarly v = Jn(x) gives v /

d
J n ( x ) J n/ ( x ) .
dx

Substituting these values in (3), we

get
1

J n/ ( )J n ( ) J n ( )J n/ ( )

2 2

xJ n ( x )J n ( x )dx

------- (4)

If and are the two distinct roots of Jn(x) = 0, then Jn() = 0 and Jn() = 0, and hence

(4) reduces to xJ n ( x )J n ( x )dx 0 .

0

This is known as Orthogonality relation of Bessel functions.

When = , the RHS of (4) takes 0/0 form. Its value can be found by considering
as a root of Jn(x) = 0 and as a variable approaching to . Then (4) gives

Lt xJ n ( x )J n ( x )dx Lt

J n/ ( )J n ( )
2 2

Applying LHospital rule, we get

2
J n/ ( )J n/ ( ) 1 /
J n ( ) --------(5)
0

2
2
n
We have the recurrence relation J n/ ( x ) J n ( x ) J n 1 ( x ) .
x
n

J n/ ( ) J n ( ) J n 1 ( ). Since J n ( ) 0 , we have J n/ ( ) J n 1 ( )

1
2
1
1
Thus, (5) becomes Lt xJ n ( x )J n ( x )dx J n/ ( ) J n 1 ( )2
0
2
2
1

Lt xJ n ( x )J n ( x )dx Lt