Computer Physics Communications 180 (2009) 15391544

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Computer Physics Communications

www.elsevier.com/locate/cpc

New analytical method for solving Burgers and nonlinear heat transfer equations
and comparison with HAM
M.M. Rashidi , E. Erfani
Engineering Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University, PO Box 65175-4161 Hamedan, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 22 January 2009
Accepted 15 April 2009
Available online 17 April 2009
Keywords:
Differential transform method (DTM)
Burgers equation
Nonlinear differential equation
Homotopy analysis method (HAM)
Fin

In this study, we present a numerical comparison between the differential transform method (DTM) and
the homotopy analysis method (HAM) for solving Burgers and nonlinear heat transfer problems. The
rst differential equation is the Burgers equation serves as a useful model for many interesting problems
in applied mathematics. The second one is the modeling equation of a straight n with a temperature
dependent thermal conductivity. In order to show the effectiveness of the DTM, the results obtained
from the DTM is compared with available solutions obtained using the HAM [M.M. Rashidi, G. Domairry,
S. Dinarvand, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 14 (2009) 708717; G. Domairry, M. Fazeli, Commun.
Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 14 (2009) 489499] and whit exact solutions. The method can easily be
applied to many linear and nonlinear problems. It illustrates the validity and the great potential of the
differential transform method in solving nonlinear partial differential equations. The obtained results
reveal that the technique introduced here is very effective and convenient for solving nonlinear partial
differential equations and nonlinear ordinary differential equations that we are found to be in good
agreement with the exact solutions.
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Most phenomena in real world are described through nonlinear
equations. Nonlinear phenomena play important roles in applied
mathematics, physics and in engineering problems in which each
parameter varies depending on different factors. The importance
of obtaining the exact or approximate solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) in physics and mathematics, it
is still a hot spot to seek new methods to obtain new exact or
approximate solutions. Large class of nonlinear equations does not
have a precise analytic solution, so numerical methods have largely
been used to handle these equations. There are also some analytic techniques for nonlinear equations. Some of the classic analytic methods are the Lyapunovs articial small parameter method,
perturbation techniques and -expansion method. In the recent
years, many authors mainly had paid attention to study solutions
of nonlinear partial differential equations by using various methods. Among these are the Adomian decomposition method (ADM),
tanh method, homotopy perturbation method (HPM), sinhcosh
method, HAM, DTM and variational iteration method (VIM).
In 1992, Liao [1] employed the basic ideas of homotopy in
topology to propose a general analytic method for nonlinear problems, namely the HAM. Based on homotopy of topology, the va-

Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 811 8257409; fax: +98 811 8257400.
E-mail address: mm_rashidi@yahoo.com (M.M. Rashidi).

0010-4655/$ see front matter

doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2009.04.009

2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

lidity of the HAM is independent of whether or not there exist

small parameters in the considered equation. Therefore, the HAM
can overcome the foregoing restrictions of perturbation methods.
In recent years, the HAM has been successfully employed to solve
many types of nonlinear problems, see [26] and the references
therein.
The concept of differential transform method method was rst
introduced by Zhou [7] in 1986 and it was used to solve both
linear and nonlinear initial value problems in electric circuit analysis. The main advantage of this method is that it can be applied
directly to NLPDEs without requiring linearization, discretization,
or perturbation. It is a semi analyticalnumerical technique that
formulizes Taylor series in a very different manner. This method
constructs, for differential equations, an analytical solution in the
form of a polynomial. Not like the traditional high order Taylor series method that requires symbolic computation, the DTM is an
iterative procedure for obtaining Taylor series solutions. Another
important advantage is that this method reducing the size of computational work while the Taylor series method is computationally
taken long time for large orders. This method is well addressed in
[2330].
The Burgers equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation
of second order. Burgers equation was rst introduced by Bateman
[8] and then treated by Burgers [9,10] as a mathematical model
for turbulence. This equation has a large variety of applications
in modeling of water in unsaturated soil, dynamic of soil water,
statistics of ow problems, mixing and turbulent diffusion, cosmol-

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M.M. Rashidi, E. Erfani / Computer Physics Communications 180 (2009) 15391544

ogy and seismology [1113]. The Burgers equation is a nonlinear

equation, very similar to the NavierStokes equation and there is
analogy between the Burgers equation and NavierStokes equation
due to the form of nonlinear terms. This single equation has a convection term, a diffusion term, and a time-dependent term.
In Burgers equation, discontinuities may appear in nite time,
even if the initial condition is smooth. They give rise to the phenomenon of shock waves with important applications in physics
[14]. These properties make Burgers equation a proper model for
testing numerical algorithms in ows where severe gradients or
shocks are anticipated. Several numerical methods to solve this
system have been given such as algorithms based on cubic spline
function technique [15], the explicitimplicit method [16], Adomians decomposition method [17]. The variational iteration method
was used to solve the 1D Burgers and coupled Burgers equations
[18]. Rashidi and et al. [19] used the HAM to solve Burgers equation.
Fins or extended surfaces are frequently used to enhance the
rate of heat transfer from the primary surface. The rectangular n
is widely used, probably, due to simplicity of its design and it is
less dicult in manufacturing process. However, it is well-known
fact that the rate of heat transmission from a n base diminishes
along its length. Kern and Kraus [20] made an extensive review on
this issue. Aziz and Hug [21] used the regular perturbation method
and a numerical solution method to compute a closed form solution for a straight convective n with temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity. The HAM was used by Domairry and Fazeli
to solve Rectangular purely convective n with temperature dependent thermal conductivity [22].
In this paper, we extend the application of the differential
transform method to construct analytical approximate solutions
of the Burgers equation (5) and the modeling equation of a
straight n with a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity
equation (15). Then we compare our results with the previously
obtained results by using the HAM in [19,22] and exact solutions.
With this technique, it is possible to obtain highly accurate results
or exact solutions for differential equations.

The basic denitions and fundamental operations of the twodimensional differential transform are dened in [2330]. Consider
a function of two variable w (x, y ) be analytic in the domain and
let (x, y ) = (x0 , y 0 ) in this domain. The function w (x, y ) is then
represented by one series whose centre at located at w (x0 , y 0 ).
The differential transform of the function is the form
W (k, h) =

k+h w (x, y )
k!h!
k x h y
1


,
(x0 , y 0 )

w (x, y ) =

(1)

W (k, h)(x x0 )k ( y y 0 )h .

(2)

k=0 h=0

The relations (1) and (2) imply that

w (x, y ) =






1 k+h w (x, y )
(x x0 )k ( y y 0 )h .
k!h!
k x h y
(x0 , y 0 )

(3)

k=0 h=0

In a real application and when (x0 , y 0 ) are taken as (0, 0), then
the function w (x, y ) is expressed by a nite series and Eq. (2) can
be written as
w (x, y )
=

n
m 


W (k, h)xk y h ,

(4)

k=0 h=0

k h
in addition, Eq. (4) implies that
k=m+1
h=n+1 W (k, h )x y is
negligibly small. Usually, the values of m and n are decided by
convergences of the series coecients.

3. Application
3.1. The Burgers equation
Consider the Burgers equation [31]
ut + uu x u xx = 0,

x R,

(5)

with the exact solution [32]

u (x, t ) =

1
2

1
2

 

tanh

1
4

1
2


,

(6)

and with the initial condition

u (x, 0) =

2. Basic idea of the differential transform method

where w (x, y ) is the original function and W (k, h) is the transformed function. The transformation is called T-function and the
lower case and upper case letters represent the original and transformed functions respectively. Then its inverse transform is dened
as

1
2

1
2

tanh

 
x
.

(7)

Taking the two-dimensional transform of Eq. (5) by using the related denitions in Table 1, we have

(h + 1)U (k, h + 1) +

k 
h


(k r + 1)U (r , h s)U (k r + 1, s)

r =0 s=0

(k + 1)(k + 2)U (k + 2, h) = 0,

(8)

by applying the differential transform into Eq. (7), the initial transformation coecients are thus determined by

Table 1
The operations for the two-dimensional differential transform method.
Original function

Transformed function

w (x, y ) = u (x, y ) v (x, y )

W (k, h) = U (k, h) V (k, h)

w (x, y ) = u (x, y )

W (k, h) = U (k, h), is a constant

w (x, y ) =
w (x, y ) =
w (x, y ) =

u ( x, y )
x
u ( x, y )
y
r + s u ( x, y )
xr y s

W (k, h) = (k + 1)U (k + 1, h)
W (k, h) = (h + 1)U (k, h + 1)
W (k, h) = (k + 1)(k + 2) . . . (k + r )(h + 1)(h + 2) . . . (h + s)U (k + r , h + s)

w (x, y ) = u (x, y ) v (x, y )

W (k, h) =

u ( x, y ) v ( x, y )
x
x
u ( x, y ) v ( x, y )
w (x, y ) = x
y
v ( x, y )
w (x, y ) = u (x, y ) x
2 v ( x, y )
w (x, y ) = u (x, y ) x

W (k, h) =

w (x, y ) =

W (k, h) =
W (k, h) =
W (k, h) =

k

h

k

h

k

h

k

h

k

h

r =0
r =0
r =0
r =0
r =0

s=0

U (r , h s) V (k r , s)

s=0 (r + 1)(k r + 1)U (r + 1, h s) V (k r + 1, s)

s=0 (k

r + 1)(h s + 1)U (k r , s) V (r , h s + 1)

s=0 (k r + 1)U (r , h s) V (k r + 1, s)
s=0 (k

r + 2)(k r + 1)U (r , h s) V (k r + 2, s)

M.M. Rashidi, E. Erfani / Computer Physics Communications 180 (2009) 15391544

U (k, 0)xk =

k=0

1
2

x
8

x3
384

31x9
743178240

x5
15360

17x7

u (x, t )
=

10321920

691x11
653996851200

+ .

(9)

= U (0, 0) + U (1, 0)x + U (0, 1)t

+ U (1, 1)xt + + U (m, n)xm t n
=

U (k, 0) = 0,

1
2

+
(10)

Substituting Eq. (10) in Eq. (8), and by recursive method we

can calculating another values of U (k, h), some results are listed as
follows in Table 2. Hence, substituting all U (k, h) into Eq. (4) we
have series solution as below

Table 2
Some values of U (k, h) of Example 3.1.
U (1, 1) = 0
U (2, 2) = 0
U (3, 3) = 0

U (2, 3) = 3!1211
U (3, 2) = 3!1210
U (3, 4) =

17
3!217

U (5, 6) = 3!3 691

224 52
U (6, 5) = 3!3 691
223 52
U (2, 5) =

3!21719 5

U (k, h)xk t h

k=0 h=0

Hence from Eq. (9)

if k = 2, 4, 6, . . . ,
1
1
U (1, 0) = ,
U (3, 0) =
,
8
384
1
U (5, 0) =
,
....
15360

n
m 


1541

U (1, 8) = 3!2 231

24 57
U (8, 1) = 3!2 231
17 57
U (3, 6) = 3!3 31
219 5

16
t 3 x2

t3

t5

3072
491520
8
17t 5 x2
x3

t2x

512
t 2 x3

12888
15728640
384
6144
17t 3 x4
31t 5 x4
x5
2359296
17t 2 x5
1966080

188743680
31t 4 x5
94371840

t4x

49152
17t 4 x3

4718592

tx2
256
tx4

6144

15360

+ .

(11)

Our approximation has one more interesting property, if we expand exact solution (6) using Taylors expansion about (0, 0), we
have the series same as the our approximation (11).
In Fig. 1, we study the diagrams of the results obtained by the
DTM for m = 50, n = 50 in comparison with the HAM [19] and
exact solution (6).
Note that the solution series obtained by the HAM contains the
auxiliary parameter h , which provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence of the solution series. As pointed

Fig. 1. The results obtained by the DTM (m = 50, n = 50) Eq. (11) and the HAM [19] by 9th-order approximate solution, in comparison with the exact solution (6), when
5  t  12, (a) x = 0.25; (b) x = 0.75; (c) x = 1; (d) x = 1.5.

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M.M. Rashidi, E. Erfani / Computer Physics Communications 180 (2009) 15391544

Table 3
Comparison of the exact solution (6) whit the DTM (m = 50, n = 50) and the HAM (h = 0.6) by 9th-order approximate solution in case of x = 0.5, x = 1.5 and 0  t  12.
x = 0.5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

x = 1.5

Exact

HAM (h = 0.6)

DTM

Exact

HAM (h = 0.6)

DTM

0.500000000
0.562176500
0.622459331
0.679178699
0.731058578
0.777299861
0.817574476
0.851952801
0.880797077
0.904650535
0.924141819
0.939913349

0.499967668
0.562186654
0.622618884
0.679494353
0.731289069
0.776880106
0.815694315
0.847843276
0.874236662
0.896665720
0.917848146
0.941425185

0.500000000
0.562176500
0.622459331
0.679178699
0.731058578
0.777299861
0.817574476
0.851952801
0.880797060
0.904646851
0.923677794
0.901792839

0.377540668
0.437823499
0.500000000
0.562176500
0.622459331
0.679178699
0.731058578
0.777299861
0.817574476
0.851952801
0.880797077
0.904650535

0.377496222
0.437785782
0.500133672
0.562684851
0.623385326
0.680114881
0.730852749
0.773875815
0.807988448
0.832782589
0.848926292
0.858478394

0.377540668
0.437823499
0.499999999
0.562176500
0.622459331
0.679178699
0.731058578
0.777299861
0.817574479
0.851953323
0.880854270
0.908702365

Fig. 2. The comparison of the errors in answers results by the DTM (m = 50, n = 50)
and the HAM (h = 0.6) by 9th-order approximate solution at t = 10.

in [19], the valid region of h in this case is 1.6 < h < 0.4. When
h = 1, the solution by the HAM is as the same solution series obtained by HPM, which proposed in 1998 by Dr. He [33]. Therefore,
the HAM logically contains the HPM. We can nd that the best
value of h in this case is 0.6.
In Table 3, we present a numerical comparison between the
HAM (h = 0.6) by 9th-order approximate solution, the DTM (m =
50, n = 50), and exact solution (6) in this case of x = 0.5, x = 1.5
and 0  t  12.
Table 3 indicates that the results obtained by the DTM for the
case of 0  t  8 have nine digits precision whit the exact solutions.
In Figs. 2 and 3, we present the comparison of the errors
in answers results by the DTM (m = 50, n = 50) and the HAM
(h = 0.6) by 9th-order approximate solution at t = 10 and t = 11
respectively for the case of 1  x  1. Considering these two gures, we nd out that errors of the DTM are very less than those
of the HAM even for large t.
3.2. Rectangular purely convective n with temperature dependent
thermal conductivity
Consider a straight n with a temperature-dependent thermal
conductivity, arbitrary constant cross-sectional area A c , perimeter
P , and length b (see Fig. 4). The n is attached to a base surface of
temperature T b , extends into a uid of temperature T a and its tip
is insulated. The one-dimensional energy balance equation is given
Ac

d
dx


k( T )

dT
dx


P h( T b T a ) = 0.

(12)

Fig. 3. The comparison of the errors in answers results by the DTM (m = 50, n = 50)
and the HAM (h = 0.6) by 9th-order approximate solution at t = 11.

Fig. 4. Geometry of a straight n.

The thermal conductivity of the n material is assumed a linear

function of temperature according to

k( T ) = ka 1 + ( T T a ) ,

(13)

where ka is the thermal conductivity at the ambient uid temperature of the n and k is the parameter describing the variation of
the thermal conductivity.
Employing the following dimensionless parameters

T Ta
Tb Ta

= ,
b


= ( T b T a ),

h P b2
ka A c

 1/ 2
.
(14)

The formulation of the problem reduces to

d2
d 2

d2
d 2


+

d
d

2
2 = 0,

(15a)

M.M. Rashidi, E. Erfani / Computer Physics Communications 180 (2009) 15391544

1543

Table 4
Comparison of the dimensionless temperature errors in answers results by the DTM (k = 15) and the HAM by 12th-order approximate solution for the case of constant
thermal conductivity, i.e. = 0.

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.

d
d

=1

= 0.5

DTM

HAM (h = 1)

HAM (h = 0.92)

DTM

HAM (h = 1)

HAM (h = 0.791)

0.000000000
0.000000000
0.000000000
0.000000000
1.1102 1016
0.000000000
0.000000000
1.1102 1016
1.1102 1016
1.1102 1016
0.000000000

1.3600 1012
1.3433 1012
1.2936 1012
1.2121 1012
1.1013 1012
9.6378 1013
8.0147 1013
6.2105 1013
4.2377 1013
2.1505 1013
6.9944 1015

4.8849 1015
4.6629 1015
4.4408 1015
3.1086 1015
2.9976 1015
2.3314 1015
5.2180 1015
6.7723 1015
1.2212 1014
3.9968 1015
7.7715 1015

2.0095 1014
2.0317 1014
2.0539 1014
2.0983 1014
2.1649 1014
2.2648 1014
2.3869 1014
2.5091 1014
2.5979 1014
2.3092 1014
0.0000000000

1.7793 105
1.7574 105
1.6922 105
1.5854 105
1.4395 105
1.2582 105
1.0458 105
8.0782 106
5.4985 106
2.7835 106
0.000000000

4.5732 1011
4.6543 1011
4.7738 1011
4.5748 1011
3.5230 1011
1.0373 1011
3.2824 1011
9.1056 1011
1.4602 1010
1.4952 1010
5.3290 1015

= 0 at = 0,

=1

at = 1.

(15b)
(15c)

Taking the one-dimensional transform of Eq. (15a) by using the

related denitions, we have

(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 2)
+

k

(k r + 2)(k r + 1)(r )(k r + 2)
r =0

k

+
(r + 1)(k r + 1)(r + 1)(k r + 1)
r =0

2 (k) = 0,

(16)

where dimensionless temperature is given by

( ) =

(k) .

(17)

Fig. 5. The comparison of the dimensionless temperature errors in answers results

by the DTM (k = 15) and the HAM by 12th-order approximate solution ( = 1, =
0) .

k=0

Additionally, applying the DTM to Eq. (15b) the boundary condition

is given as follow

(1) = 0,

( )
=

m


(k) k = +

k=0

(2 1)(14 1) 6 6

6!(1 + )5
(2 1)(1 + 4 (112 19)) 8 8
+

8!(1 + )7

(18)

by assuming

(0) = ,

(19)

moreover, substituting Eqs. (18) and (19) into Eq. (16) and by recursive method we can calculating another values of (k), some
results are listed as follows

(k) = 0,

if k = 3, 5, 7, . . . ,

2
,
2!(1 + )
(1 2 ) 4
,
(4) =
4!(1 + )3
(2 1)(14 1) 6
,
(6) =
6!(1 + )5
(2 1)(1 + 4 (112 19)) 8
,
(8) =
8!(1 + )7
(2) =

..
..

+ .

By applying the boundary condition (15c), we can obtain .

Hence, substituting all (k) into (17) we have series solution
as below

(21)

When the thermal conductivity is constant, i.e. = 0 Eq. (15)

becomes a linear equation for which analytical solution is available. The analytical solution for dimensionless temperature distribution ( ) is

( )analytical =

(20)

2
(1 2 ) 4 4

2 +
2!(1 + )
4!(1 + )3

e + e
e + e

(22)

In Table 4, numerical comparison of the dimensionless temperature errors in answers results by the DTM and the HAM [22] were
compared for = 0.5 and = 1. Note that the solution series
obtained by the HAM contains the auxiliary parameter h , which
inuence its convergence region and rate. We should therefore focus on the choice of h by plotting of errors in answers results by
the HAM for some values of h .
As pointed in [22], the valid region of h for the case of = 0.5
and constant thermal conductivity is 1.3 < h < 0 and for the case
of = 1 and constant thermal conductivity is 1.6 < h < 0.1.
In Fig. 5, we present the comparison of the errors in answers
results by the DTM (m = 15) and the HAM (h = 0.78, h = 0.785

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M.M. Rashidi, E. Erfani / Computer Physics Communications 180 (2009) 15391544

homotopy analysis method, Nonlinear Analysis Real World Applications 10 (4)

(2009) 23462356.
[5] S.J. Liao, On the homotopy analysis method for nonlinear problems, Appl. Math.
Comput. 147 (2004) 499513.
[6] T. Hayat, M. Sajid, On analytic solution for thin lm ow of a fourth grade uid
down a vertical cylinder, Phys. Lett. A 361 (2007) 316322.
[7] J.K. Zhou, Differential Transformation and its Applications for Electrical Circuits,
Huazhong Univ. Press, Wuhan, China, 1986 (in Chinese).

Fig. 6. Comparison for dimensionless temperature variation for = 1.

and h = 0.791) by 12th-order approximate solution for the case

of the constant thermal conductivity.
From Table 4 and Fig. 5, it can be concluded that approximate
the DTM expression presented as a solution in this study gives
better results than the HAM approximation. We observe that the
best value of h is 0.791 for the case of ( = 1, = 0) Fig. 5 and
0.92 for the case of ( = 0.5, = 0).
When conductivity varies whit temperature, Eq. (15) becomes
a nonlinear equation for which analytical solution is not available. Hence, in this paper a second analysis is also conducted via
the classical fourth-order RungeKutta for the purpose of testing
this method. In Fig. 6, dimensionless temperature distribution is
compared for = 1 with various values. From Fig. 6 it is seen
that, when the problem becomes nonlinear the obtained results by
those the DTM and the HAM agreement with numerical results.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we presented a reliable algorithm based on
the DTM to solve some nonlinear equations. Some examples are
given to illustrate the validity and accuracy of this procedure. The
present method reduces the computational diculties of the other
methods (same as the HAM, VIM, ADM and HPM) and all the
calculations can be made simple manipulations. The accuracy of
the method is very good. The method has been applied directly
without requiring linearization, discretization, or perturbation. The
obtained results demonstrate the reliability of the algorithm and
gives it a wider applicability to nonlinear differential equations.
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